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Chapter 3
NATIONALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
“…Verily! Allah will not change the (good) condition of a people as long as they do not change their state (of goodness) themselves...” Surah Ar-Ra’d, Verse 11
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3.1 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
Main concern of foreigners was in making profits for themselves
Local people forced to work hard for them
Local people lived in hardship and poverty
They resented colonial rule and this helped stir up feelings of nationalism
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3.1 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
Many locals educated in the West
Western education exposed them to ideas of freedom
Upon return, they began to stir the feelings of their own people
They led social and political nationalist movements
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3.1 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
Western educated locals did not want to be dominated economically by foreigners
Worldwide economic depression of the1930s caused frustration with foreigners
Arrival of Chinese and Indian immigrants and their success made many locals resentful. This stirred up feelings of nationalism.
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3.1 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
Islam played an important role as a unifying factor in the nationalist movements of Southeast Asia
External factors eg. Struggle for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi, the Chinese Revolution of 1911, and Japan’s shattering of European superiority during World War II encouraged the Southeast Asian rulers even more
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
During the Second World War, Britain began to draw up plans to govern a post-war Malaya.
Malayan Union
However, many of the Malay Sultans were not happy with the plan
The Malayan Union was established in April 1946, despite strong protests from the Malays
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
By May 1946, the Malayan Union was abandoned.
Why did the Malays oppose the Malayan Union?
It threatened the special position of the Malays
It meant the loss of Sultans’ power and prestige
Granting citizenship rights to non-Malays meant Malays would be outnumbered by other races
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was formed in March 1946. Dato Onn bin Jaafar was the President.
Main aims of UMNO:
• To make the British withdraw the Malayan Union• To defend Malay rights and interest• To prepare the Malays for their part in self-government
Dato Onn bin Jaafar
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
The Alliance
1952: UMNO and MCA formed a temporary alliance
MIC joined the alliance before the first general elections in 1955
Since then, this alliance has become a permanent feature
The Federation of Malaya
• Established in 1948 to replace the Malayan Union• Made up of Federated, Unfederated Malay states and two settlements under one government• Malay Sultans retained sovereignty• Citizenship restricted to those born in the Federation
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
June 1948: the Malayan Communist Party launched a full scale armed revolt in the country
AIMS OF MCP
• Disrupt the Malayan economy• Defeat the British government• Set up a Communist Republic in Malaya
• The government declared a state of Emergency• 1950: Briggs Plan – ‘New Villages’, ‘Operation Starvation’
Sir Harold Briggs
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
• Gerald Templer as new High Commissioner• New scheme introduced – ‘Black Areas and White Areas’
Baling Talks
• 1955: Tunku Abdul Rahman announced pardon for communists• Dec 1955: Talks between government and communists failed• July 1960: The Emergency ended
General Gerald Templer
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3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
1955 General Elections won by the Alliance
1956 Merdeka Mission a success, British agreed to grant independence to Malaya
1956 Reid Commission set up to draw up new constitution for an independent Malaya
• Malaya to have Parliamentary Democracy and Constitutional Monarchy• Automatic citizenship for those born after Independence day•Islam and Malay language as official religion and language
31st Aug 1957 Malaya became an independent nation
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3.3 NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
1565 - 1898: Spanish ruled in Philippines
Spanish presence, exposed Filipinos to western liberal ideas
Filipinos became aware of injustice in their country
1899: Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence for the Philippines. He was unsuccessful.
1898: After the Americans defeated the Spanish in a war, they set up their own government in the Philippines.
Emilio Aguinaldo
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3.3 NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
• 1907: Filipinos given representation in the Lower House of the government. Filipinos unsatisfied • 1907: Nationalist Party formed by Sergio Osmena• 1934: Tydings-MacDuffie Act• 1935: Commonwealth set up with Manuel Quezon as President• 1941: Japanese invasion
1945: Americans recaptured the Philippines
4 July 1946: The Philippines given independence
Signing the Tydings-Macduffie ActOFF
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3.4 NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA
Factors responsible for the rise of Indonesian Nationalism:
Radin Adjeng KartiniOFF
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3.4 NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA
1912 Sarekat Islam established
1916 Sarekat Islam asked the Dutch to grant Indonesia self-government
1920 Partai Komunis Indonesia formed. They aimed to gain independence by force.
1927
1929 Sukarno, leader of PNI arrested
1932 Sukarno became leader of PARTINDO
Partai Nasional Indonesia formed. They aimed to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the Dutch to gain independence.
Sukarno
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1936 President of Indonesian Civil Service handed petition to Dutch asking for participation in Dutch administration
1940 Wiwoho Resolution sent to the Dutch
1942 The Japanese invaded Indonesia and agreed to grant Indonesia independence if they cooperated with them
15 Aug 1945 The Japanese surrendered in Indonesia
Sukarno declared Indonesia independent
3.4 NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA
17 Aug 1945
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3.4 NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA
When the Dutch returned to Indonesia after World War II, they refused to recognise Indonesia’s independence.
Fighting broke out between Dutch and Indonesians
At Hague 1949: Dutch agreed to recognise Indonesian independence
17 August 1950: Indonesia became independent. Sukarno was the first president
Conference in the Hague, 1949
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3.5 NATIONALISM IN THAILAND
• His administration was inefficient and corrupt• Siamese nationalism grew not only from civilian but also military discontent against the absolute power of the king.
(1910 - 1925)
(1925 - 1935)
• Supported plans to introduce constitutional government• 1932: A bloodless revolution took imposing democratic rule out of his hands
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3.5 NATIONALISM IN THAILAND
• Led by Nai Pridi Panomyong• Brought about by widespread discontent among the people of Thailand• The new parliamentary government consisted of a Legislative assembly and a Cabinet
1933: The Army and Navy took control of government
1938: Pibul Songgram became the Prime Minister of Thailand. He encouraged Thai nationalism.
Nai Pridi
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3.5 NATIONALISM IN THAILAND
Thai Nationalism During Japanese Expansion
• Under Pibul, Thailand allied with the Japanese• 1944: Aware that the Japanese would be defeated, Thai nationalists decided to support the Allies• 1945: Thailand gained support from America when the Japanese surrendered
Pibul Songgram
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CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY
Oppressive Colonial
Rule
Role of Religion
Western Educatio
n
Economic Trends
Progress of Immigrant
Communities
Asian examples of nationalism
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CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY
NATIONALISM IN MALAYA
1946: Formation of the Malayan Union
Formation of UMNO, MIC, MCA and the Alliance
1948: Federation of Malaya
1948 - 1960: The Emergency
General Elections, the Merdeka Mission and Independence
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CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY
Nationalism in Philippines
Nationalism in Indonesia
Nationalism in Thailand
• American-Filipino alliance• Constitutional reforms under the US
• Indonesian political parties formed• Japanese Occupation• Dutch forced to give independence
• Movement against the absolute power of Chakri Dynasty• Rivalry between civilians and the military• Japanese Expansion and switch of allegiance to Americans
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