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Chapter 15
The Vascular SystemThe Vascular System
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Types of blood vesselsTypes of blood vessels
ArteriesArteries: Carry blood away from the heart
VeinsVeins: Return blood to the heart CapillariesCapillaries: Connect the smallest
arteries to the smallest veins
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Blood vessel layersBlood vessel layers
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
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Categories of arteriesCategories of arteries
Conducting arteries Conducting arteries (elastic arteries)
Distributing arteries Distributing arteries (muscular arteries)
ArteriolesArterioles (resistance vessels)
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VeinsVeins Become smaller as they lead away
from the heart Have thinner walls than arteries Have a great ability to stretch Can constrict extensively
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Categories of veinsCategories of veins
VenulesVenules Medium-sized veinsMedium-sized veins Large veinsLarge veins
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CapillariesCapillaries
Are the exchange vessels Have extremely thin walls Have very small diameters
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Veins are called capacitance vessels because:
A.they can constrict extensively.B.they can stretch.C.they convey blood back to the heart.D.they contain one-way valves.
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Correct answer: B
Rationale: The ability of veins to stretch gives them a great capacity for storing blood. From this characteristic comes the name capacitance vessels.
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Capillary organizationCapillary organization
Exercise Rest
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Capillary exchangeCapillary exchange Walls allow for two-way exchange. Mechanisms of exchange include
diffusion, filtration, and osmosis.
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DiffusionDiffusion
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FiltrationFiltration
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Colloid osmotic pressureColloid osmotic pressure
View animation of mechanisms of capillary exchange
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Capillaries release oxygen and take up carbon dioxide from surrounding tissues through the process of:
A.osmosis.B.filtration.C.diffusion.D.colloid osmotic pressure.
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Correct answer: C
Rationale: Diffusion is the most important mechanism of capillary exchange. Substances move from areas of greater to lesser concentration.
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Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation
View animation on pulmonary circulation
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Systemic circulationSystemic circulation
Ascending aortaAortic arch
Descending aorta
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PulsesPulses
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Principal arteriesPrincipal arteries
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Thoracic aorta
Celiac trunk
Renal artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Internal iliac artery Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
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Arteries of head and neckArteries of head and neck
Vertebral artery
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Circle of WillisCircle of Willis
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Principal veinsPrincipal veins
Internal jugular vein
Cephalic vein
Medial cubital vein
Popliteal veinGreat saphenous vein
Hepatic vein
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Veins of the head and neckVeins of the head and neck
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
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Hepatic Hepatic portal portal circulationcirculation
View animation of hepatic-portal circulation
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Portal systems allow blood to:
A.pass through two capillary networks before returning to the heart.B.pass through one capillary network before returning to the heart.C.bypass all capillary networks and return to the vena cava.D.shunt blood from one vein to another.
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Correct answer: A
Rationale: Blood normally flows through one capillary network before returning to the heart. In portal systems, which occur in the kidneys and liver, blood flows through two networks of capillaries.
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Principles of circulationPrinciples of circulation
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Factors affecting blood Factors affecting blood pressurepressure
Cardiac output ↑CO = ↑BP↓CO = ↓BP
Blood volume ↓Volume = ↓ BP↑Volume = ↑ BP
Resistance ↑ Resistance = ↓Flow and ↑Pressure↓ Resistance = ↑Flow and ↓ Pressure
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Peripheral resistancePeripheral resistance Resistance to flow results from
friction of blood against walls of vessels.
Amount of friction depends upon: Blood viscosity Vessel diameter
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VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction
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VasodilationVasodilation
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Blood velocityBlood velocity
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Which condition would you expect to accompany atherosclerosis, a disorder in which arteries lose elasticity and fatty material builds up inside the vessels?
A.Irregular heartbeatB.Low blood pressureC.Increased blood viscosityD.High blood pressure
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Correct answer: D
Rationale:The accumulation of fatty material narrows vessel diameter, leading to higher blood pressure. A loss of arterial elasticity prevents arteries from expanding with each beat of the heart, which also contributes to higher blood pressure.
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Neural regulation of blood Neural regulation of blood pressurepressure
↑BP→ Parasympathetic impulses→ Vasodilation→↑BP
↓BP→ Sympathetic impulses→ Vasoconstriction→↑ BP
View animation of neural regulation of blood pressure (baroreceptors)
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Hormonal regulation of blood Hormonal regulation of blood pressurepressure
A number of hormones raise blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes blood pressure to fall
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Venous returnVenous returnContracted skeletal musclesContracted skeletal muscles Relaxed skeletal musclesRelaxed skeletal muscles
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Respiratory pumpRespiratory pump
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When blood pressure suddenly rises, which structure sends out parasympathetic impulses?
A.The medulla B.BaroreceptorsC.Aortic archD.Atria
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Correct answer: A
Rationale: Baroreceptors in the aortic arch detect changes and send signals to the medulla. The atria release the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide in response to high blood pressure.
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