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S T . E L I Z A B E T H S W E S T C A M P U S LAND SCAPE PRESERVATION PLAN

Chapte r IV: Landscape Uni t s & Charac te r -Def in ing Fea ture s Pro tec t ion , Pre se rva t ion & Rehab i l i t a t ion

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H e r i t a g e L a n d s c a p e s L L C , P r e s e r v a t i o n L a n d s c a p e A r c h i t e c t & P l a n n e r s

A. INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION, PRESERVATION &

REHABILITATION The future direction of the St. Elizabeths West Campus is to preserve, rehabilitate and restore the landscape character and features while addressing the requirements of the DHS use. The LPP envisions that reuse with the 2016 plan. In this discussion, accompanied by historic and current photographs, detailed plans and narrative, the 2016 landscape is put into clear focus as a functional, achievable and appropriate for this National Historic Landmark campus. Related, complementary components of these efforts are:

Protection of remaining historic landscape during the construction period Preservation of extant resources in place or replacement in-kind and in-location Rehabilitation for new use with materials, infrastructure, and systems upgrades Restoration and Reconstruction of specific documented elements of the landscape that are

well documented but absent or fragmented Protection addresses the zones and resources requiring consideration to ensure that campus landscape features endure the adaptation to future uses. Specific areas that are not subject to construction can be set aside and protected from the traffic and activities of the construction period. Protection of areas of the historically significant landscape essentially ensures the preservation of a large group of character-defining elements of the campus landscape. Beyond these areas of protection specific construction protection practices can preserve features adjacent to construction. The companion to preservation of extant resources is the replacement of degraded historic elements to match the historic specifications in-kind and in location. The following outline, derived from the 2009 Cultural Landscape Report (CLR), summarizes the principal concepts of landscape treatment recommendations with preservation treatments varying based on the documentation and the preset status of the landscape resources:

S t . E l i z a b e t h s W e s t C a m p u s L a n d s c a p e P r e s e r v a t i o n P l a n Chapter IV: Landscape Units & Character‐Defining Features, Protection, Preservation & Rehabilitation

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PRESERVE: Respect remnant historic features through sound stewardship Protect the landscape character-defining features during rehabilitation Respect and incorporate historic landscape evolution, focus on the late 1930s Retain historic spatial organization and visual relationships to the extent possible Preserve historic circulation Protect and manage historic vegetation and design during construction and beyond Preserve and rehabilitate specific historic landscape features REHABILITATE, RESTORE & RECONSTRUCT: Enhance historic character through replacement of degraded and documented absent character-defining features Rehabilitate historic spatial patterns, land uses and visual and spatial organization to the

greatest degree possible through referencing historic patterns and characteristics to guide new design, recapturing degraded elements, and removing non-historic elements

Restore and Rehabilitate degraded and documented but absent character-defining elements of the campus landscape, including the arboretum style tree and shrub collection, the historic lighting, benches, gardens, fountains and site details

Rehabilitate and Reconstruct degraded circulation elements using materials that match the original

INTRODUCE: Provide appropriate new elements within the historic campus landscape Harmonize historic character and new campus landscape components Identify new landscape elements that are compatible with the historic character and

features of the campus through the accommodation of new uses Use historical precedents to detail appropriate new elements in the landscape

Of initial focus is the need to protect the intact cultural landscape features that contribute to the historic character of the campus. Significant historic elements in modified or degraded form can be repaired or reconfigured to enhance the site. In the course of new campus interventions, an opportunity arises to rehabilitate the historic character of an area by removing contemporary features that obscure or degrade the historic campus. The relocation of a parking area from the primary façade of a building, for example, would help to renew the views and spatial patterns from the period of significance. Potential also exists to enhance the historic character of St. Elizabeths West Campus by replacing particular missing landscape features and elements of design from the period of significance. The placement of entirely new features in the landscape should harmonize with the character of the historic campus yet remain distinguishable from the historic fabric to the discerning eye. Subtle alterations in design, style, material and other aspects of a new element can help blend it into the campus landscape. With a combined approach of preservation, replacement, and compatible introduction of new features, the St. Elizabeths West Campus can be effectively enhanced to address historic character and contemporary needs. While meeting the sustainability goals for the West Campus, design and construction activity must balance the needs of sustainability with the protection of the National Historic Landmark.


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For the work envisioned at St. Elizabeths there are relevant sustainability issues for detailed consideration in planning construction, such as limiting site disturbance, managing soils resources and protecting historic trees. Furthermore the reuse of campus features, and materials yields a modest carbon footprint when compared to shaping a new landscape. Preservation is a highly sustainable practice; careful detailing can make it more so. Compatible, appropriate introduction of landscape elements to enhance historic character and allow for new functionalities is a component of rehabilitation. The DHS campus use also requires high security and related controls and elements. These functional elements of perimeter fencing, observation posts, security lighting and so forth are purpose-suited and required. While these campus security elements are new insertions into the campus, they are being designed and positioned for the best possible integration. Other than this integration overview, the functional elements of the campus security system are not addressed herein. The treatment approach focusing primarily on Preservation and Rehabilitation engenders a preservation philosophy that shapes decision-making about physical interventions and ongoing management of the West Campus. Preservation treatment approaches for the historic character-defining features are discussed for each landscape unit in this section. Compatible new features recommended for introduction are presented by feature type. This approach is articulated as a guiding philosophy to address multiple goals in the renewal of the St. Elizabeths cultural landscape. The recommendations are intended to advise the process of preserving or replacing in-kind character-defining landscape features while accommodating new uses that are compatible with the historic character of the campus landscape. This chapter provides a comprehensive approach for treatment and management of the character-defining landscape features of the West Campus targeted to the 2016 plan that projects a fully functional campus fitted out for DHS uses. The following graphic materials present the 2016 landscape and serve as references for this chapter:

Plan 19: 2009 - 2016 Protection Plan 20: 2009 - 2016 Protection, Construction, Staging Plan 21: 2016 Land Uses Plan 22: 2016 Visual Spaces & Views Plan 23: 2016 Trees, Shrubs, Turf, Meadows Plan 24: 2016 Woodlands & Ravines Plan 25: 2016 Circulation Elements & Objects

Plan 25nw: 2016 Circulation Elements & Objects, NW Plan 25ne: 2016 Circulation Elements & Objects, NE Plan 25sw: 2016 Circulation Elements & Objects, SW Plan 25se: 2016 Circulation Elements & Objects, SE

Plan 26: 2016 Tree & Shrub Collection Plan 26nw: 2016 Tree & Shrub Collection, NW Plan 26ne: 2016 Tree & Shrub Collection, NE Plan 26sw: 2016 Tree & Shrub Collection, SW Plan 26se: 2016 Tree & Shrub Collection, SE


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The approach to and details of preservation treatment toward the 2016 cultural landscape of the West Campus is addressed in this chapter. The narrative begins with protection of the landscape during construction. While the St. Elizabeths West Campus Landscape Integration Plan (LIP). provides more detail related to design and construction, this narrative introduces the preservation approach that applies throughout design and construction on this National Historic Landmark campus. The preservation treatment of the landscape is presented in detail here with accompanying plans and charts. Character-defining feature status in 2016 is detailed. The character-defining feature charts in this chapter are parallel to the charts presented in Chapter III and show the proposed rehabilitation of many missing features as well as the preservation and replacement in kind of extant and degraded ones. These treatment-based charts are carried forward from the CLR and previous chapters to show the 2016 character-defining features and provide concise information to include landscape unit, contributing feature designation, CDF Code, 2009 status, and recommended treatment. B. LANDSCAPE PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION The period between 2009 and 2016 is a time of unprecedented growth and preservation for the West Campus. The design management of cultural and natural landscape features throughout this period is an important component for maintaining character-defining features and overarching integrity. A plan for resource protection during construction is an important component of this timeframe when multiple contractors and intensive oversight will characterize this unique property. While this document lays the conceptual foundation for protection of a significant area of the campus landscape, the elements of protection are detailed in the companion Volume II: St. Elizabeths West Campus Landscape Integration Plan (LIP). Protection and stewardship of this historically important landscape and the remaining character-defining features can be holistically addressed. Areas not subject to construction activity are recommended for protection by fencing and limiting access during construction to landscape maintenance. Landscape resources adjacent to and within construction zones can be individually protected for the duration of the construction period. Sustainable principles can be applied to care for and manage vegetation, topography, soils, and minimize the effects of interim site drainage and stormwater patterns during the rehabilitation period. Plan 19: 2016 Protection and Plan 20: 2009-2016 Protection, Construction & Laydown graphically depict and identifies areas that are to be protected during construction in green and areas for stockpiling, storage and laydown during construction as well as actual construction sites around buildings and for utilities. These two plans convey intent and will be modified as required during the construction process. B1. Protection, Construction & Laydown Delineation Purpose & Advantages Construction disturbance can be kept to a minimum through the use of protection zones. The installation of obvious protective barriers that remain in place for the duration of construction will serve as the front line on a day to day basis to control and focus construction impacts and while doing so protect the historic landscape and features of the campus from construction activity. Plan 19 shows extensive areas of the West Campus that include the plateau spaces of


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high visual importance and historical significance and the high quality and to be rehabilitated degraded woodlands to include the eagle zone. As shown on Plan 19 significant portions of the plateau, north of the Center Building are protected as zones, with the roads, and walks directly around the building reserved for circulation during construction. The landscape space to the southeast of the Center Building, and the collection of historic trees and lawn encircled by Hemlock St. are also protected as zones. Within the Allison Block, the central courtyard and historic trees on both sides of Dining Hall are protected in this manner. While the landscape of Unit 2 is protected around the central lawns with historic trees. The west slopes include a sequence of protection zones around both high quality and disturbed woodlands and areas of future meadow. Preservation and rehabilitation actions to replace trees absent throughout the plateau and to ecologically restore the degraded areas of woodlands can proceed in a parallel process with construction. In this manner the needed work in protected areas will come be completed in sequence with construction completion. Plan 20: 2009 -2016 Protection, Construction & Laydown Zones defines the landscape areas where construction activity will occur. Construction staging, stockpiling, and laydown spaces are proposed in areas of adjacency and convenience to construction activity, previous disturbance, and currently paved parking lots. Plans 19 and 20 are working documents that delineate campus zones for 2009-2016 Protection, Trees & Laydown highlights proposed laydown areas in brown. This preliminary representation of suitable laydown areas may be used throughout the construction period and are to be thoroughly remediated at the end of construction. Individual trees and small areas with sensitive features such as pristine soils can be protected individually. Individual tree protection with adjacent soil protection zones is delineated on a series of plans in Volume II: Landscape Integration Plan. Both historic and post 1940s trees are addressed. Areas protected with fencing extending to adjacent paving and around the designated tree protection limit allows for construction activity and associated circulation in areas anticipated for development. In addition to contiguous protection zones that restrict the limit of disturbance, the protection of individual trees is critical for preserving the arboretum collection of the West Campus. Tree pre-construction care, enclosures for soil and root protection, and post construction care for individual trees is required. This care should be prescribed by an ISA Certified Arborist in consultation with the GSA. Tree protection guidance as specified in the Landscape Integration Plan should be followed. Blanketed and interwoven roots of older trees require protection beyond a canopy dripline perimeter. Horticultural and arboricultural techniques such as applying anti-dessicants, growth regulators, carrying out air spade trenching, root and crown pruning, placing root protective matting, and adding fertilizer, micronutrients and water, and other best practices should be employed as directed by a certified Arborist or approved horticulture professional. In particular in Unit 1, the areas are directly adjacent to the Center Building, Building 49, and to the east of the Allison Block in Unit 1. In Unit 2, the main green spaces individual trees are identified for protection inside the perimeter wall along Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, and in areas around the Pavilion Buildings. Excluding trees inside building


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construction envelopes and in addition to the trees within protection zones, the plan identifies a preliminary total of about 100 individual historic trees that can be individually protected. These are shaded with light orange circles on the plan. A recent count notes some 30 extant historic trees that are in conflict with future building footprints, utility routes and associated construction activity. Likewise some 107 non-historic, post 1940s trees are also in conflict with proposed construction. These trees should be studied as designs are developed to either ensure protection or affirm loss during the construction phases. While this document identifies conflicts of current buildings campus wide, and parking decks around Gates 1 and 2, continued study is necessary to address impacts associated with, tunnels and infrastructure improvements, revised and new building designs as this work progresses through design and into construction. In summary the protection of these large zones addresses both preservation and sustainability objectives. Isolating the areas where protection is the foremost objective should not hinder construction activity; rather, the zones of construction are clarified and focused so that the work can proceed without unnecessary damage and repair. Protecting these areas will limit disturbance to extant features, soils, trees, woodlands, elements and objects within these zones. The protection of each individual zone, affords opportunities for the ongoing management of trees, soils, and lawn without interrupting adjacent construction activities. B2. Protection of Archeological Sites Protection of archeological sites during ground disturbing activity is required throughout the duration of construction as stated in the programmatic agreement. Known areas of archeological sensitivity are largely avoided in the anticipated construction areas. Proper sequence of mitigation including Phase II investigations should be conducted in areas potentially impacted by proposed construction. It is possible that there are unidentified archeological resources in other project areas. Project specifications for each undertaking should include protocols for uncovering archeological resources during construction activity. C. CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES SUMMARY UPDATE, 2016 C1. Visual Spaces & Views The five primary visual zones that comprise the St. Elizabeths West Campus remain largely intact throughout 1937, 2009, and 2016. While four of the zones have remained largely intact over time, the Point landscape visual zone is decreased in 2009 and 2016, with the northwestern portion missing. Secondary visual zones are also fundamentally unaltered between the 1937, 2009, and 2016 eras. In 2009, three discrete additions to the visual zones were added, but 2016 rehabilitation aims to eliminate these changes to better reflect the character of the campus during the period of significance. Viewshed patterns remain fairly consistent with the period of significance through 2009 and 2016, with some degraded and modified conditions. The secondary intermittent viewshed from the Center Building west is intact in 1937 and 2009, but altered in 2016 with the construction of new buildings on the western slope. The three areas of tertiary narrow views persist through 1937, 2009, and 2016 with some changes to topography by 2009 and building construction in 2009.


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2016 Treatment Summary - Visual Spaces & Views

CDF Codes 2016

Treatment 1937 * 2009* 2016*

Primary Visual Zone V5, V6, V10, V14 Preserve/

Rehabilitate 5 5 5

Secondary Visual Zone V7, V8, V17 Preserve/

Rehabilitate 3 3 3 Missing Area of Visual Zone V14 Partial Preserve 1 1 1 Primary Viewshed V1, V2, V12 Preserve 2 2 2 Secondary Intermittent Viewshed V3, V15

Preserve/ Rehabilitate 1 1 Partial

Minor Narrow View V4, V11, V15, V19,

V20 Preserve 3 3 3 *Columns in the Visual Spaces and Views chart identify the number of intact visual zones present for the year shown. C2. Tree & Shrub Collection The tree and shrub collection at St. Elizabeths West Campus is an important feature that strongly contributes to the scenic character of the therapeutic landscape. While the 2009 collection retains a strong component of over 500 historic-period trees and shrubs, it also exhibits changes and loss of individual plants. As documented in this process, the 1937 tree and shrub collection included 1168 individual plants. Remaining historic-period trees and shrubs are to be preserved to the greatest extent feasible. New construction of buildings, and utility infrastructure conflict with some extant trees, both historic and post 1940s. However, reuse and development of the West Campus offers an opportunity to restore the former density and character of the tree and shrub collection. As recommended future plantings efforts will increase the overall tree and shrub collection, with a net gain from the 1937 tree and shrub counts. This gain occurs as 2009 trees are retained and missing 1937 trees are replaced in location, and when documented and feasible in-kind with the matching plant tree genus and species. As detailed in the previous chapter, the tree collection of 1937 remains partially intact and is well documented. The 2009 tree collection includes both remaining 1937 trees and trees planted between the 1940s and the 1980s. The project arboretum tree collection of 2016 will include the 1937 trees that remain, replacement trees for missing 1937 trees wherever space allows and the 2009 extant non-historic trees. The collection of trees overall will exceed the tree count of 1937 and will reinstate the character of individual trees and groupings in open lawn, courtyards and around buildings that was a pivotal element in defining the character of the West Campus landscape. C3. Topography & Drainage Hillside Woodlands and ravines are important to the historic topographic character of St. Elizabeths West Campus. Though the character of the woodland has remained over time, four areas of high-quality woodland that existed before the end of the period of significance remain intact in 2009 and 2016. Overall, the four drainage courses/ ravines at St. Elizabeths, however, are considerably altered between 1937 and 2009. The ravines west of Burroughs Cottage and north of Q Building were filled between after 1937, and the Power House Ravine and Unit 3 intermittent drainage course were altered. In 2016, the existing ravines and drainage courses are


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preserved, and one of the missing ravines is partially rehabilitated to recapture historic patterns. While the ravine north of Q Building is not recaptured during the 2016 rehabilitation, the new west slope drainage course and stormwater capture system is similar in character to the historic ravines at St. Elizabeths West Campus and is thus in keeping with the historic character.

2016 Treatment Summary - Topography & Drainage

CDF

Codes Unit

2016

Treatment 1937*

2009*

2016*

West Pavilion area Ravine to south, adjacent to Q Building D3 2 None/Absent 1 0 0 Ravine north between the Burroughs Cottage and the Point D7 3 Rehabilitate 1 0 1 Intermittent stream between Golden Raintree Drive and Sweetgum Lane D9 3

Preserve/ Rehabilitate 1 1 1

Undisturbed Pre-1937 Woodland Areas

T25, T26, T28, T29

3, 4, 5

Preserve Rehabilitate

5

5

5

Power House Ravine D10 5 Rehabilitate 1 1 0 New West Slope Drainage Course and Stormwater Pool at Coast Guard N/A 4, 5

Introduce 0 0 1

2016 Topography & Drainage Totals

9

7

8

*Columns identify extant ravines and woodlands present in the year listed. C4. Circulation, Elements & Objects The proposed circulation for 2016, is shown on Plan 25: Circulation, Elements & Objects and on the detailed quadrant plans for Plans 25NW, 25NE, 25SW, 25SE. The proposed system preserves and reinstates the clarity of the 1937 roads and walks on the plateau and adds connections to new structures and access from the west as required for the property rehabilitation. The historic character of the 1937 circulation system in Unit 1 and 2 is recommended for 2016 as preservation and rehabilitation in-kind for Units 1 and 2. The roads widened after the 1940s are recommended to return to the historic dimensions and missing islands are proposed to be reintroduced. Also the parking lots added after the 1940s are shown as removed. These actions would reduce paving surface and impervious square footage. The materials used for historic roads would match the historic large exposed aggregate concrete pavement. There is also one area of golden brick at Gate 2 that would be preserved or replaced in-kind and location. The exception to these historic materials would be for new roads which are proposed as plain concrete with a simple floated or brushed surface finish of the same mix design and color as the historic roads, but without exposed aggregate. The roads for gate access are to be constructed of plain concrete. For the walks and service strips along buildings red brick would be preserved or replaced in-kind for Unit 1 areas of brick while most walks would be small exposed aggregate concrete with a center score and 30 inch square panels. In order to differentiate from the historic, the new walks


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could also be plain concrete, a durable functional surface. However, new walks and courtyard paving could consider durable pervious materials or alternative paving where appropriate. The following table summarizes the campus paving surfaces proposed for 2016. With the additional roads to access the campus and new structures there are only 1,280 square feet of new road paving. Also 62,065 square feet of new walks are added totaling just under 1.5 acres in excess of the 2009 walks. Reduction in parking lots that are to be returned to turf and trees takes away some 167,000 square feet. While historic drop-offs are preserved, the reduction in paved service loops yields another 70,750 square feet of reduced impervious area. The total paving additions and reductions shown on Plan 25 provide a net gain in pervious surface of about 174,505 square feet or 4 acres overall, as shown below:

2016 Treatment Summary of Circulation (in square feet) From 2009

Paving 2016

Treatment 1937 2009 2016 Net Increase / Decrease

Roads

Preserve/ Rehabilitate

551,490

639,220

640,500

+1,280

Drop-Offs & Service Loops


86,690

105,890

35,140*

- 70.750

Walks


177,165

194,645

256,710

+ 62,065

Surface Parking

Preserve/ Rehabilitate/

Remove Non-Historic

13,215

247,370

80,270

- 167,100

Total Square Feet

828,560

1,187,125

1,012,620

- 174,505

Total Acres (43,560 sf)

19

27.25

24.5

- 4.0

* Historic drop-off loops are preserved and rehabilitated in 2016. Service paving adjacent to buildings is reduced with a net decrease in impervious surfaces within the landscape. In the rehabilitation process extant objects and elements are proposed for protection in situ. There are a large number of small-scale elements and objects that are missing in 2009 and these are recommended for replacement in-kind to match the historic. The character-defining feature counts for 2016 indicate the rehabilitation of elements and objects throughout the landscape. The 2016 rehabilitation effort proposes to renew small-scale objects that were present on the campus during the period of significance to include benches, urns, lights, summerhouses, fountains, small gardens, etc. as enumerated below. The following chart compares the total number of significant elements and objects throughout the campus in 1937, 2009, and 2016: 2016 Treatment Summary of Elements & Objects

CDF

Codes Unit

2016

Treatment 1937

Known 2009 2016 Gardens

T15, T20,

T21, T30 1, 2, 4

Preserve / Rehabilitate

17

1

17


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Granite Bollards/ Bumpers C19 1, 2 Preserve 2+ 2 2+ Domed Metal Arbor S1 1 Preserve 1 1 1 Summerhouses S2, S3 1

Preserve /Rehabilitate 2 2 2

Covered Seating Area over Brick S25 1

Absent/ No Treatment 1 0 0

Tennis Courts S12 1 Rehabilitate 3 3 2 Iron Drainage Grates S14 1, 2 Rehabilitate 24 24 24 Fragment Walls/ Foundations of Former West Lodge S7, S8, 1


Fragment Walls/ Foundations of Former Toner Building S17 2 Preserve 1 1 1 Perimeter Wall

S11, S15, S16, S24

1, 2, 3, 5


Fountains W2, W3 1


Pools W1 1 Rehabilitate 1 0 1 Spring Houses W4, W5 3, 4


Urns, Flower Pedestals, and Planters

F16, F17, F18, T30 1, 2, 3 Rehabilitate 27 0 27

Sundials and Birdbaths

F5, F6, F8, F19 1 Rehabilitate 6 3 6

Flagpole at Gate No. 1 Entry F1 1 Preserve 1 1 1 Cemetery Headstones F15 5 Preserve 216 216 216 Historic Lamps F9 1, 2, 3 Rehabilitate 38 0 38 Wood Slat and Metal Strap Benches F12 1, 2, 3 Rehabilitate 200 3 200 Elements & Objects Totals 545 261 541

D. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER & FEATURES PRESERVATION

& REPLACEMENT IN-KIND BY LANDSCAPE UNIT Historic landscape character can be enhanced through the overall Preservation and Rehabilitation treatment approach defined for the West Campus. This section enumerates specific landscape features of the West Campus that should be preserved and protected or rehabilitated and enhanced under an ideal redevelopment regime. The chief principle in the treatment of the cultural landscape of the West Campus is respect for remaining historic features through sound stewardship. The landscape features described below by landscape unit are extant historic features or severely modified historic features. Existing contributing landscape features bolster the historic integrity of the campus and should be retained, repaired, or rehabilitated. Severely modified or missing features should be replaced in-kind if possible. In the process of creating new functionalities at the campus, landscape interventions also can strengthen existing historic character. Rehabilitating degraded landscape features and, in some cases, replacing in-kind documented but absent elements will aid in this effort. This is


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particularly relevant to areas and features that have been significantly impacted since the early 1940s. Although typically beyond the scope of a Rehabilitation treatment, missing or severely degraded landscape features may merit restoration or reconstruction if sufficient information is available. This approach may also be taken if a lost element is important for strengthening the broader, overall character of the campus. For a particular landscape element, aspects of the historic design can be restored based on documentation. Degraded historic landscape features of the St. Elizabeths West Campus can be preserved and repaired. Rehabilitation can be applied to adding compatible landscape features to bolster character where missing. Alternately documented historic features can be restored to their historic form, location and details. Preservation recommendations for the full range of identified character-defining features is arranged herein by landscape unit. Items of interest that occur in all units are discussed in Unit 1. Using a combined approach of preservation and rehabilitation of historic features will greatly contribute to the character of the existing campus landscape. D1. Unit 1: Therapeutic, Ornamental Landscape & Overlook around Center Building &

Main Gate Land Uses

UNIT

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES

CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

All Landscape maintenance activity L1 Modified Rehabilitate

All Therapeutic use of the landscape L3 Modified Rehabilitate

The vital interaction that people have with the St. Elizabeths West Campus landscape is embodied by land use. Landscape maintenance activities and the therapeutic use of the grounds are now highly altered from their status prior to and during the early 1940s. The campus historic land uses are revitalized through the reuse of the site with integration of interventions to suit new uses. The establishment of a landscape maintenance program would supply a dedicated group of professionals to steward the grounds. Maintenance would include items such as assessing and repairing sidewalks and walls, tending the ornamental trees and lawn areas of Units 1 and 2, managing meadow and woodlands, suppressing invasive species, and planning for future initiatives. An engaged landscape maintenance program would also encourage the recapture of the therapeutic use of the grounds. The overall rehabilitation of the West Campus should recapture the intended benefit of the landscape to promote the mental health and personal restoration of future visitors and occupants. Plans for future use of the entire campus should integrate this fundamental concept and rejuvenate the character of land use from the period of significance.


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Natural Systems & Features

UNIT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES

CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

All

Prehistoric Anacostia River dynamics shape campus landforms

N1 Retained Preserve

The natural systems and features of the West Campus are signature elements of the cultural landscape and should be respected and preserved in the process of recapturing historic landscape character. The larger landforms of the site and the processes that shape them should be guarded from impacts through any preservation treatment. Woodland and associated natural communities on the north and west slopes should be rehabilitated to enhance environmental quality. Protecting these natural systems is an important part of maintaining the unique sense of place defined by the historic landscape. Spatial Organization & Land Patterns

UNIT


CDFCode

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

All Campus boundary and total acreage O1 Modified Preserve

1 Unit 1: Therapeutic, Ornamental Landscape and Overlook around Center Building and Main Gate

O2 Modified Preserve

1 Landscape north of Center Building: Lawn with trees shaped by the system of drives and framed by building mass

O3 Retained Preserve

1 Landscape south of Center Building: Lawn with trees shaped by the system of drives and framed by building mass


1 Athletic Field Landscape O5 Retained Rehabilitate

1 East Allison Landscape: lawn with trees and summerhouses O6 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1, 3 Point Landscape: Open lawn with individual trees O10 Retained Preserve

In a Preservation and Rehabilitation approach to cultural landscape treatment, the retained aspects of historic spatial organization and larger land patterns should be priorities for protection. Spatial organization and land patterns should be protected in the process of recapturing historic landscape character. These features create a framework for the overall historic character of the West Campus. Landscape units have individually coherent qualities that form the boundaries between them. Rehabilitation efforts that are appropriate in one unit may not be appropriate in another. Similarly, five primary and three secondary subcomponents of the West Campus landscape units have discrete spatial characteristics that remain from the period of significance. Areas north and south of the Center Building and west of the Administration (A) Building are unified spaces framed by surrounding architecture with views under the tree canopy. These important open spaces are framed by trees and a backdrop of building mass which contribute to the unique character of the West Campus landscape. The spatial and visual qualities of these areas are


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contributing landscape features and should be preserved. Discrete spatial zones around the Point and the Cemetery are also important historic areas defined by topography, vegetation, and views out. The Point offers large and open overhead access to the sky while the Cemetery is enclosed by tree canopy. The confines of the Cemetery are articulated by surrounding trees that offer seasonal views out. Impacts to the integrity of the Point and the Cemetery should be discouraged. Three secondary subcomponents of landscape units are smaller, unified areas that maintain spatial integrity since the period of significance: the athletic field landscape, Burroughs Cottage landscape, and the landscape east of the Allison Buildings. These areas are spatially intact and contribute to the framework of the character of the landscape. The spatial organization of each subarea and broader spatial patterns evident are important to maintain into the future. A precedent exists for placing active and passive recreation areas at the margins of the plateau. The baseball field landscape in Unit 1 is distinct and also similar to scenic route along the promontory Point on Golden Raintree Drive. The baseball field and the adjacent Staff Residence No.1 are located on a north and west facing slope. The post construction rehabilitation of these recreation grounds and the land pattern they represent should continue in the rehabilitation of the campus. Views & Visual Relationships

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2, 3 Views of walls and West Campus gates along Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue

V1 Retained Preserve

1 Expansive vista north to the Monumental Core City and beyond


1 Episodic views and vistas from high ground of Unit 1 to rivers and Monumental Core

V3 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1 Slot views to Monumental Core from Cedar Drive V4 Retained Preserve

1 Visual zone north of Center Building: Lawn with trees shaped by the system of drives and framed by building mass

V5 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1 Visual zone south of Center Building: Lawn with trees shaped by the system of drives and framed by building mass


1 Athletic Field visual zone V7 Retained Rehabilitate

1 East Allison visual zone: lawn with trees and summerhouses

V8 Modified Rehabilitate

1, 3 Views over Anacostia and Potomac confluence to northwest


1, 3, 5 Perception of river access V13 Retained Preserve

1, 3 Visual zone of Point Landscape with trees, lawn, and views across agricultural fields and orchards



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Persisting historic views and visual relationships should be retained through preservation. Degraded and modified views can be enhanced through rehabilitation. Overall continuity from the period of significance into the future is illustrated by a comparison of the visual zones, vistas, and viewsheds on Plan 5: 1937, 2009, 2016 Visual Spaces & Views Comparison. This plan depicts the evolving campus views, providing a graphic framework from which to protect and enhance visual relationships. The corridor along Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue is a distinct view formed by the walls of the East and West Campuses. This linear visual feature is the primary means by which the public experiences the campus landscape today and as it was during the period of significance. The three-dimensional spatial relationships between the road, sidewalk, perimeter wall, gate enclosures, and the visual space behind the wall should be retained and protected. Rehabilitation of the historic spatial character of the grounds is important for modified visual zones and views. Many of the primary visual zones on the West Campus are compromised due to the loss of trees over time and the addition of parking areas in important viewsheds. Preservation of the remaining trees and the restriction of landscape intervention that is not synchronized with the historic character of the property should be encouraged. Additional restoration efforts entail the replanting of trees in an arboretum style in Units 1 and 2. Preservation efforts would ensure the integrity of specific visual zones throughout the campus. Another primary feature of the West Campus landscape is the series of long views toward the west and north across the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers. These views, particularly the vista from the Point of Golden Raintree Drive, should be retained. Related aspects of visual relationships at St. Elizabeths West Campus include the views from points across the rivers to the West Campus. Topography & Drainage

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2 Prehistoric Anacostia River bank plateau D1 Retained Preserve


Large topographic features of Unit 1, including the shape of the riverbank plateau and the overlook Point, have integrity and should be retained. The belt of hillsides and ravines extending from the high ground of the campus are in generally modified and degraded condition and warrant repair through erosion control and limited replanting. Topography and drainage should be protected in the process of recapturing historic landscape character. Vegetation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2 Trees in an arboretum style planting over turf T1 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate


I V . 1 5


1 Holly trees east of Staff Residence No.3 and west of Gatehouse No. 1

T2 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1, 3 Specimen tree plantings north and northeast of Center Building (Southern magnolia, American holly, cedar, beech, maple, American elm, and English elm)

T3 Retained Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1 Specimen tree plantings at south/southeast lawn of Center Building (Southern Magnolia, American Holly, Willow Oak, Silver Maple, Bald Cypress. One Pine and one Gingko remain)


1 Grove of magnolia trees southwest of rear entry to Center Building

T5 Degraded Preserve

1 Shade trees near location of former West Lodge (White oak. Willow oak no longer remains)

T6 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment

1 Shagbark hickory west of Detached Dining Hall and Kitchen

T7 Retained Preserve

1 Perimeter willow oaks north of Gate No.2, East of Allison Building

T8 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment

1 Lawn plantings east/southeast of Allison Complex (Southern Magnolia, Horse Chestnut, Linden, Hickory, Willow Oak, and Ash)


1 Shade trees at Promontory lookout (Willow oak, pin oak, honey locust)


1 Allée along drive from Gatehouse No. 1 to Burroughs Cottage

T11 Removed Rehabilitatere

1 White oak allée from Gatehouse No. 1 to East Willow Building


1 Evergreen and deciduous shrubs in Unit 1: 11 groupings (a-k)

T13 Degraded/ Removed


1 Shrubs north of Pine Building toward Loop Road T14 Removed Absent/ No Treatment

1 Formal Garden and plantings at Southern entrance to Center Building


1 Circular flower beds and planters located in Unit 1 at the North entrance to Center Building, south of Staff Residence No. 1 in the center of the looping drive; east of Staff Residence No. 2; and north of Birch St., south of Center Building

T30 Removed Rehabilitate

1 Oak trees in courtyard framed by Dining Hall, Atkins & Relief


Unit 1 contains numerous areas with extant historic vegetation. The arboretum-like collection of trees makes up one of the most significant groups of resources on the campus today; however, most of the older trees are in decline and require various levels of care to promote their health. The collection overall suffers from the effects of gradual loss. Every area with historic trees in Units 1 and 2 is in need of care and renewal.


I V . 1 6


Replanting missing or degraded aspects of historic vegetation on the West Campus will help rehabilitate the historic character of the cultural landscape. The upland plateau of the campus contains far fewer trees, shrubs, and ornamental perennial plantings than during the period of significance. In a Rehabilitation approach it is not necessary to replant missing trees exactly in the location where they once existed; however, it is important that replanting efforts respond to historic planting principles and style. The series of 2016 Tree Collection plans illustrate that the replanting of historic trees would add density and rehabilitate the historic canopy of the campus. In Units 1 and 2 and parts of Unit 3, this approach would replace and plant trees in an arboretum style over turf, including species that are now underrepresented on the campus such as the elm and chestnut families. Disease resistant varieties of American elm (Ulmus americana) and blight resistant chestnut hybrids (Castanea hybrid) are now available in the nursery trade. Replanting with a range of currently underrepresented trees would help rehabilitate and enhance the character of the campus and other landscape features such as land use, spatial organization, and views and visual relationships. Specific elements of the historic St. Elizabeth West Campus vegetation are largely absent from the contemporary landscape and could be recaptured in a rehabilitation treatment. The placement of various shade trees at even intervals along the road is apparent in historical photographs. Planting designs with trees such as the former American holly (Illex opaca) circle between Staff Residence No.3 and Gatehouse No. 1. The purposeful arrangement is no longer apparent and could be strengthened with new plants in a circular pattern. Preservation and repair of historic remnants of vegetation are important in a Preservation and Rehabilitation treatment. For example, missing individual trees of the white oak allée near the Center Building and Gate No.1 present an opportunity to repair the degraded condition of a historic feature and enhance existing landscape character. Restoration of the former allée along Cedar Drive from Gatehouse No. 1 to Burroughs Cottage would enhance the historic entry experience and other movements toward the north entrance to the Center Building. Planting project such as these address multiple objectives, including recapturing lost historic features, and augmenting the use and character of the current landscape. Planting approaches for repairing tree allées can vary depending on the existing health of the trees and the desired landscape effect. One approach is to replant trees in the gaps of the allée where trees were located historically. Similarly, trees can be replanted as older trees die within the allée. A second approach is to replace one section of the allée at a time, usually starting within the area of the allée showing the most decline. Trees within the area would be removed and replanted at the same time. A third approach is to replant the entire allée at the same time. When determining an appropriate approach, several factors need to be considered, including tree health, effect on the landscape, and available resources. Care also must be taken to protect historically significant vegetation during the overall campus rehabilitation effort. The task of excavating underground features, for example, should be coupled with an understanding of the impact it will have on the health of remaining historic trees and other landscape features. Recommendations from the reports created by arborist companies should be followed with an understanding of the important role existing vegetation plays as a character-defining feature within the historic cultural landscape. In addition to the care of


I V . 1 7


existing trees, the repair of these areas includes replanting trees in the style of the historic assemblage. Other now-absent components of the historic landscape are ornamental shrubs, flower beds, and horticultural crops. Little evidence remains of the decorative shrub and flower layer that once existed on the West Campus. Shrubs and perennial plantings on the West Campus are only present in a few locations such as in the ornamental garden at the Center Building, shrubs at Hagan Hall, and hedgerows at A Building. These remaining vestiges of the historic landscape should be preserved. Historic-period imagery shows shrubs planted along walks, at path intersections, in front of buildings, in park-like lawns near the boundary wall, and near landscape structures (see Figures IV.1 and IV.2). The flower beds placed near buildings and along some of the walks during the period of significance are also absent. Six historic circular, decorative flower beds between 10 and 25 feet in diameter were documented in the landscape in Unit 1 in a 1947 survey (see Figures III.26, IV.3, and IV.4). Landscape treatment can recapture the style of ornamental plantings with shrubs and flower beds. Horticultural crops have similarly disappeared from the landscape. The opportunity exists to rehabilitate and interpret the former field and community garden zone in Unit 1 near the Greenhouse Complex and Burroughs Cottage. This effort would rehabilitate the horticultural character of that location during the period of significance and distinguish it from other sub-landscapes on the campus. Circulation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2 Graceful and sweeping pedestrian circulation pattern

C1 Modified Rehabilitate

1 Herringbone brick walk between Allison D and Relief and around the base of Relief and Allison Buildings

C2 Degraded Preserve

1 Herringbone brick walk west of Allison A


1 Herringbone brick walkway at base of Center, Holly, Linden, and Detached Nurses


1 Herringbone brick patio between Holly and Detached Nurses


1 Concrete curvilinear walk parallel to Cedar Dr. C6 Retained Preserve

1 Concrete walkway at south lawn of Center Building C7 Retained Preserve

1 Aggregate paved walk at former West Lodge entrance

C8 Retained Rehabilitate

1, 2 Graceful and sweeping vehicular circulation pattern

C11 Degraded Preserve/

Rehabilitate 1, 2 Narrow radii historic drop-off loops at building entrances

C12 Degraded Preserve/

Rehabilitate 1, 2, 4 Parking areas along buildings

C14 Expanded Preserve/

Rehabilitate


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1, 3 Golden Raintree Drive layout (Paved loop road from main loop road to promontory)

C15 Modified Preserve

1, 3 Cedar Drive and Sweetgum Lane layout (Paved main loop road at Upper plateau/portion of Lowlands)

C16 Modified Partial Preserve/

Rehabilitate The remarkable integrity of the St. Elizabeths West Campus cultural landscape is strongly influenced by the retention of the historic circulation system. This continuity is revealed by the portrayal of circulation patterns from 1937 and 2009 with proposed circulation on the series of 2016 Circulation, Elements & Objects plans. Character-defining circulation features such as sidewalks, trails, road alignments, and curbs should be retained and protected from adverse impacts. Road alignments and widths should be preserved. Historic character of the landscape is enhanced by replacing sections of road and sidewalk using historic materials. A hierarchy of material is recommended to rehabilitate the historic character of the drives within Units 1 and 2. Main roadways on the St. Elizabeths West Campus are exposed aggregate with curbing. Secondary drives that were historically gravel with concrete curbs shall be asphalt with an integrated concrete curb and gutter. This pattern should be repeated throughout Unit 1. The exposed aggregate for drives ranges in size from 3/8 inch to 1 inch and is integral with the concrete mix. A center joint shall be used throughout the drive construction, with the drive crowned to either side for positive surface drainage. Concrete curbing, although varied in this area, is to be integrated with roadway paving and constructed with a vertical face and top of 6 inches in width and height. The finish color of the concrete curbing is to be a warm beige tone, and not white, to blend with the yellow and beige aggregate of the concrete drive surface. In certain places on the West Campus historic character can be reinforced by recapturing and restoring missing aspects of circulation. The 2016 Circulation, Elements & Objects plans depict the replacement of historic patterns and the removal of more recent parking facilities that detract from the historic character of the campus. Replacement of the narrow radii drop-off loops at the front of particular buildings would also help recapture historic character. The traditional style of drop-off is represented by B and C Building loops in Unit 2. This feature is removed from the entrance of the Allison Buildings in Unit 1 and has potential to be restored. The original paving of the drop-off is still visible in the small parking lot that now surrounds the former entryway. Degraded road traces in wooded sections of the campus may benefit from a different strategy of preservation treatment. Rehabilitation of these missing circulation features addresses both enhancing historic character and improving landscape functionality. While the majority of the pedestrian circulation system is intact, path segments have been lost that can be restored. For example, the replacement of a missing path in the lawn between the north entrance of the Center Building and the road to the Staff Residence No. 1 would fulfill contemporary needs while restoring historic character. Concrete walks in Units 1 should be preserved or repaired with similar exposed aggregate concrete. The aggregate size should be smaller (1/8-inch to 1/2-inch diameter) than aggregate for roadway surfacing smaller (3/8-inch to 1-inch diameter). Renewing and recapturing these lost historic elements increases usability of the historic landscape for pedestrians.


I V . 1 9


Of particular note for repair are the sections of brick paths in Unit 1 (see Figure IV.5). The partially and fully buried brick path segments need to be excavated and re-laid in order to prevent further degradation and to render them functional. In Unit 1, brick walks are associated with building fringes whereas concrete paths are found away from buildings and into lawn or wooded areas in Unit 1 and throughout other units. New brick surfaces should be associated with buildings and should exhibit differences in style compared to historic brick patterns. If repairs to existing brick walks employ historic basketweave or herringbone patterns, new walks should utilize running bond or jack-on-jack, for example. Landscape Structures

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1 Domed metal arbor adjacent to Staff Residence No. 2

S1 Degraded Preserve/ Restore

1 Gazebo, East of Allison C, (herringbone brick paving at base)

S2 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1 Gazebo, South of Home and Relief Buildings


1 Decorative iron fence at south side of Center Building at eastern garden courtyard

S4 Degraded Preserve

1 Iron pipe Railing East of Bakery/General Kitchen, along path from Center Building


1 Iron railing at southern entrance to Center Building S6 Retained Preserve

1

Brick foundation at site of West Lodge

S7 Modified Absent/ No Treatment

1 Concrete Retaining Wall at site of former West Lodge

S8 Retained Absent/ No Treatment

1 Concrete stairway at loading dock in vicinity of West Lodge site

S9 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment

1 Brick steps at western lawn of Center Building S10 Retained Preserve

1, 3 Brick wall at perimeter of campus from Greenhouse Complex to area of Gatehouse No. 2


1 Tennis Lawn Area, northeast of Center Building S12 Degraded Rehabilitate

1 Iron bollard at junction of former carriage trail and turnaround at northern Center Building entrance

S13 Removed Absent/ No Treatment

1, 2 Historic iron drainage grates/ catch basins: single and paired

S14 Degraded Rehabilitate

1 Covered seating area over brick paving northeast of Allison

S25 Removed Absent/ No Treatment

1, 2 System of historic metal handrails at stairways and rails along pedestrian walks

S26 Degraded Partial Preserve/ Rehabilitate


I V . 2 0


Landscape structures remaining from the period of significance should be stabilized, retained, and if necessary repaired or rehabilitated. These features can be incorporated into new development as feasible. Significant landscape buildings include two summerhouses, or gazebos, and a metal arbor (see Figures III.26 III.27, and IV.9). The summerhouses can be found between the Allison Buildings and the brick perimeter wall. Repair of the summerhouses should address failure of structural members, wood rot, and roof leaks (see Figure III.26). Additional treatment would replace the ornamentation lost since the early 1940s and leveling of the brick foundation and walks associated with the structures. Documentation from 1947 reveals that an additional rectangular covered seating area paved in brick was located to the north of the gazebos in Unit 1. A domed metal arbor next to Staff Residence No. 2 also contributes to the character of the West Campus cultural landscape. Broken and bent aspects of the frame should be repaired. After repairing the arbor, ornamental vines that created shade within the structure should be replanted. Repair of these landscape buildings facilitates understanding of the historic therapeutic use of the grounds. Treatment of landscape structures such as architectural elements, railing sections, wall segments, and bollards presents opportunities for enhancing historic character. Architectural remnants from demolished buildings are present in various places in the landscape. Incorporation of these vestigial elements into new interventions on the site would illustrate the layers of history at St. Elizabeths West Campus. These items contribute to the significance and integrity of the campus landscape and should be retained, repaired, or rehabilitated. The brick and bluestone cap, stone and brick cap, and limestone perimeter wall and gates are the primary historic landscape structures that the public experiences on the West Campus. Repointing of the perimeter wall should occur to protect the integrity of the feature. Only a portion of the original extent of tubular metal railing exists near the Center Building (see Figure IV.10). The intact sections may be preserved as remnants of the historic fabric of the campus. Other vestiges of the historic features include the remaining lengths of decorative iron fence in the fountain and garden area adjacent to the south Center Building entry. This persistent landscape element should be preserved to convey the story of the previous phases of campus landscape use and development. Another option for the largely degraded pipe railing extending south along the Center Building is to recapture the concept of the pipe and use the remnant historic railing as a model for replicating the feature. Additional railing shall be painted, radial, metal rails or pipe. Current safety codes will likely require new railings to be installed. Places for this infill can draw from the precedent of decorative wire metal fencing where necessary; although, any introduced pattern should differ from the historic pattern. Using the historic railing as a precedent, new railings can be added to further regain historic character and address current user safety needs. Replacement in-kind is recommended for degraded iron catch basins. New catch basins shall match the overall form and size of the historic grates and frames. Sizes vary, however they are typically 24 inches by 24 inches and have a concave or depressed slotted grate. Metal frames are to be constructed within gutters throughout Units 1 and 2. The interval of basins will be adjusted to accommodate areas of concentrated drainage flows.


I V . 2 1


Constructed Water Features

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1 Circular concrete-lined pond south of Center Building W1 Removed Rehabilitate

1 Small fountain at the garden courtyard east of southern entry to Center Building

W2 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1 Small fountain in the Relief and Dining Hall courtyard

W3 Removed Rehabilitate

The only surviving constructed water feature at St. Elizabeths West Campus is the small fountain in the garden courtyard east of the southern entry to the Center Building. Although the exact date of the fountain remains unknown, based on its construction and materials, the feature likely dates to the period of significance and therefore is a contributing landscape feature. The fountain, like other features in the formal garden, is in need of stabilization and repair. The concrete lining on the pool is cracked and the brick coping around the edge shows evidence of damage. The condition of the water system for the three-tiered fountain is unknown. The pool would form a central role in the rehabilitation of the formal garden. The character of the West Campus can be enhanced by recapturing historic water features that have since been removed. The locations of the former pond south of the Center Building and small fountain in the Relief and Dining Hall Courtyard could be reclaimed for their historic use if additional water features were desired in the overall rehabilitation of the campus (see Figures IV.6, IV.7, and IV.8). No known remnants of the pond or fountain exist today. Reclaiming the original locations of these features for historic reuse would assist in the recapturing the character of the cultural landscape as it existed during the period of significance. Small-scale Features, Furnishings & Objects

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1 Flagpole location at the terminus of the Gate 1 drive F1 Modified Preserve

1 Cast concrete fountain in east side of the courtyard at the south façade of Center Building

F5 Degraded Rehabilitate

1 Concrete basin and jet in west side of the courtyard at the south façade of Center Building

F6 Degraded Rehabilitate

1 Lamp bases flanking the southern entrance to the Center Building (foundations remain)

F7 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment

1 Fountain east of rear entry to Hagan Hall

F8 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment

1, 2, 3 Historic lamps: bishops crook iron lights F9 Removed Rehabilitate

1, 2 Historic fire hydrants F10 Degraded Rehabilitate

1, 2, 3 Wood slat and metal strap benches

F11 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1, 2 Wood slat and concrete upright benches

F12 Degraded Non-Contributing


I V . 2 2


1 Cast iron flower urn pedestal adjacent to circular flower bed at north entrance to Center Bldg

F16 Removed Rehabilitate

1, 2 Array of urns throughout Units 1 and 2 F18 Removed Rehabilitate

1 Sundial and birdbaths north of north entrance to Center Bldg


The few remaining small-scale features and furnishings of the West Campus landscape contribute to the character of the campus and should be preserved. The three historic fountain remnants in Unit 1 reveal a range of damage that threatens continual degradation. These furnishings should be stabilized to prevent further damage and repaired to enhance historic character. The treatment can be taken one step further through the reconstruction or rehabilitation of the individual features. This is possible if historical photographs or other documentation are located to indicate the original appearance and condition. These small-scale detail features contribute to the broader landscape and should be considered in future treatment efforts. Extant small-scale features, site furnishings, and objects can set a precedent for rehabilitation efforts. Severely degraded sculptural features such as the fountains may not possess high material integrity, yet are significant markers of the period of significance for their integrity of setting, design, and other aspects of integrity. Even if Preservation treatment calls for the removal of a site element for protection, the element can serve as a model for new features that replicate it in form and function. The fractured birdbath pedestal in the west side of the Center Building courtyard, for example, could inspire a replacement feature that serves the original purpose in the same location. Campus utilities such as historic lamps and fire hydrants can serve as precedents and templates for the selection of new utilities. If new site elements are to be installed, historic features can offer insight into ways to rehabilitate historic character through direct observation of their remnant form or archival photographs. The character of historic lamp luminaires should be recaptured in character and pedestrian scale, but with modern capabilities. Gate lighting at Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue should conform to the historic character of the site. Contemporary cobra-head and other more recent lighting should be removed throughout Units 1 and 2. Campus lighting needs should be met with luminaires adapted to achieve a significant degree of light cut-off. Full cut-off is desired. The historic lamp is a hooded bishop crook-style flood light although acorn luminaires on concrete posts replaced it after 1960 (see Figure IV.11). Historic replicas could be placed in known historic light locations in Units 1 and 2. The need for additional lighting could be met with distinct but compatible variations on the historic lighting style. Other campus areas can utilize alternate lighting strategies that remain in the pedestrian scale of historic precedents. Benches at St. Elizabeths West Campus provide clear direction toward function and character preservation (see Figures IV.5 and IV.12). Fragments of two types of benches are found on the West Campus. The historic wood slat and iron strap settees are reported to be stored in campus buildings. A heavier wood slat benches with concrete legs is found near building entrances in Unit 2. This bench is non-contributing, post historic period and is not proposed to be retained. The extant historic benches can be preserved, repaired and replicated for use on the campus. If tables and chairs are needed, these benches can serve as an inspiration for new design.


I V . 2 3


With the exception of building names and street name signs, there is no evidence of historic period landscape signage. A small number of existing street signs are recent additions to site signage and wayfinding. They do not contribute to the historic character of the campus. It is recommended that a new system of signage, wayfinding, and interpretation should be developed in an integrated manner. The system design should fit into the campus landscape with a functional presence that blends effectively while supporting the purpose of providing information. Archaeological Sites

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1 Prehistoric potential at the Golden Raintree Drive Point: evidence includes a cluster of prehistoric artifacts including shaped stones

A1 Retained Preserve

Archaeological sites should be protected in the process of recapturing historic landscape character. Known locations of archaeological potential, such as the Point area, should be protected from adverse impact. This area is highly significant because of its visual relationships and spatial organization. More intensive archaeological studies of the Point on Golden Raintree Drive would verify the historic value of the site. The identified area of archaeological potential should be protected until further investigation can be conducted. D2. Unit 2: Therapeutic, Ornamental Landscape around Pavilions & Secondary

Entrances Spatial Organization & Land Patterns

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2 East Allison Landscape: lawn with trees and summerhouses O6 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

2 Unit 2: Therapeutic, Ornamental Landscape around Pavilions and Secondary Entrances.

O7 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

2 Central lawn west of Administration Building: Lawn and trees framed by Buildings A, B, C and M


Landscape Unit 2 reveals coherent qualities that separate it from other units. These distinct qualities include a central lawn with trees contained by curvilinear pedestrian and vehicular circulation systems framed by pavilion-style architectural massing (see Figures IV.13, IV.12, and IV.14). This zone west of the Administration (A) Building is a unified space reinforced with views under the tree canopy. The retained aspects of historic spatial organization and larger land patterns should be priorities for protection. These important open spaces are framed by trees and a backdrop of building mass, which contribute to the unique character of the West Campus landscape.


I V . 2 4


Views & Visual Relationships

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment



1, 2 East Allison visual zone: lawn with trees and summerhouses

V8 Modified Rehabilitate

2 Visual zone at central lawn west of Administration Building: Lawn and trees framed by Buildings A, B, C and M


2 Slot view to Monumental Core at Buildings J and K V11 Retained Preserve

Unit 2 includes primary views within the area and along its perimeter. The primary visual zone of Unit 2 is the central lawn west of the Administration (A) Building. This key area should be protected from damaging uses and built intrusions. It should be maintained to preserve views across an open lawn with trees and framing buildings. In addition, the corridor along Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue is a view formed by the walls of the East and West Campuses. This linear visual feature is the primary means by which the public experiences the campus landscape today, as it was during the period of significance. The three-dimensional spatial relationships between the road, sidewalk, perimeter wall, gate enclosures, and the visual space behind the wall should be retained and protected along this east edge of Units 1 and 2. Both viewsheds need to be considered when future development is carried out. Rehabilitation of the historic spatial character of Unit 2 is important in relation to modified visual zones and views. Many of the primary visual zones on the West Campus are compromised due to the loss of trees over time and the addition of parking areas in important viewsheds. Preservation of the remaining trees should be encouraged while landscape interventions that are not compatible with the historic character of the property should be restricted. Additional restoration efforts would entail the replanting of trees in an arboretum style in Unit 2. Each of these actions will further aid in redefining historic visual relationships. Topography & Drainage

UNIT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING

FEATURES CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment


2, 3, 4, 5

Slopes and ravines separating the historic designed campus from related service and agricultural landscapes

D2 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

2 Ravine north of Q Building D3 Removed Absent/ No Treatment

Large topographic features including the shape of the riverbank plateau in Units 1 and 2 have integrity and should be preserved and rehabilitated where possible. Some improvement to historic topography and drainage may occur to the south of the Pavilion area in the location of


I V . 2 5


the former ravine north of Q Building, subject to the design of buildings proposed in this location. Consideration of this treatment at the former ravine site may addresses former landscape character while accommodating new development. For the purposes of this report, no treatment is defined for this ravine pending the design of proposed buildings in this location. Vegetation

UNIT


CDF Code 2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2 Trees in an arboretum style planting over turf T1 Degraded Preserve/

Rehabilitate2 Tree plantings at entrances to A, B, C Buildings

(flowering dogwood, weeping cherry, mulberry, wisteria vines)


2 Shade trees at Gatehouse No. 2 (ginkgo, beech, horse chestnut, linden, elm)


2 Hedgerow north and south of A Building

T18 Unknown Preserve

2 Oak allée/hedgerow East of L Building


2 Paired flower beds at Buildings B, C, M, and E T20 Removed Rehabilitate

2, 3, 4, 5

Woodland along west slopes toward Anacostia River, along northwest, west, and southwest property boundaries (Oak, beech, maple, elm species)

T24 Expanded Regenerated

Rehabilitate

2 Evergreen and deciduous shrubs in Unit 2: 5 groupings (a-e)


Similar to Unit 1, Unit 2 contains an arboretum-like collection of trees that contributes to one of the most significant groups of resources on the campus today. Many of the older trees are in decline and require various levels of care to promote their health and continued presence in the historic landscape. The upland plateau of the campus contains far fewer trees, shrubs, and ornamental perennial plantings than during the period of significance. Repair of these areas includes replanting trees in the style of the historic groupings. Every area with historic trees in Unit 2 is in need of care and renewal. The overall campus rehabilitation effort must take care to protect historically significant vegetation. The task of excavating underground features, for example, should be coupled with an understanding of the impact it will have on the health of the remaining historic trees and other landscape features. As with arboretum-like plantings in the central lawn of Unit 2, older woodland patches along the upper edges of the former ravine north of Q Building warrant attention prior to and during construction to minimize disturbance. Previous sensitivity to historic vegetation is evidenced by the intentional warping of paths around large tree roots such a large European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) in Unit 2. This planning in concert with extant historic features should continue in the future.


I V . 2 6


Preservation and repair of remnants of historic vegetation is important in a preservation and rehabilitation treatment of the cultural landscape. The 2016 Tree Collection plans show that the existing canopy density is devoid of a large number of historic trees. In a Rehabilitation approach, it is not necessary to replant missing trees in the exact location where they once existed; however, it is important that replanting efforts respond to the historic planting approach, style, and plant type selection. In Unit 2, this approach would replace trees in an arboretum style over turf including species that are now underrepresented on the campus such as the elm and chestnut families. Disease resistant varieties of American elm and blight resistant chestnut hybrids are available. Replanting with a variety of currently underrepresented trees will help recapture and complement the character of the campus and other landscape features such as land use, spatial organization, views and visual relationships. Ornamental shrubs and flower beds make up another missing component of the historic landscape of Unit 2. Historic-period imagery depicts shrubs planted along walks, at path intersections, in front of buildings, and near landscape structures (see Figures IV.15 and IV.16). The flower beds placed near buildings and along some of the walks during the period of significance are also absent. Landscape treatment can rehabilitate the location and style of ornamental plantings with shrubs and flower beds. Circulation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status 2016 Treatment

1, 2

Graceful and sweeping pedestrian circulation pattern

C1 Modified Preserve/

Rehabilitate 2 Paved concrete walk south of L Building C9 Retained Preserve

2 Paved concrete walk connecting E Building toward L Building, including Q Building

C10 Retained Preserve

1, 2 Graceful and sweeping vehicular circulation pattern

C11 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1, 2 Narrow radii historic drop-off loops at building entrances


1, 2, 4 Parking areas along buildings

C14 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

2 Two road intersection triangles on Redwood Drive C17 Retained Preserve

2 Vehicular and pedestrian underpass under Martin Luther King Avenue


2 Granite curb along roadway from Quadrangle to Gatehouse No. 2

C19 Retained Preserve

2 Spruce Street and Redwood Drive Loop (Paved Loop Road at Richardson Quadrangle)


2 Willow Street and Plum Street loop layout C21 Modified Preserve

2 Paved Entrance drive at Gatehouse No. 2 C22 Retained Preserve

2 Paved Road East of A, B, C, and M Buildings C23 Modified Preserve

2 Paved road south of Staff Residence C24 Modified Preserve


I V . 2 7


The integrity of the St. Elizabeths West Campus cultural landscape is due in part to the retention of the historic circulation system. This continuity is revealed by the portrayal of circulation patterns from 1937 and 2009 with proposed circulation for 2016 in Plan 8: 1937, 2009, 2016 Circulation, Elements & Objects Comparison. The retention of the historic circulation system in Units 1 and 2 contributes to the exceptional integrity of the St. Elizabeths West Campus cultural landscape. Character-defining sidewalks, trails, curving roads, drop-off loops, and curbs are present but degraded (see Figure IV.17). An important element of the extant circulation system that needs to be preserved is original road alignments and widths. Historic character of the landscape is enhanced by replacing sections of road and sidewalk using materials compatible with the historic circulation network character. The character of circulation features in Unit 2 is in line with those found in Unit 1(see Figures IV.18, IV.19 and IV.20). As such, the recommended rehabilitation of historic drive character in Unit 1 should also be applied to Unit 2. In summary, this approach utilizes a hierarchy of material. Primary roadways are exposed aggregate concrete and curb. The local aggregate ranges in size of 3/8 inch to 1 inch and is integral with the concrete mix. A center joint is used throughout the crowned drive construction with positive surface drainage. Secondary drives that were historically consolidated gravel with concrete curbs will be asphalt with an a concrete curb and gutter. Concrete curb profiles vary form quarter round to square with and eased edge. The dominant curb type is integrated with roadway paving and constructed with a vertical face and top of 6 inches in width and height. The finish color of the concrete curbing is to match the historic, a warm beige tone. Implementing the same approach for drive rehabilitation in Units 1 and 2 recognizes that these areas historically formed one network of circulation features. Crosswalks are proposed with score joints aligned to the crossing walks and ADA ramp with a center and two sides joints also delineated for visual clarity. Crosswalk painting is not preferred. Pedestrian circulation in Unit 2 should be preserved or repaired with similar exposed aggregate concrete. The aggregate size should measure 3/8th-inch to 1/2-inch diameter. Typically, walks are constructed with a 5-foot width, cast-in-place concrete with a center score joint at 30 inches (see Figure IV.14). Walks should have 1 3/4-inch smooth tooled edges and joints and a 1/2-inch dimple pattern grid impression as a surface treatment. Brick walks are not present in Unit 2 and should be avoided, except in the limited use of yellow brick paving at Gate No. 2. Landscape Structures

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2 Historic iron drainage grates/ catch basins: single and paired

S14 Degraded Rehabilitate

2 Brick wall at perimeter of campus from south of Gatehouse No. 2 to Administration (A) Building


2 Stone wall at perimeter of campus from Administration (A) Building to Building Q


2 Brick and iron rail retaining wall at site of Toner Building S17 Degraded Preserve

1, 2 System of historic metal handrails at stairways and rails along pedestrian walks

S26 Degraded Partial



I V . 2 8


. Landscape structures remaining from the period of significance should be stabilized and rehabilitated or restored as required. Existing structures in Unit 2 include brick and stone sections of the perimeter wall, and the brick retaining wall at the site of the former Toner Building, as well as summerhouses and a pipe arbor. Iron catch basins associated with roadways are functional drainage elements that are a part of the roadway system of paved roads, curbs and drainage basins. They are proposed for replacement with similar functional basins and grates along roadways and with substitution of larger open curb drainage at intersections and areas of heavy flows. The current grates vary in size and detailing but are typically 24 inches square and have a concave or depressed slotted grate. The grate near K Building on Willow Street is 23 ½-inches square, for example. Metal frames are to be constructed within gutters throughout Units 1 and 2. The interval of basins will be adjusted to accommodate areas of concentrated drainage flows. Within the road gutter, integral swales create positive drainage to basins. The extant historic grates should be used as a precedent for selecting new drainage grates within campus drives. The brick and bluestone cap, stone and brick cap, and limestone perimeter wall and gates are the primary historic landscape structures that the public experiences on the West Campus. Regular maintenance of the perimeter wall should occur to further protect the integrity of the feature. Alterations to the site including perimeter access and security measures should strive to preserve the wall intact or restore sections as needed. If structural change is necessary, alterations should be created with reused materials from the same wall. Retention of historic materials in situ is preferred over removal. Modifications to the historic wall must be identified in form, pattern, or material to indicate a later addition. The brick retaining wall around the base of a 60-inch diameter white oak (Quercus alba) is a unique example of a ziggurat-style wall at the site of the former Toner and Oaks Buildings in Unit 2. A 1 1/2-inch diameter tubular metal rail with braces is located on top of the bluestone cap of the red brick wall. The steeply stepped wall and oak tree should be protected under development plans and rehabilitated where degradation has occurred. If future development compromises the stability of the historic feature, it should be fully restored. Treatment of landscape structures such as architectural elements, railing sections, wall segments, and bollards presents opportunities for enhancing historic character. Architectural remnants from the site of demolished buildings are present in various places in the landscape. The ziggurat-style brick retaining wall at site of the former Toner Building on Spruce Street, for example, could be integrated into the site of a new building. This act of preservation would tie new development in the area to historic built elements and the mature oak tree that the retaining wall supports. Incorporation of these vestigial elements into new interventions on the site would illustrate the layers of history at St. Elizabeths West Campus. Additional railings should be installed as needed and constructed of painted, radial, metal rails or pipe. Places for infill railings as dictated by safety codes can draw from the precedent of decorative wire metal fencing where necessary; although, any introduced pattern should differ from the historic pattern. Other degraded or lost landscape features include a boundary wall and bollards. A portion of a brick boundary wall exists in degraded condition along the southwest perimeter of the campus in


I V . 2 9


Unit 2. The design and brick bond pattern of the wall could be incorporated into future plans for reestablishing a perimeter wall in this location. Similarly, road bollards are largely absent from the contemporary landscape but are evident in historic-period photographs. The extant granite bollards at Gate 2 are of similar dimensions to other historic bollards. These can be employed as functional design precedents for use throughout the campus. Replacing these bumper structures supports and enhances the historic character of the campus.

Few small-scale features and furnishings remain in Unit 2. The collection of features is in degraded condition and should be repaired or replaced in-kind. Historic-period benches are limited in Unit 2. Benches formerly present in Unit 2 have likely been relocated elsewhere on the West Campus. Extant examples and historical photographs suggest precedents for ways to reestablish site functionality and strengthen historic character (see Figure IV.12). Fragments of two bench types are found on the West Campus. Green painted wood slat and metal strap settees are scattered throughout the campus. Heavier wood slat benches with concrete legs have been found near building entrances in Unit 2. Intact examples of these benches could be replicated for use on the campus. Additional benches selected for reproduction include the more portable, benches with pained bent metal and wood. Other campus utilities such as historic lamps and fire hydrants can serve as templates for the selection of new utilities. If new site elements are to be installed, historic features offer insight into ways to recapture historic character through direct observation of their remnant form or archival photographs. The character of historic lamp luminaires should be rehabilitated in character and pedestrian scale but with modern capabilities. Gate lighting at Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue should conform to the historic character of the site. Contemporary cobra-head and other more recent lighting should be removed throughout Units 1 and 2. Campus lighting needs should be met with luminaires adapted to achieve a significant degree of light cut-off with full cut-off preferred. Historic replicas could be placed in known historic light locations in Units 1 and 2. The need for additional lighting could be met with distinct but compatible variations on the historic lighting style. Other campus areas can utilize different lighting strategies that draw on the pedestrian scale of historic precedents. A limited number of street signs provide examples of existing site signage and wayfinding in Unit 2. It is not recommended that they be preserved in situ or replaced in-kind. Appropriate signage should be implemented to enhance the historic character of the site.

Small-scale Features, Furnishings & Objects

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2, 3

Historic lamps: bishops crook iron light posts with hooded luminaire


1, 2 Historic fire hydrants F10 Degraded Rehabilitate



1, 2 Array of urns throughout Units 1 and 2



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D3. Unit 3: Agricultural Landscape of Greenhouses, Fields & North Slope Natural Systems & Features

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

3 Woodland cover on north slope N2 Expanded

Regenerated Preserve

3 Fields and orchards on north slope N3 Removed Partial

Rehabilitate The vegetated cover and natural communities on the north slope of the West Campus are signature elements of the cultural landscape and should be preserved to the highest degree possible. Although the early agricultural landscape of this unit transitioned into forest by 1970s, it always contributed to the “Green Bowl” of the Anacostia River bluffs and deserves preservation as a character-defining feature of the landscape. A Rehabilitation approach would protect the visual appearance of low-intensity land usage, an aspect of Unit 3 that contributes to the historic character of the cultural landscape from within and outside of the property. Spatial Organization & Land Patterns UNIT

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING

FEATURES CDFCode


3 Unit 3: Agricultural Landscape of Greenhouses, Fields and North Slope

O9 Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

1, 3 Point Landscape: Open lawn with individual trees O10 Retained Preserve

3 Agricultural landscape on the bluff slopes O11 Removed Absent/ No Treatment

3 Burroughs Cottage Landscape O12 Retained Preserve

In a Preservation and Rehabilitation approach to cultural landscape treatment, the retained aspects of historic spatial organization and larger land patterns should be priorities for protection in Unit 3. The unique zone of the Point landscape in Units 1 and 3 is an important historic area defined by topography, vegetation, and views. No changes to this area are proposed with the exception of a meadow treatment for the Unit 3 fields downslope and tree replacements. The Burroughs Cottage and nearby Greenhouse Complex areas also form unique spatial zones in Unit 3. These areas relate to the historic pastoral and horticultural landscape. The residential and functional character of the Burroughs Cottage landscape should be preserved and rehabilitated. Views & Visual Relationships

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment



1, 3 Views over Anacostia and Potomac confluence to northwest




I V . 3 1


1, 3 Visual zone of Point Landscape with trees, lawn, and views across agricultural fields and orchards


3, 5 Views across wooded areas V15 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

3, 5 Views from points across the river to the Topographic Bowl of the wooded Anacostia River bank and St. Elizabeths West Campus

V16 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

3 Burroughs Cottage visual zone V17 Retained Preserve

Persisting historic views and visual relationships should be retained through preservation or enhanced through rehabilitation. The primary viewshed of Unit 3 is the panoramic view from the Point of Unit 1 and the views from the fields down slope of the Point in Unit 3. Impacts to these views are discouraged. Development of drives or structures in the viewshed should be carefully designed to reduce visual impact throughout the year. Views from this location also enable a perceived relationship between the campus and the river that relates to the importance of the wooded hillsides blocking views of development that has occurred outside the property since the early 1940s. These views and visual relations should be retained in order to maintain the integrity of the historic campus. The visual characteristics of the Burroughs Cottage landscape transition between the former horticultural area and the ornamental, therapeutic landscape of Unit 1. The cottage landscape relates the surrounding, formerly horticultural area near the greenhouses and the formerly agricultural area of the remainder of the unit, as well as to the arboretum-like tree and lawn tradition of Unit 1. The visual space is contained by the specimen trees along Cedar Drive, the greenhouses, and the junction between the perimeter wall and scrub forest along the property line. Unit 3 also shares a portion of the visual corridor along Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue with Units 1 and 2. The view is framed by the walls of the East and West Campuses. The linear visual feature is the primary means by which the public experiences the campus landscape today, and as it was during the period of significance. The spatial relationships between the public street, sidewalk, perimeter wall, gates, and the visual space behind the wall should be protected. Topography & Drainage

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

2, 3, 4, 5



1, 3 Overlook Point north of Golden Raintree Drive D6 Modified Preserve

3 Ravine north between the Burroughs Cottage and the Greenhouse Complex

D7 Removed Rehabilitate

3 Intermittent stream between Golden Raintree Drive and Sweetgum Lane



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Large topographic features including the shape of the riverbank plateau and the overlook Point have integrity and should be retained. The belt of hillsides and ravines extending from the high ground of the campus are in generally modified and degraded condition and warrant repair through erosion control and limited replanting. The former ravine north of Burroughs Cottage could be gradually graded to accentuate the historic prominence of Golden Raintree Drive. Implementation of these alterations and improvements will augment the historic character-defining topographic features. The remaining ravine adjacent to Sweetgum Lane has been less impacted in geomorphologic form than others on campus but exhibits some evidence of erosion and should be rehabilitated. Collapsed stream banks in this area should be stabilized; however, stabilization should not cause harm to the older woodland trees. The stream along Sweetgum Lane is particularly affected from previous attempts to limit scouring and other stream course modifications. As a result, it contains debris today. These unsuccessful attempts to control the stream flow are indicative of the need for a larger integrated solution to stormwater runoff on the West Campus. The rehabilitation and repair of the stream would form part of the larger solution and should focus on improving stream quality while preserving the high quality woodland surrounding the stream. Vegetation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 3 Specimen tree plantings north and northeast of Center Building (Southern magnolia, American holly, cedar, beech, maple, American elm, and English elm)

T3 Retained

Preserve Rehabilitate

3 Flowers beds north of Cedar Drive near Burroughs Cottage

T21 Removed

Rehabilitate

3 Cultivated fields and orchard T22 Removed

Absent/ No Treatment

3 Horticulture and food crops near greenhouses

T23 Removed


2, 3, 4,

5 Woodland along west slopes toward Anacostia River, along northwest, west, and southwest property boundaries (Oak, beech, maple, elm species)

T24 Expanded Regenerat

ed

Rehabilitate

3 High quality woodland with older specimens in ravine

along Sweetgum Lane T25

Retained

Preserve

3 Evergreen and deciduous shrubs in the vicinity of the greenhouses

T33 Degraded


Vegetation in Unit 3 is historically significant and should be preserved and rehabilitated. The collection of older trees along the border of Units 1 and 3 are in decline and require various levels of care to promote their health. The collection overall exhibits the effects of gradual loss. Virtually all the shrubs and flowerbeds of the unit no longer exist (see Figure IV.21). The impact on the Burroughs Cottage is particularly disruptive due to its formerly residential


I V . 3 3


character in contrast to the more institutional areas of Units 1 and 2. Although Unit 3 encompasses only a small portion of the upland plateau, trees bordering Unit 1 should be replaced in an arboretum style over turf, including species that are now underrepresented on the campus.

Remnants of the former horticultural and agricultural use of the campus are limited to a small area north and west of the Greenhouse Complex near Burroughs Cottage. This area is associated with the greenhouses and had been transformed into a community garden, although active operation of the garden plots has ceased in recent years. If a horticultural use is to continue into the future on the West Campus, the area east of the Burroughs Cottage and northwest of the Greenhouse Complex is a historically appropriate location. Larger scale agricultural activities that once occurred on the north slopes of Unit 3 are no longer extant and would not necessarily be incorporated into a preservation treatment.

The woodland cover that now predominates in Unit 3 should be rehabilitated through a forest management program. The program would focus on controlling invasive species and disturbance regimes according to the intensity of effort. The high quality woodland in the ravine along Sweetgum Lane contains old specimen trees. Their preservation is important for retaining the historic character of the campus.

Circulation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 3 Golden Raintree Drive layout (Paved loop road from main loop road to promontory)


1, 3 Cedar Drive and Sweetgum Lane layout (Paved main loop road at Upper plateau/portion of Lowlands)

C16 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

3, 5 Unpaved agricultural road between Cemetery and Sweetgum Lane


3 Paved Road to Greenhouse from main loop road C26 Modified Preserve

3, 4, 5 Single-track railroad spur route to N property line

C29 Removed Absent/ No Treatment

3 Burroughs Cottage concrete driveway and brick walks C30 Modified Preserve

Unit 3 contains five primary circulation features that merit consideration in a Rehabilitation approach. Sweetgum Lane, which connects the upland plateau to the lower elevation of the campus in the north of Unit 3, is one of the oldest drives at St. Elizabeths, appearing on topographical maps as early as 1860. This asphalt road was historically unpaved. Due to the steep terrain of the surrounding ravine with historic trees and adjacent stream, the roadway requires careful consideration in development. Historic alignments in woodlands are evidence of the pleasure walks and agricultural roads that can be rehabilitated today by maintaining them as woodland pathways. The unpaved agricultural road between Sweetgum Lane and the Cemetery also appears on a map from 1860. This historic roadbed should be incorporated into a pedestrian pathway system in the surrounding woodland. Golden Raintree Drive, shared with Unit 1, is also an early drive, appearing on drawings as early


I V . 3 4


as 1895. Finally, the utilitarian asphalt road to the Greenhouse Complex from Cedar Drive persists from the period of significance. The formerly unpaved feature is one of the few unnamed drives on campus. This drive could be integrated into an overall rehabilitation of the Gatehouse No. 1 and Greenhouse Complex landscape. Each of the five main circulation features in Unit 3 are valuable historic features and warrant consideration in future rehabilitation efforts. Excluding the Burroughs Cottage landscape, the character of circulation elements in Unit 3 is asphalt pavement for vehicular circulation and unpaved but stabilized walks for pedestrians. The driveway connected to Cedar Drive is exposed aggregate concrete and the building skirt and walkway are brick. Unlike Units 1 and 2, use of exposed aggregate concrete and brick is limited in Unit 3 with asphalt used as the primary pavement surface. Landscape Structures

UNIT


CDF Code


1, 3 Brick wall at perimeter of campus from Greenhouse Complex to area of Gatehouse No. 2


3 Stone walls with cobble and dentil caps at the Greenhouse Complex

S19 Present Absent/ No Treatment

3 Stone retaining wall east of drive to greenhouses S20 Modified Absent/ No Treatment

A small number of historic landscape structures remain in Unit 3 and must be considered in the overall campus rehabilitation. A section of the perimeter wall runs along the northwest boundary of the campus. This is a continuation of the brick wall that originates at Gate No. 1. It is capped with brick rather than flagstone as it is in sections of Unit 1. This original boundary is to be preserved intact. The materials and styles of the greenhouse stone walls, which will be removed for the Gate 1 garage, provide a potential vocabulary for rehabilitation of this area of the campus entry-related facility (see Figure IV.22). Small-scale Features, Furnishings & Objects

UNIT



2016 Treatment

1, 2, 3 Historic lamps: bishops crook iron posts and hooded luminaires

F9 Absent Rehabilitate



3 Cobblestone and concrete planters and birdbath in the sunken garden at the Greenhouse Complex

F14 Present Absent/ No Treatment

3 Planters at Burroughs Cottage F17 Removed Rehabilitate

Two types of small scale features exist in Unit 3: benches and planters. Remnants of park benches lay throughout the woodland hillsides of the unit. These are indicative of the use of paths through the area for passive recreation. Although none of the benches are salvageable, other examples of the same style of bench exist in Units 1 and 2. Benches such as these should be returned to resting areas along trails throughout Unit 3. The historic cobblestone planters or


I V . 3 5


water basins at the Greenhouse Complex are not present in 2016, with the redevelopment of this area for Gate No. 1 parking and visitors facilities. Though styles vary, planters have historic precedent in Unit 3 at the Burroughs Cottage where occupants set plants in containers on the brick skirt of the building (see Figure IV.23). Recreating these small-scale features will add elements to the landscape that strongly contribute to the historic character, use, and sense of place. Extant small-scale features, site furnishings, and objects can set a precedent for rehabilitation efforts. Severely degraded sculptural features such as the drinking fountains or birdbaths may not possess high material integrity, yet are significant markers of the period of significance for their integrity of setting, design, and other aspects of integrity. Even if preservation treatment calls for the removal of a site element for protection, the element can serve as a model for new features that replicate it in form and function. Archaeological Sites

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

3 19th-century hospital-era potential in orchard: Surface remnants include the foundation footprint of an early 20th century building, fence posts, American holly (Ilex opaca) orchard rows, and historic road beds

A2 Degraded Preserve

The four known locations of archaeological potential at St. Elizabeths West Campus should be protected from adverse impact. The sites are features of the cultural landscape and sources of information about the various historical phases of the West Campus. More intensive archaeological studies of the foundation ruins in the former orchard would verify the historic value of these sites. D4. Unit 4: Service Landscape & Ravine around Powerhouse & Service Buildings Land Uses

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

4 Service and support land uses L5 Modified Rehabilitate

Spatial Organization and Land Patterns

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

4 Unit 4: Service Landscape and Ravine around Powerhouse and Service Buildings

O13 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

The land uses and spatial organization of Unit 4 is based on its former use as the service area of the campus. The historic character of the unit consists of two zones, including the upland warehouse facilities and the Powerhouse ravine and associated services. These areas should remain distinct from one another despite interconnections with a framework of drives and walks.


I V . 3 6



UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

4 Visual relationship between the architecture of the Monumental Core and the Powerhouse towers


4 Internal views of service and industrial landscape V18 Retained Absent/ No Treatment

The views and visual relationships in Unit 4 are both long and short, relative to other visual relationships on campus. These simple visual aspects are characteristics of the cultural landscape and should be preserved. Short, internal views of service-related and industrial landscapes predominated the unit prior to redevelopment, but are not extant in 2016. These would be retained with expected development of the unit. The visual relationship between the campus and the urban landscape across the Anacostia River is highlighted by the presence of the smokestack towers of the Powerhouse. These industrial features create context and reference points in the campus landscape. Alterations to the campus should respect the long visual ties between the punctuated ridgeline of the campus and the distant city below. Topography & Drainage

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

2, 3, 4, 5



4 Powerhouse ravine D10 Modified Partial Rehabilitate

As in other units, large topographic features including the descending slope of the riverbank plateau have integrity and should be retained in Unit 4. The persistent Powerhouse ravine in Unit 4 is integral to this topographic aspect of the campus. Existing structures and buildings within the ravine fit to the overall shape of the hillsides; this tradition should continue. The ravine itself is in degraded condition from slope modifications. Eroding slopes in the area should be stabilized; however, stabilization should only occur outside the limits of the older woodland patch and former dump, which has archaeological potential. Stabilization and rehabilitation of the ravine would reduce complications with surface runoff and subsurface flows associated with the ravine. Efforts to stabilize the ravine will also ensure the character-defining topography remains and important landscape element into the future. Vegetation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

2, 3, 4, 5


T24 Expanded Regenerat

ed

Rehabilitat

e

4 High quality woodland with older specimens in the ravine south of the Powerhouse



I V . 3 7


4 Older specimen trees on the hillside north of Holly Street leading to the Warehouse and Laundry Building

T27 Retained Absent/ No Treatment

4 Gardens in Unit 4 T34 Removed Absent/ No

Treatment

The woodland of Unit 4 is characteristic of the broader St. Elizabeths landscape. Management of this woodland area should be coordinated with other wooded areas as part of a campus-wide forest management program. Like in Unit 3, the program should focus on promoting the health of older sections of forest and controlling invasive species and disturbance regimes. Woodland patches in the Powerhouse Ravine contain old specimen trees. The majority of these are on the south bank of the ravine adjacent to the Powerhouse. This grove and approximately 12 trees on the northern bank also need periodic care. The remaining wooded areas have been severely altered since the early 1940s. These should be monitored and managed for health and native species regeneration. Implementation of a campus-wide approach to tree management and specialized care for identified individual trees will promote the health and continued growth of historically significant vegetation in Unit 4. Circulation

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

1, 2, 4 Parking areas along buildings

C14 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

4, 5 Unpaved carriage trail near western property line

C27 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment

4

Unpaved road west of Ice Plant

C28 Modified Absent/ No Treatment



Characteristic circulation in Unit 4 during the period of significance included two unpaved drives. The historic alignments of the Ice House road and the carriage trail correspond to existing alignments today, however the redevelopment in this vicinity associated with the USCG building, and associated entry road and gates, significantly alter this landscape. The form and materials of the access drive to the Ice House should accommodated in future plans for the preservation of the Ice House landscape. Similarly, the historic location of the carriage trail that linked the low-lying northern tip of the campus with the ravine and plateau should inform future road expansion and access by maintaining pedestrian and vehicular connections between the lowland areas and the ravine. Although future development of these corridors alter the historic patterns, their use and function convey the broad patterns of circulation in this area of the campus.


I V . 3 8


Landscape Structures

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

4 Stone walls with dentil caps and integrated steps at the Ice Plant


4 Bluestone steps on hillside from Construction Shops to Ice Plant


The rehabilitation of Unit 4 includes the preservation of extant historic structures that contribute to the character of the cultural landscape of the West Campus. The few remaining historic structures are associated with the landscape of the Ice House. Dentil-capped stone walls and integrated steps remain from their initial construction around 1892. The use of large rectangular stones and upright stone caps on a tall wall at the Ice House is a unique construction form on the campus, distinctly different from the dentil-style caps used at the Greenhouse Complex. The series of steps with bluestone treads that connect the Ice House to the plateau at the Construction Shops is of similar vintage to the stone retaining wall and should be preserved. The large stone retaining wall with integrated steps and the bluestone steps adjoining the Construction Shops should be stabilized and preserved in situ to renew the historic character and fabric of the landscape. Archaeological Sites

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

4 20th-century hospital-era potential at Powerhouse ravine dump: Artifacts include utilitarian china, among other artifacts from the first half of the 20th century

A3 Retained Preserve/ Mitigate

The Powerhouse ravine dump exhibits archaeological potential and should be protected from adverse impacts. More intensive archaeological studies of the dump would verify the historic value of these sites and generate clearer directives regarding future preservation. The anticipated construction disturbance is this area is high. Mitigation for archeological resources would include monitoring ground disturbance for the presence of for artifacts. The preferred approach to archeologically sensitive areas is to protect them and allow resources to remain intact and undisturbed. In general it sites on campus. D5. Unit 5: Cemetery & West Slope Land Uses

UNIT


CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

5 Service and support land uses L6 Removed Rehabilitate

5 Veneration of Cemetery L7 Retained Preserve

Land uses in Unit 5 have historically included the hillside landscape of the Cemetery. Occasional visits by historical societies and other interested groups to the Cemetery should be


I V . 3 9


facilitated in a Preservation and Rehabilitation treatment approach. This activity is a remaining cultural traditions that will persist at St. Elizabeths. Likewise Unit 5 land uses have accommodated service and support land uses through time. The subordinate location of service functions and facilities in this low-lying area, is preserved in 2016, and will accommodate an array of relevant service functions for the DHS campus. Natural Systems & Features

UNIT



2016 Treatment

5 Woodland cover on west slope (including nesting bald eagle habitat)

N4 Expanded New

Regenerated


Unit 5 consists largely of regenerated woodland along the west slopes of the West Campus. The natural communities within help to create the “Green Bowl” around the city of Washington DC and warrant preservation as a character-defining feature of the cultural landscape and its contextual setting. Due to the current degraded conditions of the slope, a woodland management program should be an integral component of a rehabilitation plan for the vegetation of the north and west slopes. Such action also safeguards the historic character of the Cemetery and the overall perception of low-intensity land use of the Anacostia riverbanks. Unit 5 encompasses bald eagle nesting habitat which should be protected through rehabilitation of the campus. The woodland management program defined for Unit 5 should be developed as part of the campus-wide program with specific inclusions for this distinct area. Spatial Organization & Land Patterns

UNITS LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURESCDFCode

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

5 Unit 5: Cemetery and West Slope O14 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

5 Cemetery with trees over lawn O15 Modified Preserve

Discrete spatial zones around the Cemetery are important historic areas defined by topography, vegetation, and views. The Cemetery is enclosed by tree canopy, which strongly influences the spatial organization. The confines of the Cemetery are articulated by surrounding trees that offer seasonal views out toward the monumental core. Impacts to the integrity of the spatial organization and land patterns of the Cemetery and surrounding landscape should be discouraged. The west slope of Unit 5 determines the overall spatial organization of the landscape. This aspect orients other features such as views toward the west and northwest. The Cemetery exists as a discrete sub-unit within the wooded unit. Patterns on the land in this unit relate to the topographic constraints. During the rehabilitation of the campus, modifications to the landscape of Unit 5 should follow the spatial pattern established by the wooded slope.


I V . 4 0



UNITS LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING

FEATURES CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment


3, 5 Views across wooded areas V15 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

3, 5 Views from points across the river to the Topographic Bowl of the wooded Anacostia River bank and St. Elizabeths West Campus

V16 Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

5 Seasonal slot view to Monumental Core from Cemetery V19 Retained Preserve

5 Internal views of Cemetery V20 Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Visual relationships are important to the broader character of Unit 5. It is important that any development near the same elevation or lower than that of the Cemetery grove does not impede views from the area. Views back to the Cemetery and remainder of the unit should also be mitigated to minimize visual intrusion by elements that would significantly alter historic views. Currently views are impacted by the large Warehouse and Laundry Building to the south of the Cemetery in Unit 4. Typical views within Unit 5 are constrained by dense, regenerated woodland with the exception of views at the Cemetery. Mature trees allow for visual relationships between the fenced part of the Cemetery and the area approximately 50 to 200 feet beyond the fence. While the removal of the Warehouse and Laundry Building and addition of native woodland planting buffers to the south improve visual relationships around the Cemetery, care should include additional plantings buffering the cemetery to minimize the visual scale and massing of the USCG building. Any future development in adjacent areas needs to consider existing, valuable viewsheds. Views to St. Elizabeths from the city and river are directed to Unit 5 because of the large vegetated riverbank. The character of this visual relationship is significant and should be maintained. Seasonal slot views are available from the Cemetery, through the mature grove of trees, toward the Anacostia River and the monumental core of the city. These relationships can be enhanced through rehabilitation efforts. After development at the campus, the hillside should recapture the characteristics of the Green Bowl as depicted in photographs from the period of significance such as the 1922 view to the southwest across the plateau edge from the top of L Building (see Figure IV.24). Topography & Drainage


FEATURES CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

2, 3, 4, 5



5 Intermittent stream along SW property line D11 Modified Preserve

The sloped topography of Unit 5 results from the bank of the Anacostia River. Despite modifications to the surface of the land, the general shape of the hillside remains intact and


I V . 4 1


should be retained. A stream along 1,330 feet of the southwest campus perimeter is susceptible to erosion from off-site drainage. Health of the natural communities in this area would benefit from riverbank stabilization. Historic wall fragments related to the stream channel should be stabilized or replaced in-kind during rehabilitation efforts. Vegetation


FEATURES CDF Code 2009 Status

2016 Treatment

2, 3, 4, 5


T24 Expanded Regenerated

Rehabilitate

5 High quality woodland with older specimens along the West Campus perimeter due west of the parking lot associated with Q Building


5 Older specimen trees in and around the Cemetery T29 Retained Preserve

The woodland cover of Unit 5 is a character-defining feature of the campus cultural landscape. Its rehabilitation should be addressed in the campus-wide forest management program. The program would focus on controlling invasive species and disturbance regimes according to the intensity of effort. While the majority of the unit consists of regenerated forest cover on disturbed slopes, the Cemetery contains mature trees grown as an open grove. The character of the grove with an open understory could be expanded beyond the Cemetery fence. Unit 5 also contains approximately 21 large, hardwood trees along the southwest border. The forest community in this area is less disturbed than others and should be included in the forest management program. These sloped woodlands along the southwest portions of this unit are specifically identified for contaminated soils. The preservation of historic and healthy vegetation should be carefully balanced with plans for soil remediation. Circulation


FEATURES CDF Code


3, 5 Unpaved agricultural road between Cemetery and Sweetgum Lane


4, 5 Unpaved carriage trail near western property line

C27 Degraded Absent/ No Treatment



Characteristic circulation in Unit 5 during the period of significance included two circulation routes that should be considered in a Rehabilitation approach. The unpaved agricultural road between the Cemetery and Sweetgum Lane should be preserved through incorporation into a pedestrian pathway system in the surrounding woodland. Also, the historic intent of the carriage trail and later coal spur at the border with Unit 4, while greatly disturbed in 2016 should maintain pedestrian and vehicular connections between the lowland areas and the Powerhouse Ravine. Other degraded paths and road traces in wooded sections may become apparent during


I V . 4 2


development activities. These historic alignments would be additional evidence of hospital pleasure walks and could be recaptured by rehabilitation as pathways. Landscape Structures

UNITS LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES

CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

5 Brick perimeter segment wall along SW property edge


Landscape structures in Unit 5 are limited to a remnant brick wall. A section of brick boundary wall should be preserved in its degraded condition along the southwest perimeter of the campus where a stream enters the property. Alternatively the design and pattern of brick bond wall could be incorporated into future plans for reestablishing a perimeter wall in this location. Small-scale Features, Furnishings and Objects

UNITS LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

5 Cemetery, 216 exposed headstones arranged in 22 rows F15 Degraded Preserve

Remaining small-scale features and furnishings of the West Campus landscape contribute to the character of the campus and should be preserved. The burial markers found at the Cemetery in Unit 5 are integral landscape features important to the character and use of the site. Preservation of these features is important to the historic value of this landscape. The stones form a group of highly significant site objects that should be assessed and repaired upon the recommendations of a stone conservation specialist. The cemetery stones comprise the limited extant small-scale features. Conservation of these stones is important to the integrity and continued cultural traditions of Unit 5. Of the 216 exposed headstones at the Cemetery, 53 were noted to be in need of resetting and repair and/or replacement. These stone are presented on the following chart:

Cemetery Markers Condition Count Standing, Chipped or Broken 7 Leaning 18 Fallen, Intact 19 Fallen, Broken 9 Total 53

In addition, surface erosion problems are apparent at the Cemetery, as are issues with legibility due to surface wear and degradation over time. Archaeological Sites


FEATURES CDF Code

2009 Status

2016 Treatment

5 Civil War era potential at the Cemetery: surface and subsurface Civil War era materials, metal crosses inside and outside of fence

A4 Modified Preserve


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The area directly surrounding the Cemetery has been identified as a site with archaeological potential. The Cemetery includes an area approximately 100 feet beyond the current fence. Subsurface remains in this area should be protected from adverse impact during the rehabilitation of the campus. No ground disturbing activity is permitted within the vicinity of the historic Cemetery and none is anticipated in the projected construction. The cemetery is a protection zones of the campus landscape. E. NEW LANDSCAPE FEATURES, COMPATIBLE WITH HISTORIC

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER An important goal for the preservation of the St. Elizabeths West Campus landscape is the accommodation of campus uses that do not have historic precedent. New landscape uses necessitate new landscape features. Implementing appropriate physical change and creating functionalities on the West Campus must be undertaken within the context of preservation and stewardship. Adaptive reuse and landscape rehabilitation can be carried out such that historic character is embraced rather than degraded by new interventions. New site elements, whether contemporary or traditional in appearance, should be compatible with the historic character of the campus. This section provides guidelines for renewing the West Campus landscape through physical interventions that harmonize with the historic fabric of the campus. E1. Land Uses Land uses related to the service and support of core campus activities will be reestablished within the context of any future mission for St. Elizabeths West Campus. Modern technology changes the physical requirements for service and support functions of a large campus; however, new facilities and activities can take place in the location of previous land uses and integrate many of the same features. Remains of the power generation, storage, delivery, and transportation functions of the campus are primarily contained within Units 4 and 5. Compared to other units of the campus, these areas contain fewer features that contribute to the historic character of the landscape and are less visible from other areas inside and outside of the campus. As such, Units 4 and 5 appear to be more suitable for adaptation to contemporary uses. In addition, the Storage and Warehouse Building in Unit 5 postdates the period of significance and presents an opportunity to renew the area for future site requirements. This intervention could also reduce impacts that the existing building has on the integrity of the adjacent Cemetery. Given the historic and existing use and character of these Units, it is appropriate to consider them for future reuse and growth. E2. Natural Systems & Features Natural systems and features are addressed in detail within the discussion of topography, soils, ravines and stormwater management. The proposed approach addressed the protection of extant intact systems, the reconstruction of a filled ravine and the construction of a new water feature and stormwater capture element. This combined intent is respectful of historic features while new features improve functionality.


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E3. Spatial Organization & Land Patterns Spatial organization and land patterns are large scale dimensions of historic character at St. Elizabeths. Redevelopment of the campus under the framework of a Rehabilitation treatment would align new elements to the scale and character of surrounding historic features. The principles of context-sensitive design are valid throughout the West Campus; Units 4 and 5 in particular offer expanded possibilities in some locations because of issues like the level of disturbance since the early 1940s, the presence of features added since the early 1940s, and physical and visual remoteness compared to other parts of campus. Apart from the older undisturbed patches, the character-defining woodlands that cover much of these units may accommodate new uses that remain within the scale and character of the woodlands. This approach would minimize alteration of other landscape features including views to and from the campus. By considering which historic character-defining features remain, such as important views and vegetation, the spatial organization and land patterns of Units 4 and 5 can be renewed as new features are added. E4. Views &Visual Relationships Historic views and visual relationships, similar to aspects of campus spatial organization, can be renewed through landscape interventions. The West Campus possesses visual design characteristics including building setbacks, spatial framing of interior zones, and massing of architecture and vegetation. These aspects vary across each landscape unit and provide a guide for determining the suitable character of new interventions in the landscape. Specific views on the West Campus may be more resilient to intensive redevelopment action than other views and viewsheds. Views within the service and industrial landscapes of Unit 4 are short and confined due to arrangement of structures and density of interweaving tree stands. Because of these characteristics, alterations of visual qualities in this area may have limited impacts on the visual character of the larger spatial unit and views elsewhere on campus. This situation differs from the open views in the upland portion of the landscape. Impacts to views from the high ground of the campus across the wooded slopes of Units 3 and 5 could be minimized with development that blends with the character and scale of the woodlands. Such an approach would similarly reduce impacts to the views toward St. Elizabeths and the topographic bowl of the riverbank from points across the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers. From projects involving the concealment of structures in similar deciduous woodlands within the District of Columbia, Heritage Landscapes finds that an uninterrupted buffer of 200 feet provides adequate year-round screening of structures when alterations are made for changes in topography and vegetation1. New campus development and interventions need to consider impact on existing character-defining features including views identified as historically significant. The construction of additional buildings can also renew views that have been degraded since the period of significance. Plan 22, 2016 Visual Spaces & Views illustrates that proposed building infill in Unit 2 renews historic visual zones by replacing building mass that had been removed. The proposed additions would define the visual edge of the central lawn of Unit 2.


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E5. Topography & Drainage The 2016 rehabilitation of St. Elizabeths West Campus proposes the rehabilitation of the ravine between the Burroughs Cottage and the Greenhouse Complex; however, the second filled ravine north of Q Building cannot be restored to its historic form. The introduction of a west slope drainage course and stormwater pool in Units 4 and 5 is a new feature that addresses both the USCG building design and the functional and sustainable management of stormwater. There are also locations adjacent to new buildings and west slopes that can be designed for stormwater management as rain gardens and infiltration basins. These stormwater elements should be effectively integrated into the historic landscape rather than separate elements. E6. Vegetation Several opportunities exist to renew campus vegetation. Sections of woodland present potential for landscape renewal while incorporating contemporary uses. As noted in previous sections, preservation treatment of the vegetation at St. Elizabeths is an effort largely focused on the conservation of the existing arboretum-like collection of trees in the upland plateau and the rehabilitation of historic character of the overall tree collection, shrubs, flowers, and high quality woodlands throughout the campus. The shrub and ground-plane vegetation layers are severely modified from historic conditions (see Figure IV.1). New planting necessary for reestablishment should refer to historic precedent and keep shrubs and flowering plants to building margins, limited display areas, and small garden spaces. Likewise, new ornamental garden spaces could relate to architecture and be bounded in part by buildings or walls such as the existing example of the ornamental garden along the south side of the Center Building. In addition, circular flower beds of varying sizes, measuring 2.5 to 30 feet in diameter and often paired, were historically located in Units 1, 2, and 4; new gardens should be informed by this historic precedent (see Figures III.26, IV.3, and IV.4). These floriferous garden spaces were highly articulated and well cared-for, likely with a hand-cut edge. Modifications to these planting area models for contemporary maintainability might include the creating on a stable, mowable garden edge. Brick could be used for garden edging on the West Campus: a red brick soldier course for Unit 1 and the use of yellow brick in Unit 2, as dictated by historic precedent. Historically, small plantings were dependable annuals and perennials; however, recent horticultural advances have produced annuals appropriate for these garden areas. By following the historic examples, campus vegetation can be rehabilitated to re-establish the former ornamental character while enhancing the current landscape. While a small number of older and high-quality woodland patches remain, the majority of woodland cover is of marginal quality and the result of regeneration from site disturbance. The appearance of vegetation and low-intensity land use on the hillsides is an important character-defining feature of the landscape; however, new campus functionalities could be designed to blend with surrounding woodland without compromising contributing features. Renewal of the woodlands would also be advised to include a strong vegetation management program to improve the health of natural communities on the West Campus.


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E7. Circulation Any new circulation features developed in conjunction with other new elements of campus rehabilitation should reflect the character of historic circulation on the campus while being distinguishable in detailing. Paths crossing through open spaces are typically curvilinear and conform to the topography of the landscape. Alignments of historic paths also show responsiveness to vegetation and, in several locations, sidewalks bend around the roots of large trees. Paths leading directly to entrances of buildings are usually laid in straight lines. New circulation features should match the patterns of alignment, width, and materials set forth by the extant historic circulation. In order to differentiate contemporary walks and drives from historic, new paving should employ the same concrete mix as was historically in place, but with no exposed aggregate. Crosswalks can be introduced by either using additional score joints and retaining pavement material intact or by changing the material at the crosswalk location. On a largely pedestrian, historic campus, the use of additional score joints to differentiate crosswalk zones is the least intrusive. With score joints as a distinguishing marker, texture or appearance could be adjusted at a later date if deemed necessary. A less desirable option would be to draw on historic brick roadway paving precedents found in areas such as the entrance drive at Gate No. 2. The crosswalks would be constructed with red brick in Unit 1 and yellow in Unit 2, as informed by historic precedent. Crosswalks must be able to withstand contemporary traffic loads, and a modern, hard-fired brick paver could be chosen for installation in these locations. This characteristic strength differentiates the new pavers from historic materials. New brick surfaces throughout the campus should be associated with buildings and should a style that is different than historic brick patterns. Repairs to existing brick walks should employ historic basketweave or herringbone patterns to match the existing form. New walks should utilize running bond or jack-on-jack patterns, differentiating them from the historic brick features. In the process of introducing new functionalities, historic character can be reinforced by replacing missing aspects of circulation and eliminating others. Throughout the campus, the addition of large surface parking areas during the rise of automobile use in the 1950s and 1960s diminished the character of the campus. Expanded development and use of the campus necessitate the expansion of the circulation system. If buildings are to have drop-off areas, for example, the placement of the narrow radii drop-off loops at the front of buildings would also help rehabilitate historic character. The traditional style of drop-off is represented by B and C Building loops in Unit 2. Using new circulation features to replicate or mimic removed drives and walks is an effective way to accommodate new uses while recapturing lost historic character. Several parking lots built after the period of significance are located along the front facades of buildings. This is not a historic design application and should not be utilized in future planning for the landscape. Parking lots should remain visually subordinate, as they were during the period of significance. Surface parking should not be placed within the primary visual zones of Units 1 and 2 (see Plan 22: Visual Spaces & Views). Some remnant historic features provide direction for future use.


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E8. Landscape Structures Historic precedent should be reviewed for design and placement of new landscape structures. Landscape buildings, walls, fences, and railings can draw from the numerous examples of extant landscape structures on the West Campus, as well as historic photography. Largely degraded and missing features such as the pipe railing near the Center Building can be incorporated into plans for the rehabilitation of the spatial zone north of the building. Historic integrity is sustained when the placement of new landscape structures involves sensitivity to setting. For example, footprint, scale, and location of a covered seating area identified in a 1947 survey near the summerhouses in Unit 1 could serve as a model for future security structures to be built on the campus, as could the hexagonal landscape outbuilding visible near the future location of Gatehouse 2 in historic photographs (see Figure IV.26). The contemporary precedent set by the installation of electrical utility boxes in the middle of the only ornamental garden on the West Campus should be not be repeated. A Rehabilitation approach to the situation recommends the removal of such structures from the courtyard of the Center Building if accommodating work is already planned for the area. Overall, the extant features found within the West Campus today provide strong examples for character, setting, scale, and placement of new features. E9. Constructed Water Features The three fountain and pond water features that existed in 1937 are proposed for replacement in-kind and in their historic locations within Unit 1. General information about these features is available via a small number of historic photographs. Rehabilitation of these pools should follow historic precedent to the degree possible given limitations in available data. The intent of reestablishing the pools is to regain the lost historic character of these specific features in relation to their natural and built settings. Additional constructed water features may be appropriate within new courtyards of new buildings where they are separated from the historic landscape and do not influence its character. The design of these features would relate to the program goals and functions of the interior courtyards. Entirely new, designed water features within the historic landscape are discouraged. Other constructed water features within the landscape may be acceptable if they relate to stormwater management rather than an ornamental design that disrupts the historic character of the campus. E10. Small-scale Features, Furnishings & Objects: Lighting, Benches, Urns & Art The Preservation and Rehabilitation of the St. Elizabeths West Campus cultural landscape will require fully functional furnishings and other small-scale landscape features such as lighting and fire utilities. New furnishings inspired by traditional styles may be more appropriate on the West Campus than objects displaying contemporary design because of the historic integrity and visibility of the overall cultural landscape. Repaired or replica furnishings, explained previously, can accomplish this task. It may also be appropriate to select a compatible contemporary feature that is in the tradition of the historic feature. For example, at Valley Forge National Historical Park a remnant historic lighting features inspired the selection of a compatible contemporary design for non-historic lighting requirements. There are decorative objects documented within the St. Elizabeths landscape although none exist at present. These urns. pedestals and fountains can be replicated or replaced with compatible current objects of similar detail and purpose.


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At St. Elizabeths, the historic lights have been replaced with lighting features that are out of scale and character with the West Campus. With an objective of meeting current needs, lighting on the campus will increase from the limited historic system. Bishops crook historic lights are documented in photographs although none exist today. Concrete poles with acorn globes are also documented but are in use after the historic period. Lighting at the entrance gates 1 and 2 is documented and bases remain although globe luminaires are no longer extant. It is recommended that the family of lighting elements address streets, and pedestrian paths and provide sufficient lighting without an overly high lighting level. In the course of rehabilitating the campus, selection of traditional-style lamp posts and luminaires could enhance historic character by installing lighting similar to the historic bishop’s crook lamps (see Figure IV.28). It is recommended that the historic Bishop's Crook Post and hooded luminaire be used in the historic locations. Other locations for tall light poles should use as compatible but different fixture. The lower pedestrian pole should be compatible and also shielded for limited upward light spill. Historic globe lamps at Gates 1 and 2 should be restored and replicated to match. The character of historic lamp luminaires should be rehabilitated in character and pedestrian scale but with modern capabilities. All campus lighting should be met with luminaires adapted to achieve a significant degree of light cut-off. Full cut-off is best, with use of LED or Metal Halide lamps preferred. Historic photographs and existing remnants are useful models for the development of benches to be used in the West Campus. Existing benches both in situ and in on-site storage should be repaired, and a replica bench should be developed (see Figure IV.30). In addition, variations on a theme using the historic bench precedent could include:

Standard bench with armrests added Longer bench with armrests and three base supports Backless benches grouped around fountains and in courtyards Individual outdoor seats inspired by bench style and materials Outdoor dining tables of compatible materials and style, such as square wood slat tops

with iron strap base Recycled material slats may be substituted for oak or cedar slats in the new bench design

Historic urns and flower pedestals contributed to the character of St. Elizabeths during the period of significance. Documentation of these historic features should be used to inform new additions to the landscape. A flower pedestal was identified adjacent to a circular flower bed in Unit 1 during a 1947 survey effort. Historic photographs reveal that pedestals and urns were positioned throughout the campus (see Figures III.26, IV.27, IV.3, IV.4, IV.11, and IV.31). The historic pedestals were typically cast iron, decorative, and eye-level in height (see Figure III.26). Though styles varied, urns have historic precedent throughout the campus, often articulating building entries. In Unit 3, at the Burroughs Cottage, occupants set plants in containers on the brick skirt of the building (see Figure IV.23). New urns placed in the St. Elizabeths landscape could be antique or replica, or they could be distinctly contemporary and set in a modern garden space. The locations of new planters, urns, and other small objects are less important than the harmony with historic character and use in the landscape. Trash receptacles represent an important new element that should be limited within the landscape and positioned where useable but not focal.


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The choice of materials and style for trash collection harmonious with historic character and suitable to meet contemporary needs. The addition of artistic works and objects can be accommodated in specific areas of the campus landscape. As a National Historic Landmark, the entire West Campus is a priceless work of art. This is founded on what it was in the past. Not what it is to become. The discussion of artistic works for the campus should begin from this recognition. No art works should be on the plateau especially in the primary visual zones. Aras that are considerably modified under the master plan for the campus can incorporate art elements. If artistic works are appropriate they could be placed at locations where former ornamentation was located, such as the cannon and stack of cannon balls at Gate 1, and the iron fence around the circular water feature south of the Center Building. Historic locations for preserved original pieces like the cobble stone planters and historic period appropriate pieces may be included at the three water features and the Gate 1 area flagpole cannon site as well as the greenhouse complex site. For new architecture, interior courtyards could include works of art that can be placed outdoors. We recommend that appropriate works and ideal siting be studied and reviewed with the campus landscape historic values and character in mind. Art and Architecture on the West Campus can have an appropriate place based on the artistic works proposed. E11. Site Signage, Wayfinding, & Interpretation Site signage will enhance wayfinding and interpretation relevant to the new functionalities of the campus. A small number of existing street signs are examples of site signage and wayfinding; however, these appear to be more recent than the period of significance. Replication of this type of signage is visually disruptive when first installed and detracts from the historic character of the campus. It is recommended that the existing signs be removed and alternative signs placed at road intersections. New signage for roadway, building, and program-based identification should exemplify such size, form, scale, color, and placement to be compatible with the historic campus. Uniformity should be achieved across Units 1 and 2, although this is not required through the remainder of the campus. During construction, additional new signage will be erected at St. Elizabeths West Campus. Per the Programmatic Agreement, the General Services Administration will:

Prominently post two interpretive panels along Martin Luther King Avenue for the public to view. One panel will describe the history and significance of the Site, and the second panel will describe rehabilitation and new construction taking place on Site. The panels will be replaced with two new, updated panels for each of the proposed phases of construction, or as determined necessary.2

While prominent, these interpretive panels should be well integrated. They should exemplify such size, form, scale, color, and placement to be compatible with the historic campus and the overall signage and wayfinding system for the campus.


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E12. Archeological Sites Known areas with archaeological potential are to be protected during the development of new campus functionalities. All ground disturbing activities within known potential archeological sites should be closely monitored by a certified archeologist. Sites discovered in the process of grading, excavating, or other construction or maintenance activities should be documented by the relevant cultural resource management authority for the project. F. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES PROTECTION, PRESERVATION & REHABILITATION SUMMARY The cultural landscape treatment approach of Preservation and Rehabilitation at St. Elizabeths West Campus seeks to respect and preserve the remaining historic character and features of the cultural landscape while accommodating future uses in ways that respect and enhance historic significance and character of the campus. Rehabilitation serves as a philosophy to guide decision-making about future physical interventions and management of the West Campus. While interventions proceed, stewardship responsibility is required to safeguard and conserve remaining historic character and intact material fabric. Simultaneously, contemporary needs and resource limitations are to be accommodated in a sustainable manner for preservation of the campus. A Preservation and Rehabilitation treatment demonstrates an essential respect for the highly significant campus landscape while current needs and future vision are appropriately incorporated. Recommendations for the preservation treatment of the West Campus landscape draw on historic design constructs to provide direction on the appropriate action for historic features with high integrity; for documented absent or severely degraded features; and for the new, contemporary features in the historic campus setting. The three approaches to the revitalization of the historic landscape include recommendations for specific features. Landscape features that contribute to the character of the West Campus are listed in each section as appropriate to the condition of the feature and the appropriate type of landscape treatment. For the preservation and recapture of landscape character and specific historic landscape character-defining features recommendations are to:

Preserve, retain and stabilize when intact Preserve and repair when degraded Rehabilitate to suit current needs where program needs to be addressed Reconstruct by replacing in-kind and in detail where absent but documented Restore the feature where missing, if possible and suitable for proposed new use

For addressing new uses and functions that respect historic landscape character, preservation guidance is to:

Renew landscape character with harmonious development


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The recommended Preservation and Rehabilitation treatment for the St. Elizabeths West Campus landscape is based on in-depth historical research, assessment of existing conditions, and analysis of the historic significance and integrity of the cultural landscape as documented in the 2009 CLR. This document underpins the integration of construction activity with the historic campus as coordinated by the LIP and the future management and maintenance of the renewed landscape as set forth in the LMP. The recommendations and observations expressed in these planning documents direct efforts toward the effective stewardship of this remarkable landscape that contributes to this National Historic Landmark. The following summary chart serves as a reference for all the landscape character-defining features tracking the status in 2016. A scattering of non-contributing landscape features is also noted as research has indicted that these did not exist during the period of significance.

SUMMARY CHART: LANDSCAPE CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES

CDF Code

1937 Status


LAND USES Landscape maintenance activity L1 Retained Modified Preserve Local labor force drawn from surrounding communities

L2 Retained Removed Partial Preserve

Therapeutic use of the hospital landscape L3 Retained Modified Rehabilitate Agricultural and horticultural land uses L4 Retained Degraded Absent Service and support land uses L5 Present Modified Rehabilitate Service and support land uses L6 Present Removed Rehabilitate

Veneration of Cemetery L7 Present Retained Preserve NATURAL SYSTEMS & FEATURES Prehistoric Anacostia River dynamics shape landforms

N1 Retained Retained Preserve

Woodland cover on north slope N2 Present Expanded Regenerated

Preserve

Fields and orchards on north slope N3 Retained Removed Partial Rehabilitate

Woodland cover on west slope N4 Retained Expanded /Regenerated


SPATIAL ORGANIZATION & LAND PATTERNS

Campus boundary and total acreage O1 Retained Modified Preserve Unit 1: Therapeutic, Ornamental Landscape, Tree Collection and Overlook around Center Building and Main Gate

O2 Modified Modified Preserve

Landscape north of Center Building: Lawn with trees shaped by the drive system, framed by building mass

O3 Present Retained Preserve

Landscape south of Center Building: Lawn with trees shaped by the system of drives, framed by building mass



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Athletic Field Landscape O5 Present Retained Rehabilitate East Allison Landscape: lawn with trees and summerhouses

O6 Present Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Unit 2: Therapeutic, Ornamental Landscape around Pavilions and Secondary Entrances.

O7 Modified Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Central lawn west of Administration Building: Lawn and trees framed by Buildings A, B, C and M


Unit 3: Agricultural Landscape of Greenhouses, Fields and North Slope

O9 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Point Landscape: Open lawn with individual trees

O10 Retained Retained Preserve

Agricultural landscape on the bluff slopes O11 Retained Removed Absent Burroughs Cottage Landscape O12 Present Retained Preserve Unit 4: Service Landscape and Ravine around Power House and Service Buildings

O13 Retained Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Unit 5: Cemetery and West Slope O14 Retained Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Cemetery with trees over lawn O15 Retained Modified Preserve

VIEWS & VISUAL RELATIONSHIPS Views of walls and West Campus gates along Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue

V1 Retained Retained Preserve

Expansive vista north to the Monumental Core City and beyond


Episodic views and vistas from high ground of Unit 1 to slopes, forests and occasional river views

V3 Retained Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Slot views to Monumental Core from Cedar Dr. V4 Retained Retained Preserve Visual zone north of Center Building: lawn with trees shaped by drive system and framed by building mass

V5 Retained Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Visual zone south of Center Building: lawn with trees shaped by the drive system, framed by building mass

V6 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Athletic Field visual zone V7 Retained Retained Rehabilitate

East Allison visual zone: lawn with trees and summerhouses

V8 Retained Modified Rehabilitate

Visual relationship between the architecture of the Monumental Core and the Power House towers


Visual zone at central lawn west of Administration Building: Lawn and trees framed by Buildings A, B, C and M

V10 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Seasonal slot view to Monumental Core at Buildings J and K



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Views over Anacostia and Potomac confluence to northwest


Perception of river access V13 Retained Retained Preserve

Visual zone of Point Landscape with trees, lawn, and views across agricultural fields and orchards

V14 Retained Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Views across wooded areas V15 Retained Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Views from points across the river to the Topographic Bowl of the wooded Anacostia River bank and St. Elizabeths Hospital

V16 Present Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Burroughs Cottage visual zone V17 Retained Retained Preserve/

Internal views of service and industrial landscape

V18 Retained Retained Absent

Seasonal slot views to Monumental Core & Alexandria from Cemetery


Internal views of Cemetery V20 Retained Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

TOPOGRAPHY & DRAINAGE

Prehistoric Anacostia River bank plateau D1 Retained Retained Preserve


D2 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Ravine north of Q Building D3 Retained Removed Absent

Intermittent stream adjacent to Q Building D4 Retained Removed Absent

Historic spring in ravine D5 Retained Removed Absent

Overlook Point north of Golden Raintree Drive D6 Retained Modified Preserve

Ravine north between the Burroughs Cottage and the Greenhouse Complex

D7 Retained Removed Rehabilitate

Historic spring in NW ravine D8 Retained Removed Absent

Intermittent stream between Golden Raintree Drive and Sweetgum Lane

D9 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Power House ravine D10 Modified Modified Partial Rehabilitate

Intermittent stream along SW property line D11 Retained Modified Preserve


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VEGETATION

Trees in an arboretum style planting over turf (approximately 312 historic trees remain)

T1 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Holly trees east of Staff Residence No.3 and west of Gatehouse No. 1


Specimen tree plantings north and northeast of Center Building (Southern magnolia, American holly, cedar, beech, maple, American elm, and English elm)

T3 Retained Retained Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Specimen tree plantings at south/southeast lawn of Center Building (Southern Magnolia, American Holly, Willow Oak, Silver Maple, Bald Cypress. One Pine and one Gingko remain)


Grove of magnolia trees southwest of rear entry to Center Building

T5 Retained Degraded Preserve

Shade trees near location of former West Lodge (White oak. Willow oak no longer remains)

T6 Retained Degraded Absent

Shagbark hickory west of Detached Dining Hall and Kitchen

T7 Retained Retained Preserve

Perimeter willow oaks north of Gate No.2, East of Allison Building


Lawn plantings east/southeast of Allison Complex (Southern Magnolia, Horse Chestnut, Linden, Hickory, Willow Oak, and Ash)


Shade trees at Promontory lookout (Willow oak, pin oak, honey locust)


Allée along drive from Gatehouse No. 1 to Burroughs Cottage

T11 Retained Removed Rehabilitate

White oak allée from Gatehouse No. 1 to East Willow Building

T12 Retained Degraded Preserve

Evergreen and deciduous shrubs in Unit 1: 11 groupings (a-k)

T13 Retained Degraded/ Removed


Shrubs north of Pine Building toward Loop Road T14 Retained Removed Absent

Formal Garden and plantings at Southern entrance to Center Building

T15 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabiltate

Tree plantings at entrances to A, B, C Buildings (flowering dogwood, weeping cherry, mulberry, wisteria vines)


Shade trees at Gatehouse No. 2 (ginkgo, beech, horse chestnut, linden, elm)


Hedgerow north and south of A Building T18 Unknown Degraded Preserve

Elm allée/hedgerow East of L Building T19 Retained Degraded Preserve


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Paired flower beds at Buildings B, C, M, and E T20 Retained Removed Rehabilitate

Flowers beds north of Cedar Drive near Burroughs Cottage


Cultivated fields and orchard T22 Modified Removed Absent

Horticulture and food crops near greenhouses T23 Modified Removed Absent


T24 Modified Expanded Regenerated

Rehabilitate

High quality woodland with older specimens in ravine along Sweetgum Lane


High quality woodland with older specimens in the ravine south of the Power House


Older specimen trees on the hillside north of Holly Street leading to the Warehouse and Laundry Building

T27 Retained Retained Absent

High quality woodland with older specimens along the West Campus perimeter due west of the parking lot associated with Q Building


Older specimen trees in and around the Cemetery


Circular flower beds and planters at the north entrance to Center Building, south of Staff Residence No. 1 in the center of the looping drive; east of Staff Residence No. 2; and north of Birch St., south of Center Building

T30 Present Removed Restore/ Rehabilitate

Evergreen and deciduous shrubs in Unit 2: 5 groupings


Oak trees in courtyard framed by Dining Hall, Atkins & Relief


Evergreen and deciduous shrubs in the vicinity of the greenhouses


Gardens in Unit 4 T34 Retained Removed Absent

CIRCULATION

Graceful and sweeping pedestrian circulation pattern

C1 Retained Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Herringbone brick walk between Allison D and Relief and around the base of Relief and Allison Buildings

C2 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Herringbone brick walk perimeter of Allison A C3 Retained Degraded Preserve


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Herringbone brick walkway at base of Center (with sandstone curb), Holly, Linden, and Detached Nurses


Herringbone brick patio between Holly and Detached Nurses


Concrete curvilinear walk parallel to Cedar Dr C6 Retained Retained Preserve

Concrete walkways at south lawn of Center Building

C7 Present Retained Preserve

Aggregate paved drive and walkway at former West Lodge entrance

C8 Retained Retained Rehabilitate

Paved concrete walk south of L Building C9 Present Retained Preserve

Paved concrete walk connecting E Building toward L Building, including Q Building

C10 Present Retained Preserve

Graceful and sweeping vehicular circulation pattern


Narrow radii historic drop-off loops at building entrances

C12 Modified Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Cobble gutters C13 Unknown Removed Absent

Parking areas along buildings C14 Modified Expanded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Golden Raintree Drive layout (Paved loop road from Main Loop Road to promontory)

C15 Retained Modified Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Cedar Drive and Sweetgum Lane layout (Paved Main Loop Road at Upper plateau/portion of Lowlands)

C16 Retained Modified Partial Preserve/

Rehabilitate Two road intersection triangles on Redwood Drive

C17 Retained Retained Preserve

Vehicular and pedestrian underpass under Martin Luther King Avenue

C18 Retained Modified Absent

Granite curb along roadway from Quadrangle to Gatehouse No.2

C19 Retained Retained Preserve

Spruce Street and Redwood Drive Loop (Paved Loop Road at Richardson Quadrangle)

C20 Present Modified Preserve

Willow Street and Plum Street loop layout C21 Present Modified Preserve

Paved Entrance drive at Gatehouse No.2 C22 Modified Retained Preserve

Paved Road East of A, B, C, and M Buildings C23 Present Modified Preserve

Paved road south of Staff Residence C24 Present Modified Preserve


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Unpaved agricultural road between Cemetery and Sweetgum Lane


Paved Road to Greenhouse from Main Loop Road

C26 Retained Modified Preserve

Unpaved carriage trail near western property line C27 Degraded Degraded Absent

Unpaved road west of Ice Plant C28 Retained Modified Absent

Single-track railroad spur route to N property line

C29 Modified Removed Absent

Burroughs Cottage concrete driveway and brick walks

C30 Retained Modified Preserve

LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES

Domed metal arbor adjacent to Staff Residence No. 2

S1 Present Degraded Preserve/ Restore

Gazebo, East of Allison C, (herringbone brick paving at base)

S2 Present Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Gazebo, South of Home and Relief Buildings S3 Present Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Decorative iron fence at south side of Center Building at eastern garden courtyard


Iron pipe railing east of Bakery/General Kitchen, along path from Center Building

S5 Unknown Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Iron railing at southern entrance to Center Building

S6 Unknown Retained Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Brick foundation at site of West Lodge S7 Present Modified Absent

Concrete Retaining Wall at site of former West Lodge

S8 Retained Retained Absent

Concrete stairway at loading dock in vicinity of West Lodge site

S9 Present Degraded Absent

Brick steps at western lawn of Center Building S10 Retained Retained Preserve

Brick wall at perimeter from Greenhouse Complex to area of Gatehouse No. 2

S11 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Tennis Lawn Area, northeast of Center Building S12 Present Degraded Rehabilitate

Iron bollard at junction of former carriage trail and turnaround at northern Center Building entrance

S13 Retained Removed Absent

Historic iron drainage grates/ catch basins: single and paired

S14 Present Degraded Rehabilitate

Brick wall at perimeter of campus from south of Gatehouse No. 2 to Administration (A) Building

S15 Retained Degraded Preserve


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Stone wall at perimeter of hospital from Administration (A) Building to Building Q


Brick and iron rail retaining wall at site of Toner Building


Iron Railing/balcony at quadrangle facing windows at Buildings A, B, C [Not a landscape feature]

S18 Present Retained Non-contributing

Stone walls with cobble and dentil caps at the Greenhouse Complex

S19 Unknown Present Absent

Retaining Wall east of drive to Greenhouses S20 Present Modified Absent

Stone walls with dentil caps and integrated steps at the Ice Plant


Bluestone and concrete steps on hillside from Construction Shops to Ice Plant


Brick perimeter segment wall along SW property edge


Covered seating area over brick paving northeast of Allison

S25 Present Removed Absent

System of historic metal handrails at stairways and rails along pedestrian walks

S26 Retained Degraded Partial Preserve/

Rehabiltiate CONSTRUCTED WATER FEATURES

Circular concrete lined pond south of Center Building

W1 Modified Removed Rehabilitate

Small fountain at the garden courtyard east of southern entry to Center Building

W2 Retained Degraded Preserve/ Rehabiliate

Small fountain in the Relief and Dining Hall courtyard

W3 Retained Removed Rehabilitate

Spring house at spring in NW ravine W4 Retained Removed Absent

Spring house and grotto at spring W5 Retained Removed Absent

SMALL-SCALE FEATURES, FURNISHINGS & OBJECTS

Flagpole location at the terminus of the Gate 1 drive

F1 Present Modified Preserve

Stack of cannon balls located at the terminus of the Gate 1 drive

F2 Unknown Removed Absent

Flagpole NW of the north entrance to the Center Bldg

F3 Unknown Removed Absent

Flagpole at Staff Residence 1 F4 Unknown Absent Non-contributing


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Concrete birdbath or fountain in east side of the courtyard at the south façade of Center Building

F5 Present Degraded Rehabilitate

Concrete birdbath in west side of the courtyard at the south façade of Center Building

F6 Present Degraded Rehabilitate

Lamp bases flanking the southern entrance to the Center Building

F7 Retained Absent Absent

Bird bath or fountain east of rear entry to Hagan Hall

F8 Unknown Degraded Absent

Historic lighting system, bishops crook iron light posts

F9 Present Removed Rehabilitate

Historic fire hydrants F10 Present Degraded Rehabilitate

Wood slat and metal strap benches F11 Present Degraded Preserve/ Rehabilitate

Wood slat benches with concrete legs F12 Unknown Degraded Non-contributing

Flagpole across from entrance of Admin. (A) Blgd.

F13 Unknown Present Non- contributing

Concrete and stone planter and birdbath in the sunken garden at the Greenhouse Complex

F14 Unknown Present Absent

Cemetery, 216 exposed headstones arranged in 22 rows

F15 Retained Degraded Preserve

Cast iron flower urn pedestal adjacent to circular flower bed at north entrance to Center Bldg


Planters at Burroughs Cottage F17 Present Removed Rehabilitate

Array of urns throughout Units 1 and 2 F18 Present Removed Rehabilitate

Sundial and birdbaths north of north entrance to Center Bldg


ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Prehistoric potential at the Golden Raintree Drive Point: evidence includes a cluster of prehistoric artifacts including shaped stones

A1 Present Retained Preserve

19th-century hospital-era archaeological potential in orchard: Surface remnants include the foundation footprint of an early 20th century building, fence posts, American holly (Ilex opaca) orchard rows, and historic road beds

A2 Modified Degraded Preserve

20th-century hospital-era potential at Power House ravine dump: Artifacts include utilitarian china, among other artifacts from the first half of the 20th century

A3 Modified Retained Disturbed by Construction,

Mitigate

Civil War era potential at the Cemetery: surface and subsurface Civil War era materials, metal

A4 Modified Modified Preserve


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crosses inside and outside of fence

Within this context of treatment interventions, the guiding approach to the St. Elizabeths West Campus historic, cultural landscape is:

Preserve the remaining character-defining features by protecting in place and repairing Accommodate future uses within a philosophy of respect for what has survived from the

period of significance Restore and reconstruction specific degraded and documented absent features that are

suitable for the new campus uses and work to bolster landscape character Integrate required campus elements as unobtrusively as possible bringing the historic

campus character to the foreground whenever possible. Seek to retain prior energy inputs into this historic landscape as a sustainable practice

The overarching preservation treatment of character-defining features of the West Campus landscape addresses respect for what remains both during construction and as a long-term treatment. Preserve, rehabilitate restore, and reconstruct are all relevant to this diverse landscape and apply to landscape character and specific features. Rehabilitation treatment to suit new uses and also targeted. Restoration and reconstruction of degraded or documented but absent features is a final component. Taken together the respect for the National Historic Landmark is fully addressed while campus use and full function in 2016 is achieved.


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CHAPTER IV ENDNOTES 1 Industry standards for buffer planting dimensions are not specific to individual sites such as St. Elizabeths West Campus because proposed planting patterns and site conditions such as vegetation type and topography determine visual permeability. Heritage Landscapes previous project work on the concealment of structures in the District of Columbia is used as a professional reference in this instance in order to suggest a 200’ standard buffer distance of native forest that can be modified based on site-specific conditions. 2 Programmatic Agreement Among The United States General Services Administration, The Advisory Council On Historic Preservation, The District of Columbia Historic Preservation Office, The United States Federal Highway Administration, The National Capital Planning Commission, and The United States Department of Homeland Security, Regarding The Redevelopment of St. Elizabeths National Historic Landmark, Washington, DC, December 2008, lines 754 to 760.


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