Download - Chemistry Form 4 Notes

8/12/2019 Chemistry Form 4 Notes

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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK

CHAPTER 2: MATTER

1. To determine melting point

Water bat ! to en"#re #ni$orm eatin% &'ot %ra( ! ) ! a*i" +Start at ,0 oC-.

2. The kinetic theory of matter+"o'id "o'id !'i/#id 'i/#id 'i/#id%a" %a"- Matter i" made #( o$ tin) and di"rete (arti'e" +atom" ion" or mo'e#'e"- tere i" "(ae beteen te"e

(arti'e".a- arran%ement o$ (arti'e"(a3 'o"e') to%eter order') arran%ement $ar a(art $rom ea oterb- Mo4ement o$ (arti'e"4ibrate" rotate "'o') ra(id') 4i%oro#"') random').

- 3ineti ener%) ontentd- an%e in ener%) ontente- $ore o$ attration"tron% ea3 ea3er

Example:

5ra( "o" the heating curveo$ e'ement 6.Decri!ete %ra( in term" o$ tate of matter particle arrangementand change in energy.

"ample an#er:

"tage "tate of matter Particle arrangement Change in energy

to! t1 7i/#id Te (arti'e" are 'o"e to ea oter.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').

Te 3ineti ener%) inrea"e"

t1 t2 7i/#id !

%a"eo#"

Some o$ (arti'e" are 'o"e to ea oter

and "ome $ar a(art.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').

Te 3ineti ener%) i" on"tant

t2! t8 5a"eo#" Te (arti'e" are $ar aa) $rom ea oter.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').

Te 3ineti ener%) inrea"e"

8. Diffuion! te mo4ement o$ particle+atom9ion"9mo'e#'e- o$ "#b"tane in beteen te (arti'e" o$anoter "#b"tane 9 $rom i%') onentrated area to 'e"" onentrated area. 5a" : 'i/#id : "o'id;. $otope! are atomo$ te "ame e'ement +"ame n#mber o$ (roton- it di$$erent n#mber o$

ne#tron"9n#'eon n#mber.

1

Tem(erat#reoC

Time " to t1 t2 t8

%oiling point

CoolingHeating


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E*am('e< Com(are atom &2'and atom &() * *

Atom ' )&roton n#mber = =>o. o$ e'etron = =?a'ene e'etron ; ;

>#mber o$ ne#tron 9 n#'eon n#mber =9 12 @ 91;Cemia' (ro(ertie" "imi'ar &)"ia' (ro(ertie" di$$erent>o. o$ o#(ied "e'' "imi'ar

CHAPTER +: CHEM$CA, -.RM/,A

10 Empirical formula< emia' $orm#'a tat "o" te "im('e"t o'e n#mber ratio o$ atom" o$ ea e'ement in a om(o#nd CH2

2. Molecular formula< a emia' $orm#'a tat "o" te at#a' n#mber o$ atom" o$ ea e'ement tat i" (re"ent in a mo'e#'e o$ te om(o#nd C2H(

a- nreati4e meta' ! reation o*ide meta' it)dro%en %a" +C#O &bO SnO -!1 Diagram

Reati4e meta' + M% Zn ! b#rn in e*e"" o*)%en 9air - ! more reati4e tan H2

c1 Proceure

Wei% and reord te ma"" o$ omb#"tion t#beit (ore'ain di"

Add a "(at#'a o$ o((er +II- o*ide on te(ore'ain di". Wei% te t#be a%ain. A''o )dro%en %a" $'o into te t#be $or , ! 10min#te". B#rn te e*e"" )dro%en. Heat o((er +II- o*ide trongly0 T#rn o$$ te $'ame en !lack oli turn !ro#nom('ete'). Contin#e te $'o o$ )dro%en #nti' te "et o$a((arat#" oo' don to room tem(erat#re. Wei% te omb#"tion t#be it it" ontent.

Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% andei%in% #nti' a on"tant ma"" i" obtained andreord.

3eighand reord a r#ib'e it it" 'id CleanM% ribbon it "and (a(er ten oi' teM% ribbon and ('ae into te r#ib'e.3eighand

reord. Heat trongly4 Wen M% ribbon "tart to b#rn o4er te r#ib'eit 'id. ,ift 5 raiete 'id at interval. Wen te b#rnin% i" om('ete remo4e te 'id andeat "tron%').A''o te r#ib'e to cool o#n.3eighand reord te r#ib'e it ontent and'id.Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% and ei%in%

#nti' a on"tant ma"" i" obtained and reord. .!ervation< Wite $#me 9 "o'id $ormed

Reult :

omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" a % omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" o((er +II-o*ide b %omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" o((er % ma"" o$ o((er 6 c4 a1 g 7 Ma"" o$ o*)%en 6 !4 c 1 g

ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id a% ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id M% ! % ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id ma%ne"i#m o*ide c % ma"" o$ M% + ! 8 a 1 g4 ma"" o$ o*)%en + c 8 !1 g

2

=(@n

=(=n

'

)

H)dro%en


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Calculation:E'ement 9 atom C# O

Ma"" +%- * )>#mber o$ mo'e * 9 =; ) 9 1=Sim('e"t ratio o$ mo'e

E'ement 9 atom M% OMa"" +%- * )>#mber o$ mo'e * 9 2; ) 9 1=Sim('e"t ratio o$ mo'e

Precaution :

&0 The flo# of H2mut !e continuou uringcooling 8 to prevent hot copper metal from

oxii9e0

20 Allo# hyrogen ga flo# into the tu!e for 8

&; minute to unure air totally remove. Themixture H2an air may caue an exploion0

8. To determine a'' air tota'') remo4ed o''et teair and ('ae 'i%ted "('inter te %a" b#rn

;. Zn 2HC' ZnC'2 H2,. An)dro#" a'i#m 'oride ! to dr) te H2%a".

=. C#O H2 C# H2O

Precaution :

1. CleanM% ribbon it "and (a(er to remo4e te'a)er o$ o*ide on it" "#r$ae.2. ,ift 5 raiete 'id at interval to allo# air in+0Wen M% ribbon "tart to b#rn o4er te r#ib'eit 'id to a4oid te ite $#me (rod#ed $rombein% e"a(e to te air.;. Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% andei%in%to make ure all magneium icompletely reacte #ith oxygen0

0 2Mg ? .2 2Mg.

8. Ba"ed on te to $orm#'ae >a2O C#I+a- State te oxiation num!er$or "odi#m and o((er.+b- >ame bot te om(o#nd ba"ed on I&AC nomen'at#re ")"tem.+- E*('ain te di$$erene beteen te name" o$ te to om(o#nd" ba"ed on $/PAC nomenclature

ytem0

"ample an#er:

@a2. Cu$O*idation n#mber $or"odi#m and o((er

1 1

I&AC >omen'at#re Sodi#m o*ide Co((er +I- iodideRea"on Doe" not a4e roman num!er

bea#"e "odi#m a" only oneo*idation n#mber

Ha" roman n#mber bea#"eo((er a" more than oneo*idation n#mber

CHAPTER (: PER$.D$C TA%,E

1. E*('ain te $o''oin% "tatement" re$errin% to te e'etron arran%ement o$ te e'ement".

+a- Te e'ement" o$ 5ro#( 1@ are unreativeand e*i"t a" monoatomic(arti'e" +8 mar3"-

The point are:

+D#('et 9otet- e'etron arran%ement. >o tenden) to donate ae(t "are e'etron" Remain a" iniviual particle

8


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+b- Te reati4it) o$ roup $e'ement" increae don te %ro#( erea" te reati4it) o$ roup&B e'ement" ecreaedon te %ro#(. +12 mar3"-

The point are:

Explanation roup $ roup &B

1 Can%e in (roton n#mber Inrea"e" Inrea"e"

2 Can%e in n#mber o$ e'etron" and e'etron $i''ed "e''" Inrea"e" Inrea"e"8 Can%e in atomi "ie9radi#"9diameter Inrea"e" Inrea"e"; Stren%t o$ e'etro"tati attration beteen n#'e#" and

4a'ene e'etronDerea"e" 9ea3er Derea"e" 9ea3er

, Tenden) to Re'ea"e" e'etroninrea"e"

Attrat t9 ae(te'etron derea"e"

= To beome &o"iti4e ion >e%ati4e ion

F Reati4it) Inrea"e" Derea"e"

+2- E*('ain o te me'tin% (oint o$ roup & e'ement" change o#n the group+; mar3"- ecreae%rad#a'')Reaon

atomi "ie inrea"e" metallic !oningbeteen te atom" beome ea3er 7e"" ener%) i" re/#ired 9 needed to o4erome ti" meta''i bondin%.

+8- Chemical propertie of element in group &B

I Reation it ater C'2 H2O HC' HOC'II Reation it "odi#m )dro*ide C'2 2>aOH >aC' >aOC' H2OIII Reation it iron 8C'2 2Ge 2GeC'8+bron "o'id-

E*am('e< Comparete reati4it) o$ reation" beteen 'orine and bromine it iron. Diagram $$$

Reaction Reactant .!ervation

A Iron 'orine %a" Te ot iron oo' i%nite" ra(id') it a bri%t $'ame.A bron "o'id i" $ormed.

B Iron bromine %a" Te ot iron oo' %'o" moderate') it $a"t.A bron "o'id i" $ormed.

"ample an#er:

a- Cemia' e/#ation< 8C'2 2Ge 2GeC'8b- Te reactivityo$ reation A i" i%er tan reation B.- Te atomic i9eo$ 'orine i" maller tan bromine.d- Te force of attraction of the nucleu to#ar the electron are tronger.

;

C'orine %a"

"oium hyroxie olution

"oa limeHot iron oo'HC' +on"- KMnO;+"-

To(rod#eC'2

$$$ $$


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e- It i" eaier$or 'orine atom to attract5receivee'etron.

+;- Acro perio + atomi radi#" +atomi "ie- derea"e" 9 electronegativityinrea"e". Explain0

a- &roton n#mber inrea"e" b) one #nit.b- Te n#mber o$ 4a'ene e'etron" in ea atom inrea"e".- &o"iti4e ar%e o$ te n#'e#" inrea"e" t#"

d- >#'ei attration on 4a'ene e'etron inrea"e".e- Atomi radi#" +atomi "ie- derea"e"$- Tenden) to reei4e e'etron inrea"e" +to $orm ne%ati4e ion- t#" electronegativity increae.

+,- Cemia' (ro(ertie" o$ the oxie of elementaro"" &eriod 8 an%e" from !aic oxie to amphotericoxie to aciic oxie0

Ba"i o*ide ! "odi#m o*ide +>a2O-Am(oteri o*ide ! A'#mini#m o*ide +A'2O8-Aidi o*ide ! "#'(#r dio*ide SO2

CHEPTER : CHEM$CA, %.@D

+a- 5ro#( 1 e'ement" reat it 5ro#( 1F e'ement" to (rod#e om(o#nd" tat a4e high melting point0+; mar3"-

The point are:

$onic compoun(rod#ed Bea#"e in4o'4e tranfer of electronbeteen meta' atom and non meta' atom. Meta' atom donate" 4a'ene e'etron to $orm (o"iti4e ion non meta' atom ae(t" e'etron to

ne%ati4e ion. Te oppoitelyar%ed ionare e'd to%eter b) trong electrotatic force0 More heat energyi" needed to overcomete "tron% $ore o$ attration.

-ormation of ionic compoun 6metal =roup &72 &+> an non metal = roup &(7 &7 &* &B>1

"ample an#er:

1. E'etron arran%ement o$ atom 6 @a 7 20& Cl 200B 1 55 valence electron2. To aie4e "tab'e 9 otet e'etron arran%ement8. Atom 6 @a- re'ea"e"one 9 valencee'etron to $orm "odi#m ion >a

;. Half e


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Compare the phyical propertie of covalent an ionic compoun

Propertie Covalent compoun 6 naphthalene1 $onic compoun 6 oium chlorie1

Me'tin% andboi'in%

'o on"i"t o$ molecule

ea3 inter molecular force!et#een molecule 'e"" ener%) needed to o4erome teea3 $ore"

i% on"i"t o$ o((o"ite') ar%ed ion

te ion" are e'd to%eter b) "tron%electrotatic force 0 more eat ener%) needed to o4erome te"tron% $ore"

E'etria'ond#ti4it)

on"i"t o$molecule doe" not ond#t e'etriit) in an)"tate +mo'ten or a/#eo#"-.

on"i"t o$ o((o"ite') ar%ed ion" ond#t e'etriit) in molten or a


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2. To contruct the electrochemitryba"ed on tenency to releae electron9(otentia' di$$erene" voltaiccell5 Electrochemical cell0

8. To on"tr#t te e'etroemi"tr) ba"ed on abi'it) 9 tenden) o$ meta'to iplace another metal$rom it "a't" "o'#tion.Diplacement reaction: a meta' i i" i%er in te e'etroemia'"erie" i" ab'e to di"('ae a meta' be'o it in a "erie" $rom it" "a't "o'#tion.

Example: Zn C#SO; ZnSO; C# 99 Zn Zn2 2e 9 C#2 2e C#

Cell P Cell F;. Com(are and ontra"t e'' P and F. In'#de in )o#r an"er te ob"er4ation and a'$ e/#ation $or tereation o$ te e'etrode" in bot e''".

Cell P Characteritic Cell F

E'etria'emia' Ener%) an%e Cemia'e'etria'4e 9 anode< o((er +O6IDATIO>-4e 9 atode< o((er

E'etrode 4e9atode< o((er 4e9 anode< 'ead +O6IDATIO>-

C#2 H

OH SO;2Ion" (re"ent inte e'etro')te

C#2 H

OH SO;2

Anode


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CHAPTER B: AC$D A@D %A"E

An aci i" emia' "#b"tane i ionie" in ater to (rod#e )dro%en ion H?

A ba"e i" a emia' "#b"tane i ionie" in ater to (rod#e )dro*ide ion" .H4

A'3a'i i" a "o'#b'e ba"e. %aicityi" te n#mber o$ ioni"ab'e )dro%en atom" (er mo'e#'e o$ an aid.

1. E*('ain ) te"e to "o'#tion" a4e di$$erent (H 4a'#e" identi$) "tron% aid ea3 aid de$inition "tron% aid de$inition ea3 aid

onentration o$ H

re'ation"i( beteen (H 4a'#e and onentration o$ )dro%en ion" H?

"ample an#er:

1. H)dro'ori aid i" a trong acii'e metanoi aid i" a #eak aci.2. H)dro'ori aid om('ete') ionie"in #aterto $orm higher concentrationo$ )dro%en ion".

HC' H2O H8O C' 99 HC' H C' H8O )dro*oni#m ion8. Metanoi aid ionie" (artia'') in #ater to $orm lo#er concentration)dro%en ion"

CH8COOH CH8COO H

;. Te higherte onentration o$ )dro%en ion" telo#erte (H 4a'#e.

2. Aim< Toetermine the en point uring the neutrali9ation of potaium hyroxiean hyrochloric aci

A((arat#"< 2, m8(i(ette b#rette 2,0 m8onia' $'a"3 retort "tand ite ti'eMateria'< (ota""i#m )dro*ide and )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 (eno'(ata'ein.

Proceure:

1. Rin"e a b#rette it a "ma'' amo#nt )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8.2. C'am( te b#rette on retort "tand.8. Gi'' te b#rette it )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8.Ad#"t te meni"#" 'e4e' o$ aid to a readin% at 0.;. Reord te initia' b#rette readin%.

,. &i(ette 2,.0 m8o$ (ota""i#m )dro*ide 0.1 mo' dm 8into onia' $'a"3.=. Add to dro( o$ (eno'(ata'ein.F. Add )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8are$#''). Sir' te onia' $'a"3 d#rin% te (roe"".@. Wen te o'o#r o$ te mi*t#re t#rn (a'er add )dro'ori aid dro( b) dro(.. Sto( addin% te )dro'ori aid a" "oon a" te "o'#tion t#rn" o'o#r'e"".10. Reord te $ina' b#rette readin%.11. Re(eat "te(" 110 tie. Tab#'ate )o#r readin%.

@

Te (H 4a'#e o$ 1.0 mo' dm8 )dro'ori aid i" 1Te (H 4a'#e o$ 1.0 mo' dm8 metanoi aid i" ;

MA?A a

MB?B b


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Reult :

Titration 1 2 8Gina' b#rette readin% m8

Initia' b#rette readin% m8

?o'#me o$ )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8

m8

+0 Preparation "tanar olution 6 ;0& mol [email protected] &;; cm+1

1. a'#'ate te ma"" o$ "o'#te + mo'e 0.1 * 10091000 0.01 ma""9 ;0-2. ei% 0.;% o$ >aOH in ei%in% bott'e #"in% di%ita' ba'ane 9 e'etroni ba'ane8. (o#r into a bea3er rin"e te bott'e it di"ti''ed ater.;. di""o'4e >aOH it a 'itt'e + 10 ! 20 m8-di"ti''ed ater.,. tran"$er te mi*t#re into 4o'#metri $'a"3 100 m8rin"e te bea3er it di"ti''ed ater.=. (o#r te a"in%" into 4o'#metri $'a"3 100 m8

F. add di"ti''ed ater "a3e e''

@. add di"ti''ed ater dro( b) dro( to $ina'') brin% te 4o'#me o$ "o'#tion to te 100 m8

mar3 9a'ibration mar3.

Preparation of a tanar olution !y ilution metho

M&G& M2G2M&8 initial molarity

G& 4 initial volume

M28 final molarity

G2 8 final volume

@.TE : C.@CE@TRAT$.@ 8 &0 M.,AR$T) 4 mol m4+

20 g m4+

>e#tra'iation in o#r dai') 'i4e"

A%ri#'t#re &odered 'ime +CaO- 'ime"tone +CaCO8- a"e" o$ b#rnt ood"ed to treat aidi "oi'.

Ind#"trie" 1. &odered 'ime +CaO-"ed to treat aidi e$$'#ent $rom $atorie" aidi %a" SO2 emitted b) (oer "tation and

ind#"trie".2. Ammonia (re4ent te oa%#'ation o$ 'ate* b) ne#tra'iin% te aid (rod#ed b)bateria in te 'ate*.

Hea't 1. Antiaid" ontain ba"e" "# a" a'#mini#m )dro*ide and ma%ne"i#m )dro*ide tone#tra'ie te e*e"" aid in te "toma.2. ?ine%ar +itri aid- i" #"ed to #re a"( "tin%" tat are a'3a'ine in nat#re.8. Ba3in% (oder +>aHCO8- i" #"ed to #re bee "tin%" and ant bite" tat are aidi innat#re.;. Toot(a"te ontain" ba"e" tat ne#tra'ie te aid (rod#e" b) bateria in o#r mo#t


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CHAPTER "A,T

A alti" a om(o#nd $ormed en te hyrogen ion7 H $rom an aid i" re('aed b) a metal ionor anammonium ion7 @H(

?

Preparation of olu!le alt! aid reati4e meta'+Zn 9 M%- "a't H2 9 2H? ? Mg Mg2? ? H2! aci ? !ae 6 metal oxie1 alt ? #ater! aid a'3a'i"a't ater 9 H? ? .H4 H2. 6 @a.H7 I.H7 @H(.H1! aci ? car!onate metal alt ? C.2 ? H2. 5 2H? ? C.+2? C.2 ? H2.

Proceure:

1. pour+ 2, ! 100m8- aid + 0., ! 2.0 mo' dm8- into a bea3er2. eat "'o')8. add "o'id 6metal 5 !ae5 car!onate 1 a little #nti' e*e"" 9 no more di""o'4e(0 tir

,. filterte mi*t#re into evaporating ih

=. heat+"'o')- te filtrate#nti' 198 $rom ori%ina' 4o'#me 9 "at#rated "o'#tion $ormedF. cool o#nte "at#rated "o'#tion +#nti' r)"ta''ied -@. filter+to "e(arate te r)"ta'"-. ry 9 tran"$er onto $i'ter (a(er 9 dr) beteen "eet" o$ $i'ter (a(er

.!ervation

Chemical ea2SO;-8. tir;. filterte mi*t#re,. rine reiue9 "o'id 9 (rei(itate=. rybeteen "eet" o$ $i'ter (a(er

.!ervation

Cemia' e/#ation

Ioni e/#ation

Action of heat on alt

Car!onate o*ide meta' +ba"e- CO2 except>a K and >H;

E*am('e< C#CO8 C#O CO2

@itrateo*ide meta' nitro%en o*ide o*)%en except>a K7 62>a>O8 2>a>O2 O2-E*am('e < 2M%+>O8-2 2M%O ;>O2 O2

10


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6%ro#n ga1

Ammonium chlorie ammonia %a" )dro%en 'oride %a" +>H;C' >H8 HC' -Confirmatory tet for cation an anion

1. State te materia' 9 emia' 9 rea%ent2. (roed#re8. ob"er4ation

;. on'#"ion

Example: Yo# are %i4en a bott'e o$ ammoni#m 'oride "o'#tion. Decri!e chemicalte"t to4eri$) te ation and anion.

+a- tet for cation +>H;-1. (o#r 2 cm+te "o'#tion" into a te"t t#be2. add 1 m8 o((er +II- "#'(ate "o'#tion8. b'#e (rei(itate "o'#b'e in e*e"" to $orm ark !lue olution0

.R

;. add 2 to + ropof @eler reagentinto te te"t t#be,. bron (rei(itate.*0 Ammonium ion 6@H(

?1 preent0

6!1 tet for anion 6Cl41

F. (o#r 2 cm+ te "o'#tion into a te"t t#be@. add 1 m8o$ilutenitri aid and "i'4er nitrate olution.. ite (rei(itate $ormed10. on$irm te (re"ene o$ chlorie ion

Example:Yo# are %i4en 'ead +II- nitrate and a'#mini#m nitrate"o'#tion. De"ribe emia' te"t to4eri$) te ation and anion.

6c1 tet for cation

11. (o#r 2 m8te "o'#tion" into di$$erent te"t t#be"12. add 1 m8 (ota""i#m ioie"o'#tion into te te"t t#be"18. yello#(rei(itate $ormed1;. lea 6$$1 ion(re"ent

61 tet for anion

1,. (o#r 2 m

8

o$ 'ead +II- nitrate olutioninto a te"t t#be1=. add 1 m8o$ di'#te "#'(#ri aid1F. add 1 m8o$ iron +II- "#'(ate "o'#tion1@. "a3e te mi*#re1. tiltte te"t t#be add concentrate ulphuricaidcarefully99 rop !y ropdon te "ide

o$ te te"t t#be20. te bron rin% $ormed21. nitrate ion7 @.+4preent.

11


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Aim :To on"tr#t te ioni e/#ation $or te $ormation o$ 'ead +II- romate+?I-=Continuou variation metho>

Apparatu : Te"t t#be" o$ te "ame "ie te"t t#be ra3 b#rette retort "tand it

'am( r#'er %'a"" rod dro((er.

Material :0., mo' dm8(ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8 'ead +II-nitrate "o'#tion.

Proceure :1. Se4en te"t t#be" o$ te "ame "ie ere 'abe''ed $rom n#mber 1 to F. Te) ere ('aed in a te"t t#be

ra3.2. A b#rette a" $i''ed ;0 mol m4+lea 6$$1 nitrate olution7 0;; cm+of the lea 6$$1 nitrate

olutiona" r#n into ea te "e4en t#be".8. Anoter b#rette a" $i''ed it 0., mo' dm8(ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion.;. &ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion $rom te b#rette a" added into ea o$ te "e4en te"t t#be"

aordin% to te 4o'#me" "(ei$ied in te tab'e.,. Te mi*t#re in ea te"t t#be a" "tirred it a 'ean %'a"" rod.=. Te te"t t#be" ere 'e$t a"ide $or abo#t an o#r.F. Te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate in ea te"t t#be a" mea"#red. Te o'o#r o$ te "o'#tion abo4e te

(rei(itate in ea te"t t#be a" ob"er4ed and reorded.

Reult:Tet tu!e & 2 + ( * B

?o'#me o$ 0., mo'dm8

&b+>O8-29m8

,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00

?o'#me o$ 0., mo'dm8K2Cr O;9m8

1.00 2.00 8.00 ;.00 ,.00 =.00 F.00

Hei%t o$ (rei(itate+m-

0.=0 1.20 1.@0 2.;0 8.00 8.00 8.00

Co'o#r o$ "o'#tionabo4e te (rei(itate

o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" )e''o )e''o

Paper 2

Dicuion

Te 4o'#me o$ 0., mo' dm8(ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion re/#ired to e*at') reat it ,.00 m8o$ 0.,

mo' dm8

'ead +II- nitrate "o'#tion i" ,.00 m8

.

Calculation:

>#mber o$ mo'e" 'ead +II- ion" M? 0., * ,.0091000 0.002, mo'.

>#mber o$ mo'e" romate +?I- ion" M? 0., * ,.0091000 0.002, mo'.Sim('e"t mo'e ratio o$ 'ead +II- ion" < romate +?I- ion"

0.002, < 0.002,12


13/46


1 < 1

Dicuion:

1. A )e''o (rei(itate o$ 'ead +II- romate +?I- i" $ormed in ea o$ te "e4en te"t t#be".2. Te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate inrea"e" %rad#a'') $rom te"t t#be" 1 to , bea#"e more and more 'ead +II-

romate +?I- i" $ormed d#e to te inrea"in% amo#nt o$ (ota""i#m romate +?I- added to te te"t t#be".8. Te o'o#r o$ "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in te"t t#be" 1 to ; are o'o#r'e"" d#e to te e*e"" 'ead +II-nitrate.;. Te o'o#r o$ "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in te"t t#be" = to F i" )e''o d#e to te e*e"" (ota""i#mromate +?I-.,. Ioni e/#ation< &b2 Cr2OF2 &bCr2OF

Concluion:

A" 9 en te 4o'#me o$ (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion #"ed inrea"e" te ei%t o$ te (rei(itateinrea"e" #nti' it aie4e" a ma*im#m ei%t.

CHAPTER J : MA@/-ACT/RED "/%"TA@CE" $@ $@D/"TR)

&0 Contact proce: manufacture ulphuric aci

Sta%e E/#ation E*('anation1 S O2 SO2 S#'(#r i" b#rned in te e*e"" o$ o*)%en %a" to (rod#e "#'(#r

dio*ide %a".2 2SO2 O22SO8 SO2i" ten eated in e*e"" o*)%en %a" ata')"t ?anadi#m +?-

o*ide 1 atm and ;,0 ! ,,0 o C to (rod#e "#'(#r trio*ide %a".8 SO8 H2SO; H2S2OF 5a" "#'$#r trio*ide di""o'4e in "#'(#ri aid to (rod#e o'e#m

; H2S2OF H2O 2H2SO; O'e#m i" added to ater to (rod#e "#'$#ri aid

a ".+ i not iolve in #ater to prouce H2".(traight a#ay !ecaue the reaction #ill prouce a

lot of heat #hich i angerou6 caue the forming of aci fume1

"a%e o$ "#'(#ri aid2 8H2 2>H8

Conition:Cata')"t< iron tem(erat#re< ;,0 ! ,,0 oC &re""#re 200 ! ,00 atm

"a%e< to man#$at#re $erti'ier2>H8 H2SO; +>H; -2 SO;8>H8 H8&O; +>H; -8 &O;

18


14/46


>H8 H>O8 >H;>O8

8. Hi% (erenta%e o$ nitro%en i" a %ood $erti'"er $or ('ant". Ho to a'#'ate N> in $erti'i"er#rea CO+>H2-2and ammoni#m nitrate +>H;>O8- i one i" a better $erti'i"er RAM < >1;P C12 PO1=P H1

"ample an#er:

N > in rea ma"" o$ nitro%en 9 RMM #rea * 100 2*1; 9 =0 * 100 ;=.=FN

N > in >H;>O8 2*1; 9 @0 * 100 8,.00 N

/rea i a goo fertili9ertan ammoni#m nitrate bea#"e te percentage o$ nitro%en in #rea highertanammoni#m nitrate.

;. De"ribe o toxic #ate(rod#t $rom $ator) a$$et" te /#a'it) o$ te en4ironment. Yo#r de"ri(tion"o#'d in'#de te $o''oin% a"(et". "ource7 proce an effect0

"ample an#er:

1. "ource> "#'(#r dio*ide %a" (rod#ed b) $ator) or b#rnin% o$ $o""i' $#e'"2. proce "#'(#r dio*ide %a" di""o'4e" in rain ater 9 ater to $orm aid rain

2SO2 O2 2H2O + 2H2SO;8. effect to*i a"te 9 aid $'o" to into 'a3e" and ri4er" aid rain 'oer" te (H 4a'#e o$ ater "oi'

and air.;. Gi" and oter a/#ati or%ani"m" die.,. aid rain orrode" onrete b#i'din%" and meta' "tr#t#re"

=. aid de"tro)" tree" in $ore"tF. Aid rain reat" it minera'" in "oi' to (rod#e" "a't i are 'eaed o#t te to( "oi'.@. &'ant" die o$ ma'n#trition and di"ea"e".. Soi' beome" aidi #n"#itab'e $or %rot o$ ('ant" and de"tro)" te root" o$ ('ant".10. "#'(#r dio*ide a#"e" re"(irator) (rob'em" in #man".

,. P.,$MER< large moleculemade #( o$ identia' re(eatin% "#b#nit" o$ monomeri areoined to%eter b) o4a'ent bond".

"ynthetic polymer Monomer /e

&o')tene Etene &'a"ti ba%" ('a"ti ontainer&o')(ro(ene &ro(ene &i(in% ar batterie"&o')4in)' 'oride &?C C'oroetene Arti$iia' 'eater ater (i(e&er"(e* Met)'metar)'ate Sa$et) %'a"" re$'etor"

1;

monomer + etene- (o')mer +(o')etene-


15/46


A,,.)

An alloyi" a mi*t#re o$ to or more e'ement" it a ertain $i*ed om(o"ition in i te maorom(onent i" a meta'.

1. Te om(o"ition (ro(ertie" and #"e" o$ "ome alloy

Alloy Compoition Propertie /e

Brone CuTin

Hard and "tron%doe" not orrode ea"i')a" "in) "#r$ae

in b#i'din% o$ "tat#e or mon#ment".in ma3in% o$ meda'""ord" and arti"ti materia'

Bra"" CuZin

arder tan o((er in ma3in% o$ m#"ia' in"tr#ment" and3itenare

Stee' $ronCarbon

Hard and "tron% in on"tr#tion o$ b#i'din%" and brid%e"in b#i'din% o$ te bod) o$ ar" and rai'a)

tra3"Stain'e"""tee'

$ron

CarbonCromi#m

"in)"tron%doe" not r#"t

in ma3in% o$ #t'er)in ma3in% o$ "#r%ia'in"tr#ment

D#ra'#min AluminiumCo((erMa%ne"i#mman%ane"e

'i%t"tron%

in b#i'din% o$ te bod) o$ aero('ane andb#''et train"

&eter Tin Co((erantimon)

'#"tre "in)"tron%

In ma3in% o$ "o#4enir"

Brone i" harertan (#re o((er. E*('ain.

Reaon:

1. Te (re"ene o$ atom" o$ oter meta'" 9 tin tat are ifferent i9e2.Diruptte order') arran%ement o$ o((er atom"8. Tin atom" reucete layer of copper atom$rom "'idin%;. A''o) i" "tron%er and harertan (#re meta'

2. Yo# a4e 'earnt te teeli" an a''o) o$ iron. Stee' i" arder tan pure iron. Bot iron and "tee' an r#"t

en e*(o"ed to air and ater. Do they rut at the ame rate

Aim :To om(arethe rate of rutingbeteen iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee'

Pro!lem "tatement

Ho# oethe rate of rutingbeteen iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee' di$$er

Hypothei

Iron r#"t $a"ter tan "tee' and "tee' r#"t $a"ter tan "tain'e"" "tee'.

1,

Co((er atom

Stan#m atom


16/46


Garia!le

Manipulate : Iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee'.Reponing : inten"it) 9 amo#nt o$ dar3 b'#e o'o#r 9 rate of ruting-ixe : "ie o$ nai' onentration o$ "o'#tion d#ration o$ r#"tin%Proceure:

1. C'ean te nai'" it "and (a(er +to remo4ed te r#"t $rom a'' te nai'"-

2. &'ae te iron nai' "tee' nai' and "tain'e"" "tee' nai' into te te"t t#be A B and C re"(eti4e').8. &re(are a , N e'') "o'#tion b) addin% , % e'') to 100 m8o$ boi'in% ater. Add a $e dro( o$ potaiumhexacyanoferrate 6$$$1"o'#tion.;. &o#r te ot e'') into te te"t t#be" #nti' a'' te nai'" are $#'') immer"ed.,. 7ea4e te nai'" $or 8 da)".=. Ob"er4e and reord te inten"it) o$ te dar3 b'#e o'o#r.

Ta!ulation of ata

Paper 2

Concluion

1. Te onentration o$ Ge2ion" in te te"t t#be A i" i%er tan in te"t t#be B. >o Ge2ion" are (re"ent inte"t t#be C.2. Te rate o$ r#"tin% in te"t t#be A i" i%er tan tat in te"t t#be B. >o r#"tin% ta3e" ('ae in te"t t#be C.A''o) "'o don te rate o$ r#"tin%.

Propertie7 compoition an ue ifferent type of gla

Type Propertie Chemical

compoition

/e

G#"ed %'a"" ?er) i% "o$tenin% (ointHi%') eat re"i"tantDoe" not ra3 en tem(erat#re an%e"4er) re"i"tant to emia' reation"di$$i#'t to be "a(ed

SiO2 7en"e" te'e"o(emirror" o(tia' $ibre"7aborator) %'a""are.

Soda 'ime%'a""

'o "o$tenin% (ointdoe" not it"tand eatin%brea3 ea"i')'e"" re"i"tant to emia' reation"ea") to be "a(ed ra3" ea"i') it "#dden an%e in tem(erat#re

SiO2CaCO89>a2CO8

G'at %'a"" 'i%t b#'bmirror" %'a""ontainer".

Boro"i'iate 'oer terma' oe$$iienteat re"i"tant Doe" not ra3 en tem(erat#re an%e"

SiO2B2O8

>a2O

7aborator) %'a""areoo3in% #ten"i'".A#tomobi'e

Te"t t#be Te inten"it) o$ te dar3 b'#e o'o#r 99rate o$ r#"tin%

ABC

1=


17/46


4er) re"i"tant to emia' reation"doe" not brea3 ea"i')

ead'i%t".

7ead %'a"" 'o "o$tenin% (ointi% den"it)Hi% re$rati4e inde*

SiO2&bOCaO

Deorati4e item"r)"ta' %'a"" are'en" (ri"m ande'ier

Compoite Materiali" a "tr#t#ra' materia' tat i" $ormed b) com!ining t#o or moredi$$erent"#b"tane" "# a metal7 alloy7 gla7 ceramic an polymer.

Compoite

material

Component Propertie of

component

Propertie of

compoite

/e of

component

Rein$oredonrete

Conrete Hard b#t britt'e 'oten"i'e "tren%t

Stron%er i% ten"i'e"tren%t doe" notorrode ea"i') an

it"tand i%era(('ied $ore" and'oad" ea(er.

Con"tr#tion o$$rameor3 $ori%a) brid%e"

and i%ri"eb#i'din%Stee' Hard it i% ten"i'e"tren%t b#t e*(en"i4eand an orrode.

S#(erond#tor

Co((er+II-o*idebari#m o*ide

In"#'ator" o$ e'etriit) Cond#t" e'etriit) 5enerator"tran"$ormer"e'etri ab'eam('i$ier"om(#ter (art"MRI

Gibre o(ti" 5'a"" o$ 'ore$rati4e inde* Tran"(arent doe" re$'et'i%t ra)". re$'et 'i%t ra)" anda''o 'i%t ra)" totra4e' a'on% te $iber

Tran"mit data in te$orm o$ 'i%t inte'eomm#niation"

5'a"" o$ i%re$rati4e inde*

Gibre %'a"" 5'a"" Hea4) "tron% b#t britt'eand non$'e*ib'e

7i%t "tron% to#%re"i'ient and $'e*ib'eit i% ten"i'e"tren%t notin$'ammab'e 'oden"it) ea"i')

o'o#red "a(ed andmo#'ded.

Water "tora%etan3" "ma'' boate'met

&o')e"ter ('a"ti 7i%t $'e*ib'e e'a"tib#t ea3 andin$'ammab'e

&otoromi%'a""

5'a"" Tran"(arent doe" re$'et'i%t ra)".

Sen"iti4e to 'i%t a2S2O8"o'#tion a$$et te rate o$ reation

Hypothei:

Wen te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8olutioninrea"e" te rate o$ reation inrea"e".99 tei%er te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate olution te i%er te rate o$ reation.

Garia!le:

Manipulate :Tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.Reponing :Rate o$ reation9 Time ta3en $or te ro"" Q6 to di"a((ear $rom te "i%t.-ixe : Concentration an volumeo$ "#'(#ri aid concentration an volumeo$ "odi#m

tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.

Apparatu : 1,0 m8onnia' $'a"3 ,0 m8mea"#rin% )'inder10m8mea"#rin% )'inder "to(attermometer B#n"en b#rner tri(od "tand ire %a#e.

Material: ;02 mol m4+"odi#m tio#'(ate "o'#tion 1.0 mo' dm8"#'(#ri aid ite (a(er mar3ed 6at te entre.

Proceure


20/46


21/46


20 Aim:to in4e"ti%ate effect of catalyton te rate o$ deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide.

Pro!lem tatement: ho# oea ata')"t a$$et te rate o$ deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide

Hypothei< man%ane"e +I?- o*ide MnO2inrea"e" te rate o$ deom(o"ition o$ )dro%en (ero*ide

Garia!le:

Mani(#'ated < (re"ene o$ man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2-

Re"(ondin% < rate o$ reationGi*ed < onentration o$ H2O2 initia' tem(erat#re o$ H2O2"o'#tion.

Apparatu< te"t t#be 10 m8mea"#rin% )'inder te"t t#be ra3 "(at#'a.

Material:+,10- ! 4o'#me o$ H2O2"o'#tion man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2- (oder ooden "('inter

Proceure:

1. 'abe' to te"t t#be a" A and B2. "in% a mea"#rin% )'inder mea"#re , m8o$ 20 ! 4o'#me o$ H2O2"o'#tion and (o#r into te"t

t#be A.

8. Add V "(at#'a o$ man%ane"e +I?- o*ide (oder into te"t t#be A.;. Sa3e te te"t t#be.,. Immediate') ('ae a %'oin% "('inter into te te"t t#be.=. Ob"er4e and reord te an%e".F. Re(eat te "ame (roed#re $or te"t t#be B ito#t MnO2

.!ervation: =Paper 2>

Tet tu!e .!ervation

A E$$er4e"ene o#rred. Te %'oin% ooden "('inter re'i%t.B >o e$$er4e"ene. Te %'oin% ooden "('inter did not re'i%t.

Dicuion:

Man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2- inrea"e" te rate o$ deom(o"ition o$ )dro%en (ero*ide. Deom(o"itiono$ )dro%en (ero*ide (rod#e" o*)%en %a". 2H2O22H2O O2

21


22/46


CHAPTER &&: CAR%.@ C.MP./@D

1. Hyrocar!on! emia' om(o#nd ontainin% car!onand hyrogen atom only.2. Alkene! emia' om(o#nd ontainin% car!on an hyrogenatomand at 'ea"t

one car!on4car!on ou!le !on 6 C C 1

+0 $omer are mo'e#'e" it te ame molecular formula b#t it ifferent tructural formula.Example: C(H&;8 !utane

1. C2H; O H2O C2H;+OH-2 (#r('e t#rn" o'o#r'e"" 99 oran%e t#rn" %reen

22

CH8COO C2H,Et)' etanoate

CH8COOHCarbo*)'COOH

C2H;Do#b'e bond beteenC atom" CC

C=H12O=

KMnO;9 HD.

K2Cr2OF9 HD

C2H=

C2H,Br

C2H;+OH-2

C2H;Br2

C2H,OH

E"teri$iationH2SO;

CH2 CH2

Addition

O*idation

Germention

Br2

H2

KMnO;9 HK2Cr2OF9 H

H2O

H6CnH 2n 2 n 12 a'3aneCnH2n n 2 8 a'3eneCnH 2n 1OH n 1 2 a'oo'CnH 2n1COOH n01.. Carbo*)'i aid

C2H,OHH)dro*)'OH

KMnO;9H 9K2Cr2OF9 H

nb#tane2met)'(ro(ane


23/46


2. CH8COOH C2HOH CH8COO C2H H2O

8. C2H; H2O C2H,OH

;. C=H12O= 2C2H,OH 2CO2

Homologou

erie

eneral formula -unctional group Mem!er 7 example

A'3ane CnH2n 2 n 12.. Sin%'e o4a'ent bondbeteen arbon atom". C C

Etane

A'3ene CnH2n n 2.. Do#b'e o4a'ent bondbeteen arbon atom". CC

Etene

A'oo'" CnH2n 1 OH n 12.. H)dro*)' %ro#( 9 OH Etano'

Carbo*)'iaid

CnH2n 1 COOH n 012..

Carbo*)' %ro#( COOH Etanoi aid CH8COOH

28

H 2SO; on"

H 8 &O; =0 atm 800 oC

Yea"t


24/46


;. Yo#r are re/#ired to (re(are one name') e"ter b) #"in% ethanoic acii" one o$ te reatant". B) #"in% anamely alcohol ecri!eone e*(eriment to (re(are te e"ter. In )o#r de"ri(tion in'#de te chemicale


25/46


Proceure:a- &'ae "ome %'a"" oo' in a boi'in% t#beb- "e a dro((er to add (ro(an1o' to et te %'a"" oo'.- C'am( te boi'in% t#be orionta'') and ('aed #n%'aed (ore'ain i(" in te mi ectiono$

te boi'in% t#be.

d- Heat te #n%'aed (ore'ain i(" trongly0e- Ten eat te gla #ool gentlyto 4a(orie te (ro(ano'.

$- De"ri(tion o$ te chemical tetto te %a" o''eted in te te"t t#be.

Add 1 m8o$ !romine #aterand "a3e e''.=.!ervation>:

Reih !ro#n colour of !romine ecolourie

OrAdd 1 m8o$ aidi$ied (ota""i#m man%anate+?II- "o'#tion and "a3e e''.

=.!ervation>:

Purple colour of potaium manganate6G$$1 olution ecolourie

Chemical e


26/46


,. Tab'e "o" re"#'t" o$ 'ate* oa%#'ation

Proceure .!ervation

&ro(anoi aid +ea3 aid- i" added to 'ate* 7ate* oa%#'ate" immediate')7ate* i" 'e$t #nder nat#ra' ondition" 7ate* oa%#'ate" "'o')

E*('ain ) tere i" a ifferencein te"e ob"er4ation"An#er:

1. Aid ioni9ein ater to (rod#e i% onentration o$ 9 a 'ot o$ hyrogen ion2. H)dro%en ion" Hne#tra'ie te negative chargeon te protein mem!rane8. Te ru!!erparticle collieand te (rotein membrane" brea3;. R#bber moleculeare re'ea"ed and ombine it one anoter and entangle.,. Te e*i"tene o$ !acteriain nat#ra' ondition"=. Te %rot o$ bateria (rod#e 9 lactic aci9#eak aci9 'o onentration o$ Hion".F. D#e to te lo# !acterial action te oa%#'ation o$ 'ate* ta3e" a longer timeto o#r.=Monomer of natural ru!!er: 2 8 methyl!uta4&7+4 iene 7 CH5 ioprene >

Explain ho# to prevent coagulation of latex

1. A ammonia olution2. Ammonia "o'#tion ontain" 9 ionied to (rod#e hyroxie ion 7 .H4

8. H)dro*ide ion" OHneutrali9ete )dro%en ion" H 9 aid (rod#ed b) te bateria;. Te r#bber (arti'e" remain negatively chargeand oa%#'ation i" (re4ented.

=. &a(er 8Aim:To om(are te elaticity9 trengtho$ 4#'ani"ed and #n4#'ani"ed r#bber

Pro!lem tatement< Doe" 4#'ani"ed r#bber more e'a"ti tan #n4#'ani"ed r#bberHypothei:?#'ani"ed r#bber i" more e'a"ti tan #n4#'ani"ed r#bberGaria!le:

Manipulate < 4#'ani"ed r#bber and #n4#'ani"ed r#bberReponing < 'en%t o$ r#bber "tri( 9 e'a"tiit)-ixe < ma"" o$ ei%t "ie o$ r#bber

Material an apparatuo reddi" bron "o'id a" $o#nd on te "#r$ae o$

te nai'.GeZn Hi% >o reddi" bron "o'id a" $o#nd on te "#r$ae o$

te nai'.GeSn Moderate 7o Te o'e "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" o4ered it

reddi" bron "o'idGeC# Hi% 7o Te o'e "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" ea4i') o4ered

it reddi" bron "o'id

Te nai' in te"t t#be A r#"ted a 'itt'e. >o r#"tin% o#rred to te nai'" in te"t t#be" B and C .Te nai' in te"tt#be D r#"ted b#t te nai' in te"t t#be E r#"ted e4en more.

80


31/46


Dicuion

1. Ba"ed on te ob"er4ation" ma%ne"i#m and in meta'" inibit r#"tin% o$ iron i'e o((er and tinmeta'" "(eed #( r#"tin% o$ iron.

2. Ti" i" bea#"e ma%ne"i#m and in are more e'etro(o"iti4e tan iron. Ma%ne"i#m atom or inatom re'ea"e" it" e'etron more ea"i') tan iron.M%M%2 2e

O2 2H2O ;e ;OH

8. Co((er and tin are 'e"" e'etro(o"iti4e tan iron. Iron atom re'ea"e" it" e'etron" more ea"i') tano((er atom or tin atom.

;. Ge Ge2 2e,. The le electropoitive metaltat in contactit iron the faterte r#"tin% o$ iron o#r".=. The more electropoitive metaltat in contactit iron prevent iron $rom r#"tin%.

Concluion:

R#"tin% an be prevented en iron i" in contactit a more electropoitivemeta'. R#"tin% o#r" fateren iron i" in ontat it a le electropoitivemeta'.

&0 Diplacement reaction Metal:

Example: n ? Cu".( n".(? Cu 55 n ? Cu2? Cu ? n2?

a1 Zn atom o*idied to Zn2 ZnZn2 2eb- O*idation n#mber o$ Zn an%e" 9 inrea"e $rom 0 to 2- Zn at" a" red#in% a%ent.d-Co((er +II- ion red#ed to C# C#2 2eC#e- O*idation n#mber o$ o((er an%e" 9 derea"e $rom 2 to 0$- C#2 ion at" a" o*idiin% a%ent

E*am('ea

CaM%A'CZnHGeSn&bC#H%

A%A#

&o"ition" o$arbon and)dro%en in tereatin% "erie"o$ meta'

&rod#e o*)%en


35/46


20 hyrogen ga #ith oxie of le

reactive metal

H2 ? P!. P! ? H2.

+0 car!on #ith oxie metal

C ? 2Cu. 2Cu ? C.2

Aim


36/46


Ge2O8 8CO 2Ge 2CO2 CaCO8 CaO CO2+ 'ime "tone deom(o"ed- CaO SiO2 CaSiO8 + im(#ritie" -

Reox reaction in variou chemical cell

8=


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CHAPTER &+: THERM.CHEM$"TR)

1. Exothermic! A emia' reation tat give out heatto te "#rro#ndin%" Te reatant" 'o"e eat ener%) to $orm te (rod#t" Te ener%) ontent o$ reatant" i" highertan (rod#t" XH ne%ati4e2. Ener%) 'e4e' dia%ram +'abe' energy reatant" and (rod#t it orret emia' 9 ioni $orm#'a eat o$reation it unit.8. Heat o$ reation ! eat an%e9re'ea"e" en & moleo$ (rod#t $ormed. 3Jmo'

mC 9 mo'e

Heat o$ ne#tra'iation ! eat re'ea"e" en & mole of H?ombine" it & mol of .H4 to $orm& mole of #ater. H? ? .H4 H2.

;. Heat o$ omb#"tion ! eat re'ea"e" en & moleo$ a'oo' b#rnt om('ete') in e*e"" o*)%en.C2H.H ? +.2 2C.2 ? +H2.

,. A" te n#mber o$ arbon atom (er mo'e#'e inrea"e" te eat o$ omb#"tion inrea"e" d#e to moreprouct forme+CO2 H2O- . Tere$ore more eat re'ea"ed en more !on are forme.

8F


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=. To determine eat o$ omb#"tion +materia' and a((arat#" (roed#re tab#'ation o$ data a'#'ationob"er4ation" (rea#tion"-.

Proceure:

1. +100 ! 200- m8o$ #ateri" mea"#red #"in% a mea"#rin% )'inder2. and (o#red into a o((er tin.

8. Te initia' tem(erat#re o$ ater i" mea"#red and reorded 1;. A "(irit 'am( i" $i''ed it b#tano'9 oter a'oo' and ei%ed * %ram,.Te "(irit 'am( i" 'i%t and (#t #nder te o((er an.=.Te ater i" "tirred ontin#o#"') it a termometer.F.Wen te tem(erat#re o$ aterincreae !y +;oC te $'ame i" (#t [email protected] "(irit 'am( i" ei%ed a%ain ) %ram.Te i%e"t tem(erat#re i" reorded 2

Reult:

Ma"" o$ ei%t o$ "(irit 'am( b#tano' 9% *

Gina' ma"" o$ "(irit 'am( b#tano' 9% )Ma"" o$ b#tano' #"ed9% +*)- 99 Hi%e"t tem(erat#re o$ ater 9oC 1Initia' tem(erat#re o$ ater 9oC 2Inrea"ed in tem(erat#re 9oC +1 2 -99 8

Calculation:

Heat an%e m 100 * ;.2 * +2! 1- a J

Precaution:1. Ma3e "#re te $'ame $rom te omb#"tion o$ etano' to#e" te bottom o$ te o((er an 99 Te

"(irit 'am( i" ('aed 4er) 'o"e or #"t beneat te bottom o$ te o((er an.2. "tirte ater in te o((er an ontin#o#"').8. Te "(irit 'am( m#"t be ei%ed immediate') +bea#"e te etano' i" 4er) 4o'ati'e-.;. A #in hielm#"t be #"ed d#rin% e*(eriment.

Heat o$ di"('aementAim< To determine te eat o$ di"('aement o$ o((er b) in and iron

&roed#re


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Meta' Initia' tem(erat#re oC Hi%e"t tem(erat#re oCZinIron

Heat o$ (rei(itationAim< To determine te eat o$ (rei(itaion o$ "i'4er 'oride A%C'

A((arat#"< ('a"ti #( termometer mea"#rin% )'inderMateria' < "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8 "odi#m 'oride "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8

&roed#rea


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"#b"tane"S#"(en"ion a%ent" To (re4ent te dirt (arti'e" remo4ed $rom

rede(o"itin% onto 'eaned $abri"Carbo*)met)'e''#'o"e +CMC-

Gi''er" To add to te b#'3 o$ te deter%ent andenab'e it to be (o#r ea"i')

Sodi#m "#'(ate "odi#m "i'iate

O(tia' itenin% To add bri%tne"" and itene"" to ite$abri".

G'#ore"ent d)e"

B#i'der To enane te 'eanin% e$$iien) o$deter%ent b) "o$tenin% te ater Sodi#m tri(o')(o"(ate

-oo aitive

Type -unction Example

&re"er4ati4e" To "'o don9 (re4ent te%rot o$ miroor%ani"mtere$ore $ood an 3e(t $or'on%er (eriod" o$ time

"alt5ugar< ra# the #atero#t o$ te e''" o$miroor%ani"m and retar the gro#th ofmicroorganim0

Ginegar:(ro4ide" an aidi ondition tat inhi!it thegro#th of microorganim0

@a@.++B#r%er-

%en9oic aci 5 oium !en9oate< to lo# o#n thegro#th of microorganim0

Antio*idant" To (re4ent o*idation tat ana#"e" ranid $at" and bron$r#it"

Acor!ic aciand vitamin E+Too(ero'-

G'a4orin%" To im(ro4e te ta"te o$ $oodand re"tore ta"te 'o"" bea#"eo$ (roe""in%.

S#%ar "a't MS5 4ine%ar a"(artame and ")ntetie""ene" +e"ter-

Stabi'ier" To (re4ent em#'"ion $rom"e(aratin% o#t.

7eitin $att) aid

Ti3ener" It" #"e to ti3en $ood" &etin aaia %#m %e'atin

D)e" To add or re"tore te o'o#r in$ood in order to enane it"4i"#a' a((ea' and maton"#mer" e*(etation".

>at#ra' d)e" and arti$iia' d)e"< A9o compoun ortriphenyl compoun0

Meicine

;;


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Type -unction Example Effect on health

Ana'%e"i To re'ie4e (ain ito#t a$$etedon"io#"ne""

A"(irin Interna' b'eedin% and#'erationan a#"e brain and 'i4erdama%e to i'dren

&araetamo' O4er do"e an a#"e brain and'i4er dama%e

Codeine Addition de(re""ion andna#"ea

Antibioti" To treat in$etion" a#"e b)bateria +t#ber#'o"i" TB- andpneumonia. Can 3i'' or "'odon te %rot o$ bateria.

&enii''in+Penicilliumnotatum)

Can a#"e a''er%i reation.

Stre(tom)in Can a#"e na#"ea 4omitin%diine"" ra"e" $e4er

&")otera(e#ti To a'ter te abnorma' tin3in%$ee'in%" and bea4ior". Di4ide

into 8 ate%orie"


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"ome common meical plant an their function