Chapter 9Chapter 9The Global Scope of ClimateThe Global Scope of Climate
Climatic ClassificationClimatic Classification
LatitudeLatitude –– PolePole--toto--Equator temperature gradientEquator temperature gradientContinentalityContinentality –– Proximity to large bodies of Proximity to large bodies of waterwaterSeasonalitySeasonality –– Changes in patterns during the Changes in patterns during the annual cycleannual cycle
Climatic ClassificationClimatic Classification
A scheme for dividing the world into A scheme for dividing the world into characteristic climate typescharacteristic climate types
Begun with the Ancient GreeksBegun with the Ancient GreeksFrigid ZoneFrigid Zone (60°(60°--90°N)90°N)Temperate ZoneTemperate Zone (30°(30°--60°N)60°N)Torrid ZoneTorrid Zone ( 0°( 0°--30°N)30°N)
Climatic ClassificationClimatic ClassificationKöppenKöppen--GeigerGeiger--Pohl SystemPohl System
Air temperature and precipitationAir temperature and precipitationVegetation regimesVegetation regimes
Thornthwaite SystemThornthwaite SystemAir temperature and precipitationAir temperature and precipitationClimatic water balanceClimatic water balance
Terjung SystemTerjung SystemNet radiationNet radiationEnergy balanceEnergy balance
KöppenKöppen--GeigerGeiger--Pohl SystemPohl System
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
A system of water accountingA system of water accountingInput: PrecipitationInput: Precipitation
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
A system of water accountingA system of water accountingOutput: EvaporationOutput: Evaporation
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
A system of water accountingA system of water accounting
EvaporationEvaporation –– process by which water process by which water becomes a gasbecomes a gas
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
A system of water accountingA system of water accountingOutput: TranspirationOutput: Transpiration
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
A system of water accountingA system of water accounting
EvaporationEvaporation –– process by which water process by which water becomes a gasbecomes a gasTranspirationTranspiration –– evaporative loss of water to evaporative loss of water to the atmosphere through the stomata of the atmosphere through the stomata of leavesleaves
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
A system of water accountingA system of water accounting
EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration –– combined loss of water to combined loss of water to the atmosphere by the atmosphere by evaporationevaporation from the soil and from the soil and transpirationtranspiration from plantsfrom plants
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water BalanceA system of water accountingA system of water accountingOutput: EvapotranspirationOutput: Evapotranspiration
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water BalanceA system of water accountingA system of water accountingOutput: Runoff/StreamflowOutput: Runoff/Streamflow
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water BalanceA system of water accountingA system of water accounting
P = ET + RP = ET + R
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
Potential EvapotranspirationPotential EvapotranspirationIdeal rate of evapotranspiration that occurs when a Ideal rate of evapotranspiration that occurs when a complete canopy of growing plants is continuously complete canopy of growing plants is continuously supplied with all the soil water they need.supplied with all the soil water they need.
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
Potential EvapotranspirationPotential EvapotranspirationIs largely a function of air temperatureIs largely a function of air temperatureGreatest in the tropics; Least at the polesGreatest in the tropics; Least at the poles
The Climatic Water BalanceThe Climatic Water Balance
PrecipitationPrecipitationMoisture SupplyMoisture Supply
vs.vs.Potential EvapotranspirationPotential Evapotranspiration
Moisture DemandMoisture Demand
The Climatic Water Balance The Climatic Water Balance Classification of ClimateClassification of Climate
LatitudeLatitudeLowLow--latitude Climateslatitude Climates ( 0°( 0°--30°N) 30°N) –– 44MidMid--latitude Climateslatitude Climates (30°(30°--60°N) 60°N) –– 66HighHigh--latitude Climateslatitude Climates (60°(60°--90°N) 90°N) –– 33
Seasonal Supply vs. DemandSeasonal Supply vs. DemandSeasonalitySeasonalityContinentalityContinentality
Chapter 10Chapter 10LowLow--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
LowLow--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by theDominated by thecirculation of the Hadley Cellscirculation of the Hadley Cells
LowLow--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by theDominated by thecirculation of the Hadley Cellscirculation of the Hadley Cellsseasonal migration of the ITCZseasonal migration of the ITCZ
LowLow--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by theDominated by thecirculation of the Hadley Cellscirculation of the Hadley Cellsseasonal migration of the ITCZseasonal migration of the ITCZprevailing easterly trade windsprevailing easterly trade winds
LowLow--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by theDominated by thecirculation of the Hadley Cellscirculation of the Hadley Cellsseasonal migration of the ITCZseasonal migration of the ITCZprevailing easterly trade windsprevailing easterly trade winds
Characterized by a relatively uniform air Characterized by a relatively uniform air temperature regime all year longtemperature regime all year long
Consequently, potential evapotranspiration is Consequently, potential evapotranspiration is nearly constant all year longnearly constant all year long
Potential Evapotranspiration Potential Evapotranspiration –– LowLow--LatitudesLatitudes
1) Wet Equatorial Climate1) Wet Equatorial Climate
Associated with the ITCZ all year longAssociated with the ITCZ all year longmE air mass dominates, some mTmE air mass dominates, some mTRainfall is plentiful during the entire yearRainfall is plentiful during the entire year
Annual total exceeds 250 cmAnnual total exceeds 250 cmAir temperature is relatively uniformAir temperature is relatively uniform
Mean air temperature near 27°CMean air temperature near 27°C
Wet Equatorial ClimateWet Equatorial Climate
Wet Equatorial Climate Wet Equatorial Climate Iquitos, Peru Iquitos, Peru –– 3°S3°S
2) Dry Tropical Climate2) Dry Tropical Climate
Descending air of the Hadley CellDescending air of the Hadley CellSubSub--tropical High Pressure dominatestropical High Pressure dominatesLittle rainfall during the entire yearLittle rainfall during the entire year
Desert environmentDesert environmentAir temperature has a slight seasonal trendAir temperature has a slight seasonal trend
Greatest air temperatures during the highGreatest air temperatures during the high--sun seasonsun season
Dry Tropical ClimateDry Tropical Climate
Dry Tropical ClimateDry Tropical ClimateWadi Halfa, Sudan Wadi Halfa, Sudan ---- 22°N22°N
3) Tropical Wet & Dry Climate3) Tropical Wet & Dry Climate
Seasonal migration of the ITCZSeasonal migration of the ITCZSubSub--tropical High Pressure in lowtropical High Pressure in low--sun season; mE in sun season; mE in highhigh--sun seasonsun seasonMarked seasonal cycle to precipitationMarked seasonal cycle to precipitation
Precipitation “follows the sun”Precipitation “follows the sun”Air temperature has a slight seasonal trendAir temperature has a slight seasonal trend
Greatest air temperatures during the highGreatest air temperatures during the high--sun seasonsun season
Tropical Wet & Dry Climate (N.H.)Tropical Wet & Dry Climate (N.H.)
Tropical Wet & Dry Climate (S.H.)Tropical Wet & Dry Climate (S.H.)
Tropical Wet & Dry ClimateTropical Wet & Dry ClimateTimbo, Guinea Timbo, Guinea ---- 10°N10°N
Tropical Wet & Dry ClimateTropical Wet & Dry Climate
4) Trade4) Trade--Wind Coastal ClimateWind Coastal Climate
East coasts East coasts –– windward side of the continentwindward side of the continentMonsoon climate Monsoon climate –– wind shift during yearwind shift during yearMarked seasonal cycle to precipitationMarked seasonal cycle to precipitation
Precipitation “follows the sun”Precipitation “follows the sun”Air temperature has a slight seasonal trendAir temperature has a slight seasonal trend
Greatest air temperatures during the highGreatest air temperatures during the high--sun seasonsun season
TradeTrade--Wind Coastal Climate (N.H.)Wind Coastal Climate (N.H.)
TradeTrade--Wind Coastal Climate (S.H.)Wind Coastal Climate (S.H.)
TradeTrade--Wind Coastal ClimateWind Coastal ClimateBelize City, Belize, Sudan Belize City, Belize, Sudan ---- 17°N17°N
TradeTrade--Wind Coastal ClimateWind Coastal ClimateCochin, India Cochin, India ---- 10°N10°N
LowLow--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Chapter 11Chapter 11MidMid--Latitude andLatitude and
HighHigh--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
The Climatic Water Balance The Climatic Water Balance Classification of ClimateClassification of Climate
LatitudeLatitudeLowLow--latitude Climateslatitude Climates ( 0°( 0°--30°N) 30°N) –– 44MidMid--latitude Climateslatitude Climates (30°(30°--60°N) 60°N) –– 66HighHigh--latitude Climateslatitude Climates (60°(60°--90°N) 90°N) –– 33
Seasonal Supply vs. DemandSeasonal Supply vs. DemandSeasonalitySeasonalityContinentalityContinentality
MidMid--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
MidMid--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by the prevailing westerliesDominated by the prevailing westerliesPrimarily Northern Hemisphere climatesPrimarily Northern Hemisphere climatesWestWest--toto--east movement of cyclones and frontseast movement of cyclones and fronts
Latitude is a secondary factorLatitude is a secondary factorConsists of six climate typesConsists of six climate types
Three in the lower midThree in the lower mid--latitudes latitudes –– subtropicssubtropicsThree in the upper midThree in the upper mid--latitudeslatitudes
MidMid--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Potential Evapotranspiration Potential Evapotranspiration –– SubtropicsSubtropics
1) Dry Subtropical Climate1) Dry Subtropical Climate
Extension of the Dry Tropical climate into midExtension of the Dry Tropical climate into mid--latitudeslatitudesSource region for cT air massesSource region for cT air massesDistinct cool season occurs during winterDistinct cool season occurs during winterLow precipitation all year longLow precipitation all year long
Dry Subtropical ClimateDry Subtropical Climate
Dry Subtropical ClimateDry Subtropical Climate
Dry Subtropical ClimateDry Subtropical ClimateYuma, Arizona Yuma, Arizona –– 33°N33°N
2) Moist Subtropical Climate2) Moist Subtropical Climate
Flow of air from mT from the western edge of the Flow of air from mT from the western edge of the subtropical High pressuresubtropical High pressureStrong annual air temperature cycle with no winter Strong annual air temperature cycle with no winter month averaging below freezingmonth averaging below freezingAbundant rainfall all year long; cyclonic in winter, Abundant rainfall all year long; cyclonic in winter, convectional in summerconvectional in summerHigh humidityHigh humidity“Hurricane Coast”“Hurricane Coast”
Moist Subtropical ClimateMoist Subtropical Climate
Moist Subtropical ClimateMoist Subtropical Climate
Moist Subtropical ClimateMoist Subtropical Climate
Moist Subtropical ClimateMoist Subtropical Climate, Charleston, , Charleston, South Carolina South Carolina –– 33°N33°N
Moist Subtropical ClimateMoist Subtropical Climate
Effect of the Subtropical HighEffect of the Subtropical High
3) Mediterranean Climate3) Mediterranean Climate
Mediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate
Dominated by the influence of cT air in summer, Dominated by the influence of cT air in summer, mT air in wintermT air in winterStrong High pressure offshore in summer deflects Strong High pressure offshore in summer deflects storm tracks to the northstorm tracks to the northModerate temperature range with warm to hot Moderate temperature range with warm to hot summers and mild winterssummers and mild wintersWet winter and dry summer Wet winter and dry summer SeasonalSeasonal
Mediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate
Mediterranean Climate Mediterranean Climate Monterey, Californa Monterey, Californa –– 36°N36°N
Mediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate
Subtropical ClimatesSubtropical Climates
Potential Evapotranspiration Potential Evapotranspiration –– Upper MidUpper Mid--latitudeslatitudes
Upper MidUpper Mid--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
4) Marine West Coast Climate4) Marine West Coast Climate
Dominated by mP air masses and onshore flow of Dominated by mP air masses and onshore flow of moist air from the westerliesmoist air from the westerliesTemperature cycle moderated by marine influence Temperature cycle moderated by marine influence of warm, offshore ocean current of warm, offshore ocean current –– cool summers, cool summers, mild wintersmild wintersAbundant precipitation, often with a winter Abundant precipitation, often with a winter maximum and usually accentuated by orographic maximum and usually accentuated by orographic effectseffects
Marine West Coast ClimateMarine West Coast Climate
Marine West Coast ClimateMarine West Coast Climate
Marine West Coast ClimateMarine West Coast Climate,,Vancouver, British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia –– 49°N49°N
Upper MidUpper Mid--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
5) Dry Midlatitude Climate5) Dry Midlatitude Climate
Dominated by dry cP air massesDominated by dry cP air massesStrong air temperature cycle with large annual Strong air temperature cycle with large annual range range –– summers are warm to hot, winters are cold summers are warm to hot, winters are cold and snowyand snowyLittle precipitation due to the rainshadow effect and Little precipitation due to the rainshadow effect and interior continental location interior continental location –– slight summer slight summer maximummaximum
Dry Midlatitude ClimateDry Midlatitude Climate
Dry Midlatitude ClimateDry Midlatitude Climate
Dry Midlatitude ClimateDry Midlatitude Climate,,Pueblo, Colorado Pueblo, Colorado –– 38°N38°N
Upper MidUpper Mid--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
6) Moist Continental Climate6) Moist Continental Climate
Dominated by frontal interactions between dry cP Dominated by frontal interactions between dry cP and moist mT air massesand moist mT air massesSummers warm, winters cold; relatively large Summers warm, winters cold; relatively large annual air temperature rangeannual air temperature rangeAmple precipitation with a slight summer maximum Ample precipitation with a slight summer maximum –– convective in summer; cyclonic in winterconvective in summer; cyclonic in winter
Moist Continental ClimateMoist Continental Climate
Moist Continental ClimateMoist Continental Climate
Moist Continental ClimateMoist Continental Climate,,Madison, Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin –– 43°N43°N
Moist Continental ClimateMoist Continental Climate
Upper Midlatitude ClimatesUpper Midlatitude Climates
Moist Continental ClimateMoist Continental Climate
Midlatitude ClimatesMidlatitude Climates
HighHigh--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
HighHigh--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by the Arctic Air MassDominated by the Arctic Air MassPrimarily Northern Hemisphere climatesPrimarily Northern Hemisphere climatesOne, however, is present in the Southern One, however, is present in the Southern Hemisphere Hemisphere –– in Antarctica (dominated by the in Antarctica (dominated by the Antarctic Air Mass)Antarctic Air Mass)
HighHigh--Latitude ClimatesLatitude Climates
Dominated by the Arctic Air MassDominated by the Arctic Air MassPrimarily Northern Hemisphere climatesPrimarily Northern Hemisphere climatesAlso found along the tip of Antarctica near Chile Also found along the tip of Antarctica near Chile (dominated by Antarctic Air Mass)(dominated by Antarctic Air Mass)
Consists of only three climate types, stratified Consists of only three climate types, stratified primarily by latitude and proximity to the coastprimarily by latitude and proximity to the coast
Potential Evapotranspiration Potential Evapotranspiration –– HighHigh--LatitudesLatitudes
1) Continental Subarctic Climate1) Continental Subarctic Climate
Associated with Boreal Forest vegetationAssociated with Boreal Forest vegetationShort, cool summer Short, cool summer –– long, very cold winterlong, very cold winterGreatest Annual Air Temperature RangeGreatest Annual Air Temperature RangeSource region for cP air masses Source region for cP air masses –– located mainly in located mainly in the continental interiorsthe continental interiorsLittle rainfall, falling mostly in the summerLittle rainfall, falling mostly in the summer
Continental Subarctic ClimateContinental Subarctic Climate
Continental Subarctic Climate Continental Subarctic Climate Fort Vermillion, Alberta Fort Vermillion, Alberta –– 57°N57°N
Continental Subarctic Climate Continental Subarctic Climate
Continental Subarctic Climate Continental Subarctic Climate Yatkutsk, Russia Yatkutsk, Russia –– 61°N61°N
2) Tundra Climate2) Tundra Climate
Coastal Arctic fringe climateCoastal Arctic fringe climateMaritime influence keeps winter warmer than Maritime influence keeps winter warmer than Continental SubarcticContinental SubarcticVery short summer, very long winterVery short summer, very long winterLow annual precipitation totalLow annual precipitation total
Tundra ClimateTundra Climate
Tundra Climate Tundra Climate Upernivik, Greenland Upernivik, Greenland –– 73°N73°N
Tundra Climate Tundra Climate
Tundra Climate Tundra Climate Barrow Point, Alaska Barrow Point, Alaska –– 71°N71°N
3) Ice Sheet Climate3) Ice Sheet Climate
Source region for cA and cAA air massesSource region for cA and cAA air massesAll months are below freezing All months are below freezing –– no growthno growthLowest Global Air TemperaturesLowest Global Air TemperaturesPolar deserts Polar deserts –– very low precipitation totals although very low precipitation totals although snow accumulatessnow accumulates
Ice Sheet ClimateIce Sheet Climate
Ice Sheet ClimateIce Sheet Climate
Ice Sheet ClimateIce Sheet Climate
High Latitude ClimatesHigh Latitude Climates
Climate and Ocean CurrentsClimate and Ocean CurrentsHypothetical Northern Hemisphere ContinentHypothetical Northern Hemisphere Continent
Climate and Surface WindsClimate and Surface WindsHypothetical Northern Hemisphere ContinentHypothetical Northern Hemisphere Continent
Climate, Ocean Currents, and Surface WindsClimate, Ocean Currents, and Surface WindsHypothetical Northern Hemisphere ContinentHypothetical Northern Hemisphere Continent
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