CHETAN GOYAL
SOE,RAFFLES UNIVERSITY
March 15, 2013
3D Printing
contents
What is 3D printing? Different methods of 3D printing Business impact New developments Challenges and limitations Conclusion
3D 2D D
3D computer graphics are graphics which are using three dimensional representation of geometric data.
Printing process
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images, typically with ink on paper using a print press.
3D + Printing = 3D Printing
3D Printing is a phrase used to describe the process of creating three dimensional objects from digital file using a materials printer, in a manner similar to printing images on paper.
The Inventor
The technology for printing physical 3D
objects from digital data was first developed
by Charles Hull in 1984. He named the
technique stereolithography and obtained a
patent for the technique in 1986. The same
year, he founded 3D Systems and developed
the first commercial 3D Printing machine.
Prototyping technologies and their base materials
3D Printing (3DP): Various materials, including resins3D Ceramic Printing: Various clay and ceramic materialsSelective laser sintering (SLS): Thermoplastics, metals, sand and glassFused Deposition Modeling (FDM): ThermoplasticsStereolithography (SL): PhotopolymerLaminated object manufacturing: Laminate sheets, often paper, and
glueElectron Beam Melting (EBM): Titanium alloys
Different methods
Selective laser sintering (SLS)StereolithographyFused deposition modeling (FDM)Laminated object manufacturingElectron Beam Melting (EBM)
SLS method Selective laser sintering (SLS) is
an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal (direct metal laser sintering),ceramic or glass powders into a mass that has a desired 3-dimensional shape.
SLS method
STEREOLITHOGRAPHYStereolithograph
y is an additive manufacturing process using a liquid which is UV-curable photopolymer ”resin” and a UV laser to build parts a layer at a time.
The Stereolithography Apparatus
FDMFused deposition
modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications.
Laminated object manufacturingLaminated object
manufacturing (LOM) is a rapid prototyping system developed by Helisys Inc. In it, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic or metal laminates are successively glued together and cut to shape with a knife or laser cutter.
Electron Beam Melting
This solid freeform fabrication method produces fully dense metal parts directly from metal powder. The EMB machine reads data from a 3-D CAD model and lays down successive layers of powdered material. The layers are melted together with the help of a computer controlled electron beam. This way it builds up the parts. The process takes place under a vacuum, which makes it suited to manufacture parts made out of reactive materials.
Equipment typesDimension 3D printer
just-in-time
Less/no inventory
No need to get spare parts delivered at home
Each part of object can be just catalogued
instead of mass produced.
Business impact
New Developments
First ever 3-D printed car.Urbee is the first prototype car ever to have its entire body
3D printed with an additive process. All exterior components, including the glass panel prototypes, were created using Dimension 3D Printers..
3-D printed Buildings?Architect Enrico Dini is planning to build the first ever
3-D printed building.
Urbee
SUCCESS STORIESAuto parts: for example, parts of "Formula 1" car
engines, are made by direct laser sintering of metal.Aircraft parts: F-18 (fight aircraft) tube for the
control system environment. Individual orthodontics: the company Align
Technology uses the 3D Printing to generate accurate individual dental braces for hundreds of thousands Of patients worldwide by stereolithography from 3D-scans of the mouth.
Individual hearing devices manufactured by Siemens based on 3D-scan of the ear canal.
SUCCESS STORIES
3D printed Jaw
What will be in the future? For many products the
standard conveyors can be greatly reduced or completely replace by 3D-printer, because the end product - for example, a car - will not be collected from hundreds or thousand process.
Health impact fine powders
New and unknown characteristics of materials: Material science unknownQuality control in complex
structuresWeapons: no limits?Ethical issues: organ printingNew levels of Piracy. Security
Risks
Next automation step in manufacturingJob losses.
Economies:economic value of things
produced in 3D printers. economy of scale for printers? Additional step e.g. production
of titanium powderSlow and complicated process.
Challenges and limitations
Conclusions
The current manufacturing business model will soon become obsolete which will imply: Important disruptions to the economy of
emerging countries and therefore to the world economy
Manufacturing will go local again.The democratization of manufacturing will
stimulate major leaps forward in technology.As more people will have easy access to
design and experiments.
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