Download - Chapter 3 Culture © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior.

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Chapter 3 Culture


Outline

• 3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior (facial expressions, vocalizations)

• Cognitive Appraisals

• Physiology

• Gender and Cultural Differences

• Video: Culture and Emotion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnYFInTrgUs


(Masuda et al., 2005)

1Low Sadness

5High Sadness

1Low

Happiness

5High

Happiness

Central Figure:How Positive? How Negative?



#1


#2



Culture

• “A group-specific practice that emerged from the interaction between a group and its environment.”

• Social Constructivist – cultural differences exist!

• Basic Emotions – no cultural differences!

• Snow Monkey (Japanese Macaque)(Schirmer, 2015, p.357)

http://www.arkive.org/japanese-macaque/macaca-fuscata/video-08c.html


3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

• Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996)

• Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology


I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree


I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist


Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”Equality

“Interdependence”Hierarchy; Status


Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”“Interdependence”

China, Japan

America, Western Europe

Japanese American, Chinese

American


SELF

MOTHER

FATHER

BROTHER

FRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER


SELFMOTHER FATHER

BROTHERFRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER


Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy


Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy

AmericaJapanPhilippinesGuatemalaMalaysia

AustriaIsrael

Denmark

United Kingdom

High PD Low PD


Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

• Linear Epistemology:• Aristotle

• Goal = Happiness; optimize positive feelings

• Dialectical Epistemology:• Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

• Goal = Moderation; balance b/w positive and negative feelings


Cultural Differences in Emotion Components


Cultural Differences in Emotion Components

• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior – Facial Expressions, Vocalizations

• Cognitive Appraisals

• Note: Review Scherer (1997) study on universal cognitive appraisals

• Physiological Responses


Subjective Feelings

• Socially Disengaged Emotions: Ego-Focused Emotions• Anger, Pride

• Socially Engaged Emotions: Other-Focused Emotions• Guilt, Friendliness, Shame

• Diary Study: Japanese vs. American university students• Engaging = Guilt, Friendliness; Disengaging = Anger, Pride

(Kitayama et al., 2004)


Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce




3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce


3

4

Negative situation

JapaneseAmericans

Negative Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce



Subjective Feelings

• Dialectical cultures more likely to experience mixed emotions

• Evidence:

• East Asia > Asian-Americans > Americans

(Scollon et al., 2004; Perunovic et al., 2007; Shiota et al., 2010)


Facial Expressions

• IV = Japanese vs. American Participants

• IV = 1) Central figure expression matches crowd or 2) Central figure expression does not match crowd

• DV = Participants perceived intensity of emotion felt by central figure



Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions



Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions


Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions

Japa

nese

Amer

ican

s1

7

Happy-HappyHappy-Sad

Deg

ree

of

happi-

nes

s1 =

low

; 5 =

hig

h



• Eye Gaze Patterns: Caucasian vs. Asians

• Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger

• Face Areas: Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

(Jack et al., 2009)


(SR = Same Race; OR = Other Race; Jack et al., 2009)

WC = Western Cultures

EA = East Asian Cultures

Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth


(Jack et al., 2009)

Greatest Focus, Smallest Focus


Cultural Differences in Display Rules (expressions)

• Japanese (vs. Americans)

• More likely to mask negative feelings in front of other people.

• More appropriate to express anger to out-groups

• Americans (vs. Japanese):

• More appropriate to express disgust and sadness to in-group and happiness to public

• :(Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972; Matsumoto, 1990)

Vocalizations

• European English and Himba tribe in Namibia

• Listened to emotional story, then selected 1 of 2 vocalizations that matched the emotion in story

• Basic Emotions: English and Himba selected correct vocalizations • Did not vary with voice – whether English or

Himba

• More difficulty with positive emotions© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S.K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition ofbasic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107, 2408-2412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908239106]

http://sk8es4mc2l.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQ:psycinfo&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS+Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Cross-cultural+recognition+of+basic+emotions+through+nonverbal+emotional+vocalizations.&rft.au=Sauter,+Disa+A.;Eisner,+Frank;Ekman,+Paul;Scott,+Sophie+K.&rft.aulast=Sauter&rft.aufirst=Disa&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=2408&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=PNAS+Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.issn=00278424&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073/pnas.0908239106


Cognitive AppraisalsReview Scherer (1997) Study

• Joy most universal emotion

• Shame and guilt similar appraisals

• Cultural differences for African and Latin American participants

• Cultural differences in morality, external causation, coping


Do cultural differences exist in the way appraisals → specific emotions?

•Pleasantness, novelty (expectedness), goal conduciveness/obstruction

No Cultural Differences

•Control of event, responsibility, anticipated effort, morality

Cultural Difference

s


Physiological Responses

• Applied Facial Feedback Hypothesis

• Ps’ instructed to make facial expressions associated with a distinct emotion

• Universality?

• Cross-Cultural Differences?


Indonesia

US

Gender and Emotions

• Women = more sadness, fear, shame, guilt, positive emotions

• Men = more anger

• Biological/universal or gender roles/culture?


[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Gender and Emotions

• Men and women in 37 countries

• Predictor: Gender Empowerment Measure

• Outcome: Intensity, expression• Powerful emotions: anger, disgust

• Powerless emotions: fear, sadness, shame, guilt



Gender and Emotion Intensity

• Powerful emotions: no gender differences

• Powerless emotions• Women rated as more intense than men

• Women’s ratings did not depend on GEM

• Men’s ratings varied with GEM – more intense for Low GEM countries



Gender and Behavior Changes

• Antagonism• Men reported more antagonism than women

• Women’s antagonism varied with GEM

• Low GEM: women reported less antagonism

• High GEM= no gender differences

• Crying• Women reported more crying than men



Eliciting Events of Anger

• Target of Romantic Partners – High-GEM women

• Reasons for Anger• Problems/conflicts in RR – High GEM women

• Attack on status – High GEM men and women



Gender Differences: Cultural or Universal?

• Universal for intensity of powerful emotions and crying

• Both!

• Greater gender inequality• For men, leads to more restrictive emotionality (less

intense powerless emotions)

• But, does not lead men to adopt the female role (more intense powerless emotions)

• For women, leads to more expressions of antagonism (more powerful emotions) and adoption of male role




Summary

• Cultural Differences exist in the 4 Components of Emotions

• Self-reported experience (emotions felt, emotional intensity, mixed emotions)

• Appraisals (morality, causality, coping)

• Behavior (expressions, vocalizations)

• Physiology

• Evolution and Social Constructivist may both be right

• Automatic vs. Controlled Appraisals