CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Introduction
Division of Circulatory Sys
Cardiovascular Sys
Components
Functions
Types of Circulation
Anastomosis
Applied Anatomy
Seq
Cont.…
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Lymphatic System
Definitions
Components
Function
Circulation of Lymph
Applied Anatomy
Other Circulations
Seq
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INTRODUCTION
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Write intro here
Introduction
Cont.…
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different parts in the body. The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body. The Heart pumps blood and substances around
the
body in tubes called blood vessels. The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.
What is the cardiovascular system?
Cardiovascular System
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lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
Left Right
How does this system work?
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Cardiovascular System
ComponentsHeartBloodVesselsArteries
VeinsCapillaries
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HeartA muscular pumpMoves blood through the bodyIs suspended in the pericardial sac
Composed of four chambersDivided into right and left halvesMade up of cardiac muscle cells
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonaryveins
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
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Pericardium
Protective sac connective tissue
Surrounds heartFilled with fluid
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Myocardium
The muscle of the heartStrong and thickComposed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers
Can conduct electricity like nervesIt’s blood supply comes from the coronary arteries
Myocardium (heart muscle) shown in red
Epicardium(Outer surface
of myocardium)
Endocardium(Inner surface of myocardium)
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Structures of the Heart
ChambersAtria- (2) upper chambersThin walledReceive blood from veinsSend blood to ventricles
Ventricles- (2) lower chambersThick walledReceive blood from atriaPump blood out through arteries
SeptumWall that divides heart into right and left halves
Septum
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
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Structures of the Heart
ValvesPrevent backflow of bloodKeep blood moving in one direction
Between the chambers
At junctions of artery and chamber
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary veins
Mitral valve
Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Right atrium
Valves seen from above
Chordea tendinea
Pulmonary valve
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Structures of the HeartChordae tendinease
“Heart strings” Cord-like tendons
Connect papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valvesPrevent inversionof valvePapillary musclesSmall muscles that anchor the cords
Papillary muscle
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aortic valve
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
brachiocephalic artery
right pulmonary artery
septum
left pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
left atrium (auricle)
mitral valve
pulmonary valve
papillary muscle
left ventricle
right pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
inferior vena cava
© 2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc.
Structures of the Heart
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Structures of the Heart
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Blood Vessels
Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body
Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth
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Blood Vessels
Have characteristic features
Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow
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There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. Artery
b. Vein
c. Capillary
Blood Vessels
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Classes of blood vessels
Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart.
Veins and venules carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases.
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Blood Vessels
ArteriesReceive blood from ventriclesTake blood away from the heartUsually carry oxygenated bloodThickest vessel wallsWithstand greater blood pressureAre very elasticConnect to capillariesAorta is the largest artery
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ArteriolesArterioles branch off of arteries.
Arterioles can constrict to direct and control blood flow. They may, for example, increase or decrease blood supply to the skin.
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Blood Vessels
CapillariesSmallest of blood vesselsOnly one cell thick (epithelial cell)Connect arteries to veinsBring oxygen and nutrients to cellsRemoves CO2, urea, and other wastes from cellsWhere blood is under low pressure and moving slowly
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artery vein
capillariesbody cell
CapillaryA collection of capillaries is known as a capillary capillary bedbed.
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Blood Vessels
VeinsTransport blood away from capillariesCarry blood toward heartTake blood to atriaHave valvesThinner vessel walls with lesssmooth muscles
than arteriesCan stretch a great dealHave larger diametersUsually carry de-oxygenated bloodVena cava is the largest vein
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Veins
Veins have thinner walls than arteries.
Veins have fewer smooth muscle cells, but do have valves. How do valves and the skeletal muscles help veins function?
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Blood Vessels
The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only .
Calf musclerelaxed
Calf musclecontracts
Musclesqueezes veins
Veins constrict;blood moves;valves open
Veins dialated;blood still;valves closed
Valves OPEN
Valves CLOSED
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Blood Vessels
A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries.
Arteriole Venule
Tissue cells VeinArtery capillaries
Capillaries
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Blood
A circulating connective tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma .
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Blood
•What percent of your body is blood? •How much blood do we contain?
–On average 4-6 liters–We contain about a pint of
blood for every 15 pounds of body weight
•Composition of Blood:–What percent of your blood is
cellular? –What percent of your blood is
plasma?
8%
45%
55%
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what’s in
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
carbon dioxide
digested food
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
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Blood
Functions of blood:Supply oxygen to tissues
Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to tissuesRemoval of wastes such as CO2
, urea and lactic acid from tissues
Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
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Blood
•What is plasma?–A clear, straw
colored fluid–What percent
of plasma is water?
–What’s in plasma?
•Dissolved gasses•Vitamins•Minerals•Salts•Nutrients
•Enzymes•Hormones•Waste products•Plasma proteins
90%Buffy coat leukocytesand platelets(<1% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes(45% of whole blood)
Plasma(55% of whole blood)
Formedelements
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Plasma
A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials like urea.
It also contains useful things like;
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Blood
•The cellular components are:
–red blood cells (erythrocytes)
–white blood cells (leukocytes)
–platelets (thrombocytes)
•Blood cells are formed in bonemarrow
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Blood
Red Blood Cell Characteristics)RBC -(Erythrocyte
Biconcave disksNo nucleusContain the iron based pigment hemoglobinwhich binds with oxygen to transport itLife span about 120 days
5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous Are very small
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Blood
How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin .…the iron containing pigment
Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red
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Blood
White Blood Cell Characteristics)WBC -(Leukocyte
No definite shapeHave nucleusProtect body against infectionLife span varies (3 days-a few months)7,000/1mL of bloodNumbers increase ifinfection is presentLarger than RBC’s
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Blood
Types of white blood cells:
Monocytes are the largestNeutrophils are the most numerousLymphocytes are produced by the lymph tissueBasophils releasehistamines
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Blood
Types of white blood cells:
When a cell undergoes apoptosis, programmed cell death, white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris.
The role of a macrophage is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens.
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Blood
Platelet Characteristics:ThrombocyteRBC fragmentsIrregularly shapedNo nucleus150,000-400,000/1mLLife span about 7-11 daysHave a sticky surfaceResponsible for blood clotting (injury healing)
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PlateletsPlatelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells.
Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.
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BloodThis is an actual picture of White Blood Cells, in with some red blood cells. The platelets are stained purple, a T-Lymphocyte white cell is stained green, and a Monocyte white cell is stained gold as seen through a scanning electronmicroscope.
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BloodRed blood cells and platelets are the most numerous.
Of the leukocytes, neutrophils are the most numerous
Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for immune responses.
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Blood
BLOOD
CELL
FORMA T I
ON
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FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYS
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Functions : Circulatory System
Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cellsTransports CO2 and other wastes away from cells
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Functions : Circulatory System
Fights infectionsRegulates body temperatureHelps stabilize pH and ionic concentration of body fluids.
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Types of Circulation
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Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
Lung
Pulmonaryvein
Aorta
Left atrium
Leftventricle
Pulmonaryartery
Rightatrium
Rightventricle
Venacava
oxygen-poor blood
oxygen-rich blood
CardiovascularCircuits
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Pulmonary Circulation
Takes place on the right side of the heart.
Pumps blood low in oxygento the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart
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Systemic Circulation
•Takes place on left side of heart•Oxygenated blood is pumped to
the body cells thruthe aortaand otherarteries
•Blood lowin oxygenreturns to the heart
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Coronary Circulation
Although blood fills the chambersof the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deepinto the myocardium .
The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart muscle itself .
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Coronary Circulation
The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries .
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Hepatic Portal System
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Hepatic Portal SystemThe liver is the only digestive organ drained by the inferior vena cava
-blood leaving the capillary beds supplied by the celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries flows into the veins of the hepatic portal system
-a blood vessel connecting 2 capillary beds is a portal vessel and the network is a portal system
Venous blood that absorbs nutrients from the small intestine, parts of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas flows directly to the liver
-regulates levels of nutrients and amino acids in the circulating blood
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Hypophyseal Portal System
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Hypophyseal Portal System
The hypophyseal portal system (or hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system) is the system of blood vessels that link the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in the brain.
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Hypophyseal Portal SystemIt allows endocrine communication between the two structures. It is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The anterior pituitary receives releasing and inhibitory hormones in the blood. Using these, the anterior pituitary is able to fulfill its function of regulating the other endocrine glands.
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Hypophyseal Portal SystemIt is one of three portal systems of circulation in the human body; that is, it involves two capillary beds connected in series by venules. The others are the hepatic portal system and that in the kidneys.[1]
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Renal Portal system
The system of veins in fish and amphibians taking blood from the region of the tail or hind limbs directly to the kidneys.
replication
the production of exact copies of complex molecules during the growth of living
organisms...
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Fetal Circulation
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Fetal Circulation
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APPLIED ANATOMY
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Circulatory System Disorders
Heart DiseaseRisk factors Older age Male genderCigarette smoking High cholesterol Diabetes Stress ObesityHeredity Physical inactivity High blood pressure
Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise mayreduce your risk of heart disease
Plaque incoronaryartery
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AtherosclerosisStarts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an arteryFatty deposits called plaquebuild up in the arteriesThis causes:Blockage in arteryLess flexible vesselsHigh BloodPressure
Circulatory System Disorders
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Hypertension
•High Blood Pressure
Makes the heart and blood
vessels work harder
Increases the chance of heart disease, heart
attack or stroke
Circulatory System Disorders
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Heart Attack
acute myocardial infarction Interruption of oxygen supply to the heartCauses death of the heart muscleLeading cause of death in both men and women
Coronary Blockage
Circulatory System Disorders
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•Symptoms –Chest pain –Squeezing or heavy
pressure on chest –Pain that radiates down left
shoulder and arm–Shortness of breath –Nausea or vomiting –Anxiety or Fainting –Lightheadedness - dizziness –Palpitations (feeling like
your heart is beating too fast)
–Sweating, which may be extreme
Heart Attack
Circulatory System Disorders
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StrokeInterruption of oxygen supply to the brainCaused by:
A clot in an artery in the brainBreakage of an artery in the brainCauses brain cells to be deprivedof oxygen and die
Circulatory System Disorders
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Thrombotic strokeblood clot in
cerebral artery
Hemorrhagic strokeblood vessel ruptures
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Circulatory System Disorders
•Embolism occurs when an object (usually a blood clot) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and causes a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body
•Thrombosis is the formation of a clot (thrombus) inside a blood
vessel, obstructing the flow of blood
Thrombosis/Embolism
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Circulatory System Disorders
Hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding - the loss of blood from the bodyHemorrhage generally becomesdangerous, or even fatal, when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume)
or hypotension (low blood pressure). Hematoma- a collection of blood due to internal bleeding (burse)
Hemorrhage
Gingival Hemorrhage
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Circulatory System Disorders
Hem philiaA rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally The person is missing or has low levels of certain proteins in the blood called clotting factorsUsually occurs only in malesThey suffer prolonged bleedingeven with minor injuries
Bleeding can occur internally, in joints and muscles, which causes swelling and pain
Swelling in left knee joint due to spontaneous bleeding
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Circulatory System Disorders
AnemiaA condition where there is an abnormally low number of red blood cells circulating in the body or when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen Most common disorder of the red blood cells, affecting (~) 3.5 millionAmericansThere are different kinds of anemia Iron Deficiency Vitamin Deficiency Hemolytic AnemiasSickle Cell Anemia
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Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
A person with anemia will feel tired, weak, breathless, and dizzy
They may have a pale complexion, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and difficulty concentrating
The severity of the symptoms is related to the severity of anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Circulatory System Disorders
•Sickle cell trait- The person is carrying the defective gene, but also has some normal hemoglobin
•Sickle cell anemia-The person has most or all of the normal hemoglobin replaced with the sickle hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Disease
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Circulatory System Disorders
Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening, thickening,fusion or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
Valve Disorders
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Circulatory System DisordersAneurysm
Localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall
Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta
Can burst and lead to death at any time
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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Lymphatic System
Introduction
Components
Circulation of Lymph
Functions
Applied Anatomy
SEQ
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Introduction The lymphatic system is closely associated with
the cardiovascular system and is comprised of anetwork of vessels that circulate body fluids
Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid awayfrom interstitial spaces between cells in mosttissues & return it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels called lacteals (located in thein the lining of the small intestine) absorb fatsresulting from digestion, & then transport fats tothe circulatory system
The organs of the lymphatic system help defendagainst disease
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Components
Lymph
Lymph Vessels
Lymphoid Tissue
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Tissue and fluid becomes lymph once it has entered a lymphatic capillary; lymph formation depends on tissue fluid formation.
Tissue Fluid Formation Tissue fluid originates from blood plasma; it is
composed of H2O & dissolved substances that leave the blood capillaries by filtration & diffusion; it generally lacks proteins-can have some small proteins; as the protein concentration of tissue fluid rises,the osmotic pressure of the fluid rises
Lymph FormationRising osmotic pressure in tissue fluid interferes with return ofwater to the blood capillaries increasing pressure within interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic
Lymph
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Lymph
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Lymph FunctionLymph returns proteins that leak out of blood capillaries to the bloodstream; it also transports foreign particles, such as bacteria or viruses, to lymph nodes
Lymph
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
• Lymphatic collecting vesselso Collects lymph
from lymph capillaries
o Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes
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Lymphatic Vessels
Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart Right lymphatic ductThoracic duct
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger vessels that empty into the circulatory system.
Lymphatic Capillaries are microscopic, close-ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces forming networks that parallel the networks of the blood capillaries
walls consist of single layer squamous epithelial cells which enables interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries
lymph – the fluid inside a lymph capillary
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymphatic Pathway:
<-lymphatic capillary->lymphatic vessel->lymph node->lymphatic
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic Vessels. walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than walls of veins have semilunar valves to prevent backflow of Lymphlymph nodes – specialized lymph organs that are composed of a mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts. After leaving lymph nodes the vessels merge to form large lymphatic trunks which drain lymph & are named for the region of the body they serve:
lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, & subclavian trunks
lymphatic trunks join (are drained by) collecting ducts
The thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct; these ducts join the subclavian veins
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymphatic circulationLymphatic circulation
Pulmonarycirculation
Systemiccirculation Arteries
Veins
Blood capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphnode
Lymphaticvessel
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymph Tissue
3 typesLymphatic nodulesNo capsule presentOval-shaped massesFound singly or in clusters
Lymphatic organsCapsule presentLymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Diffuse lymphatic tissueNo capsule presentFound in connective tissue of almost all organs
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Lymphatic Node
• Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood• Defense cells within lymph nodes
o Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substanceso Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens
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Lymph nodes, which contain lymphocytes & macrophages, are located along lymphatic pathways. They fight invading microorganisms.Structure of a Lymph Node (gland)
vary in size & shape (bean-shaped) hilum – indented region of bean- shaped node,
blood vessels & nerves connect at the hilum of the lymph node
afferent vessels enter at various points on the convex surface of the node & this is how lymph enters the node
efferent vessels (lymphatic vessels) exit at the hilum of the node & lymph leaves the node through these vessels
Lymphatic Node
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Lymph nodules – structural units of the lymph node & are compartments of the node that contain dense masses of actively dividing lymphocytes & macrophages; nodules are associated with the mucous membranes of the respiratory & digestive tracts & found in tonsils, Peyer’s patches of ileum of the small intestinelymph sinuses are spaces within the node
Lymphatic Node Structure
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Lymph Node
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Lymph nodes aggregate in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels; are absent in the central nervous systemMajor locations are :Cervical AxillaryInguinalSub trochlear regions
Pelvic, abdominal & thoracic cavities
Location : Lymphatic Node
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2 primary functions:Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymphbefore returning it to the bloodstream & immune
surveillance provided by lymphocytes& Macrophages
Lymph nodes are the centers for production oflymphocytes that act against foreign particles.
lymph nodes contain macrophages that remove foreign particles from lymph
Functions : Lymphatic Node
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Other Lymphoid Organs
Several other organs contribute to lymphatic functionSpleenThymusMALTPeyer’s patchesTonsilsOthers
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Spleen
Located on the left side of the abdomenFilters bloodDestroys worn out blood cellsForms blood cells in the fetusActs as a blood reservoir
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Spleen
Largest lymphatic organLocated between the stomach & diaphragmStructure is similar to a nodeCapsule presentBut no afferent vessels or sinusesHistologyRed pulp contains all the components of circulating bloodWhite pulp is similar to lymphatic nodulesFunctionsFilters bloodStores blood
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Spleen
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Thymus
Located low in the throat, overlying the heartFunctions at peak levels only during childhoodProduces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
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Thymus
–Location – behind the sternum in the mediastinum
–The capsule divides it into 2 lobes–Development
•Infant – conspicuous•Puberty – maximum size
•Maturity – decreases in size–Function
•Differentiation and maturation of T cells
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Thymus
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Includes:Peyer’s patchesTonsilsOther small accumulations of lymphoid tissueActs as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
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Lymph Nodules
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Peyer’s Patches
Found in the wall of the small intestineResemble tonsils in structureCapture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
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Tonsils
Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodulesLocation – mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
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TonsilsPalatine tonsils Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynxPharyngeal tonsilPosterior wall of nasopharynxLingual tonsilsBase of tongue
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Tonsils
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The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries.Lymph Flowlymph needs help to flow through the lymph vesselsforces that help the flow are – contraction of the skeletal muscles, pressure changes due to the action of breathing muscles & contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatic trunks. The flow of lymph peaks during physical exercise.Obstruction of Lymph FlowConditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluids to accumulate in the interstitial spaces, producing edema. Edema can occur as a result of lymphatic tissue being removed
Lymph Movement
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Functions of Lymphatic Sys
Drain fluid from around cellsAbsorb fat from intestinesCirculate lymphFilter lymphImmunity
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Function of the Lymphatic System
Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals
2 types of defenseNonspecificSpecificSpecific defense = immunityHumoral immunity involves B cells that become plasma cells which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens.
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that directly destroy foreign cells
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Derivation and Distribution of Lymphocytes
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