Chapter Four
Cell and Tissue Structure
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ALAT Presentations Study Tips
Cell and Tissue Structure
Technicians must understand normal behavior and functioning of animals to care for them and help researchers.
Knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology will help technicians recognize abnormalities and report observed changes and become more valuable to the research team.
Anatomy and Physiology
Gross anatomy = structures visible to the eye
Histology = microscopic view of tissue
Physiology = function of parts of an organism
Functions to survive, grow & reproduce
Vertebrates have a spine made of bone
Anatomy & physiology reveals
many species similarities
Species comparisons help
develop animal models for
the study of diseases.
Body Organization
Levels of organization: cellular, tissue & organ
Tissues composed of cells & intercellular material
Organs are composed of several types of tissue
Cells have three basic components: cell membrane - surrounds, permits nutrients and
gases to enter the cell, wastes to leave
nucleus - contains DNA that directs cell function
cytoplasm - contains nutrients & organelles Some cellular processes are active and require energy, i.e.
the breakdown of nutrients into their individual components
Other processes are passive & are result of concentration differences, i.e. passage of water across cell membrane
(Image) Types of Cells
Tissue
Four types of tissue and their functions are:Connective tissue: binds together or supports cells,
tissues and organs, i.e. bones, tendons and subcutaneous tissues.
Muscle = contractile tissue: shortens upon stimulation, to function in movement, posture and heat production.
Nerve tissue: specialized tissue that conducts impulses throughout the body. The brain, spinal cord are composed of nerve tissue.
Epithelial tissue: covers all body surfaces, lines all cavities and forms glands. It protects against the environment outside the tissue. Skin and the lining of the mouth are epithelial tissues.
Organs and Organ Systems
Organs make up systems that perform specific bodily functions.
Systems can not function alone and are dependant on others, i.e. the heart.
The heart is part of the circulatory system, pumps blood and composed of muscle, connective, nerve and epithelial tissues. The nervous system controls the heart,
using information from all the body. Without the other parts of the circulatory
system, heart would be unable to function.
The body consists of 11 major organ systems.
(Image) Imaging of Organs and Heart beat
Describing Anatomical Features
Terms may refer to the bodycranial = the head
Terms may refer to specific structures oral = the mouth
Structures have names related to other structures radial artery is named for its proximity to the radius.
Parts of the body have regional names abdominal muscles
General Anatomical Organization
Bilaterally symmetricalstructures are the same on each side
body is divided evenly into right and left halves
Body arranged in 3 divisionsThe head
contains sense organs and brain
protected by the skull
connects to the trunk by the neck
The trunk - thoracic cavity &
abdominal cavity
The appendages - limbs & tail
Additional Reading
Frandson, R.D. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Fourth Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1992.
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