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Page 1: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

Chapter 3 Culture

Page 2: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 2

Outline

• 3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior (facial expressions, vocalizations)

• Eliciting Events

• Cognitive Appraisals (morality, causality, novelty)

• Physiology

• Gender and Cultural Differences

• Video: Culture and Emotion

Page 3: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 3

In-Class Exercise #2

• Name, username, date

• Number paper from 1 to 2

Page 4: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 4

(Masuda et al., 2005)

1Low Sadness

5High Sadness

1Low

Happiness

5High

Happiness

Central Figure:How Positive? How Negative?

Page 5: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 5

(Masuda et al., 2005)

#1

Page 6: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 6

#2

(Masuda et al., 2005)

Page 7: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 7

Culture

• “A group-specific practice that emerged from the interaction between a group and its environment.”

• Social Constructivist – cultural differences exist!

• Basic Emotions – no cultural differences!

• Snow Monkey (Japanese Macaque)(Schirmer, 2015, p.357)

Page 8: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 8

3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

• Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996)

• Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

Page 9: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 9

I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

Page 10: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 10

I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

Page 11: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 11

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”Equality

“Interdependence”Hierarchy; Status

Page 12: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 12

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”“Interdependence”

China, Japan

America, Western Europe

Japanese American, Chinese

American

Page 13: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 13

SELF

MOTHER

FATHER

BROTHER

FRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER

Page 14: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 14

SELFMOTHER FATHER

BROTHERFRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER

Page 15: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 15

Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy

Page 16: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 16

Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy

AmericaJapanPhilippinesGuatemalaMalaysia

AustriaIsrael

Denmark

United Kingdom

High PD Low PD

Page 17: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 17

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

• Linear Epistemology:• Aristotle

• Goal = Happiness; optimize positive feelings

• Dialectical Epistemology:• Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

• Goal = Moderation; balance b/w positive and negative feelings

Page 18: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 18

Religious Basis for Dialecticism

• Daoism = “happiness is unhappiness”

• Buddhism = pursuing happiness/rewards interferes with individual’s ability to resist desire

• Confucianism = pursuit of happiness disrupts group harmony because it makes other in-group members jealous

Page 19: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 19

Happiness for winning an

award

Quickly turns to

Shame for making other

group members feel

bad

Page 20: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 20

Emotions and Language

Page 21: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 21

• Think about a time when you felt joyful because of someone else’s misery.

• What would you label this emotion?

Page 22: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 22

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Looking to language for

cultural differences in emotion

• We only have experiences and thoughts that are represented by our words.

• We experience only the emotions for which we have words in a language

• Implications

(Sapir, 1921; Whorf, 1956)

Page 23: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 23

Evidence Against Sapir-Whorf

• Does the underlying structure (i.e., valence, activation) of emotions differ across culture?

• Sample 1: Estonia, Greek, Polish Ps rated similarity of pairs of emotions

• Sample 2: Chinese living in Canada and Hong Kong; Greek

• Emotions mapped onto circumplex model

• Cross-cultural similarity of emotional experience

Page 24: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 24

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components

Page 25: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 25

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components

• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior – Facial Expressions, Vocalizations

• Eliciting Events

• Cognitive Appraisals

• Physiological Responses

Page 26: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 26

Subjective Feelings

• Socially Disengaged Emotions: Ego-Focused Emotions• Anger, Pride

• Socially Engaged Emotions: Other-Focused Emotions• Guilt, Friendliness, Shame

• Diary Study: Japanese vs. American university students• Engaging = Guilt, Friendliness; Disengaging = Anger, Pride

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

Page 27: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 27

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

Page 28: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 28

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

Page 29: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 29

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

Page 30: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 30

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Negative situation

JapaneseAmericans

Negative Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

Page 31: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 31

Subjective Feelings

• Dialectical cultures more likely to experience mixed emotions

• Evidence:

• East Asia > Asian-Americans > Americans

(Scollon et al., 2004; Perunovic et al., 2007; Shiota et al., 2010)

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© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 32

Facial Expressions

• IV = Japanese vs. American Participants

• IV = 1) Central figure expression matches crowd or 2) Central figure expression does not match crowd

• DV = Participants perceived intensity of emotion felt by central figure

(Masuda et al., 2005)

Page 33: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 33

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005)

Page 34: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 34

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005)

Page 35: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 35

I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

Page 36: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 36

Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions

Page 37: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 37

Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions

Japa

nese

Amer

ican

s1

7

Happy-HappyHappy-Sad

Deg

ree

of

happi-

nes

s1 =

low

; 5 =

hig

h

Page 38: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 38

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005)

Page 39: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 39

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

• Eye Gaze Patterns: Caucasian vs. Asians

• Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger

• Face Areas: Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

(Jack et al., 2009)

Page 40: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 40

(SR = Same Race; OR = Other Race; Jack et al., 2009)

WC = Western Cultures

EA = East Asian Cultures

Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

Page 41: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 41

(Jack et al., 2009)

Greatest Focus, Smallest Focus

Page 42: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 42

Cultural Differences in Display Rules (expressions)

• Japanese (vs. Americans)

• More likely to mask negative feelings in front of other people.

• More appropriate to express anger to out-groups

• Americans (vs. Japanese):

• More appropriate to express disgust and sadness to in-group and happiness to public

• :(Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972; Matsumoto, 1990)

Page 43: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

43

Vocalizations

• European English and Himba tribe in Namibia

• Listened to emotional story, then selected 1 of 2 vocalizations that matched the emotion in story

• Basic Emotions: English and Himba selected correct vocalizations • Did not vary with voice – whether English or

Himba

• More difficulty with positive emotions© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S.K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition ofbasic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107, 2408-2412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908239106]

Page 44: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 44

Page 45: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 45

Physiology

Page 46: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 46

Eliciting Event

• Same Event → Different Emotions• Navajo Indians vs. Americans

• Different Events → Same Emotion • Utko Eskimos vs. Americans

Page 47: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 47

Antecedents and Cognitive Appraisals

• Individualist → Appraisal of the self

• Collectivist → Appraisal of the group OR the self

• Example: Shame, guilt, pride

Page 48: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 48

Cultural Differences in Appraisals: Three Examples

• Appraisals determine type and strength of emotion elicited

• Novelty: Is the event familiar or unfamiliar (novel)?

• Causality: Did I cause this emotion? Someone else? Situation?

• Morality: Is the event moral or immoral?

Page 49: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 49

Novelty

• Are we more likely to show fear to in-group (familiar) or out-group (novel) members?

• Is our fear toward in-group (familiar) or out-group (novel) members more likely to persist?

Page 50: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

Page 51: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

CS

BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

↑ SCR UCS CR

Page 52: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

CS

BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

CS

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

↑ SCR UCS

UCS

↑ SCR

CR

CR

Page 53: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

Page 54: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

CS

WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

↑ SCR UCS CR

Page 55: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

CS

WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

CS

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

↑ SCR UCS

UCS

↑ SCR

CR

CR

Page 56: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 56

WHITE Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO BLACK VS. WHITE FACES

(Olsson et al., 2005)

Page 57: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 57

WHITE Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO BLACK VS. WHITE FACES

SHOWED EXTINCTION

(NO SCR) TO WHITE FACES, BUT NOT

BLACK FACES

(Olsson et al., 2005)

Page 58: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 58

BLACK Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO WHITE VS. BLACK FACES

(Olsson et al., 2005)

Page 59: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 59

BLACK Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO WHITE VS. BLACK FACES

SHOWED EXTINCTION

(NO SCR) TO BLACK FACES, BUT NOT

WHITE FACES

(Olsson et al., 2005)

Page 60: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 60

Novelty

• People acquire more fear (↑ SCR) in response to out-group members (vs. in-group members)

• Fear slower to extinguish (↑ SCR) in response to out-group members (vs. in-group members)

• We are more likely to experience negative emotions toward people from other cultures

Page 61: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 61

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: CAUSALITY

• Who caused our emotions? (self or other)?

• Germany vs. Tonga

• Independent vs. Collectivist

• Germany – More Anger, Less Guilt, Less Shame

• Tonga – Less Anger, More Guilt, More Shame

(Bender et al., 2012)

Page 62: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 62

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: Morality• Is this behavior morally appropriate?

• Compared to other cultures, African cultures view negative emotions as due to more immoral events.

• Compared to other cultures, Latin American cultures view negative emotions as due to more moral events.

Page 63: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 63

(Scherer, 1997)

Page 64: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 64

Do cultural differences exist in the way appraisals → specific emotions?

• Pleasantness, novelty (expectedness), goal conduciveness/obstruction

No Cultural Differenc

es• Control of event,

responsibility, anticipated effort, morality

Cultural Differenc

es

Page 65: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

65

Gender and Emotions

• Women = more sadness, fear, shame, guilt, positive emotions

• Men = more anger

• Biological/universal or gender roles/culture?

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Page 66: Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions,

66

Gender and Emotions

• Men and women in 37 countries

• Predictor: Gender Empowerment Measure

• Outcome: Intensity, expression• Powerful emotions: anger, disgust

• Powerless emotions: fear, sadness, shame, guilt

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

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67

Gender and Emotion Intensity

• Powerful emotions: no gender differences

• Powerless emotions• Women rated as more intense than men

• Women’s ratings did not depend on GEM

• Men’s ratings varied with GEM – more intense for Low GEM countries

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

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68

Gender and Behavior Changes

• Antagonism• Men reported more antagonism than men

• Women’s antagonism varied with GEM

• Low GEM: women reported less antagonism

• High GEM= no gender differences

• Crying• Women reported more crying than men

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

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69

Eliciting Events of Anger

• Target of Romantic Partners – High-GEM women

• Reasons for Anger• Problems/conflicts in RR – High GEM women

• Attack on status – High GEM men and women

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

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70

Gender Differences: Cultural or Universal?

• Universal for intensity of powerful emotions and crying

• Both!

• Greater gender inequality• For men, leads to more restrictive emotionality (less

intense powerless emotions)

• But, does not lead men to adopt the female role (more intense powerless emotions)

• For women, leads to more expressions of antagonism (more powerful emotions) and adoption of male role

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

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© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 71

Summary

• Cultural Differences exist in the 4 Components of Emotions

• Self-reported experience (emotions felt, emotional intensity, mixed emotions)

• Appraisals and Antecedent Events (morality, causality, novelty)

• Behavior (expressions)

• Body (brain, physiology)

• Evolution and Social Constructivist may both be right

• Automatic vs. Controlled Appraisals