Chapter 2: The
Planting of English
America
N Am:
Spanish occupied Santa Fe
French occupied Quebec
English occupied Jamestown
England: Religious conflictKing Henry VIII broke w/ C-Church started Prot. Reformation.
Daughter - Elizabeth I – raised to be a devout Prot.
Ireland - predominately Cath. asked Sp for help against Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I’s troops crushed Irish (Cath) uprising--conflict still exists
Elizabeth I: (Queen 1558-1603) Religion: promoted Protestantism
Catholicism Protestantism
God God Pope Priest Hierarchy Peasant Peasant
“Sea dogs” plundered the Spanish Main/Armada (carrying gold/supplies from New World).
Best “sea dog” - Francis Drake - later knighted for his success (allowed crown to take a share of his bounty)
King Philip II of Spain
Queen Elizabeth I of
England
Colonization:1583 - Humphrey Gilbert - explored Newfoundland - unsuccessful.1585 - Walter Raleigh (1/2 brother of Gilbert) - est. settlement at Roanoke Is, NC also proved to be unsuccessful –
disappeared.
1588 - Sp King Philip II’s Sp Armada defeated impact: helped to ensure Eng’s naval
dominance in N Atlantic
English Characteristics:1. strong, unified national state2. popular monarch3. some religious unity4. sense of nationalism and national destiny - to rule/expand.
Golden Age of Literature illustrated:1. thirst for adventure2. curiosity of unknown3. spirit of self-confidence4. vibrant patriotism5. restlessness
England Early 1600s - Stage is set for colonization
a. enclosure of croplands - feudal system being replaced by sheep industry moreb. small farmers (part of feudal system) now unemployed.
c. creation of laws of primogeniture - eldest son inherits; younger sons look
elsewhere.
d. some form of religious toleration/freedom.
e. New World = new market
f. birth of joint-stock companies - investors pool $; form company whose main intent to make a profit.
Virginia Co. of London received charter from King James I to settle in New World; est. Va Colony.
a. Special - guaranteed overseas settlers same rights as those Englishmen at home.
b. Late 1606 - 3 ships land in Chesapeake Bay area (1607)- attacked by Indians - move further up into Bay; land along James
River (easily defendable but mosquito infested).
c. Most die of disease, malnutrition, and starvation--gentlemen interested only in finding gold not settlement.
d. John Smith kidnapped by Indians in 1607; saved by Pocahontas; returns in 1608 to take “charge” -- “He who shall not work, shall not eat!
e. 1609-10 - “Starving Time” - of 400 only 60 survive; want to go home; leave but encounter reinforcements under Lord De La Warr who ordered them to turn around; took control.
f. First Powhatan War: Lord De La Warr organized military action using Irish tactics of raiding Indian villages (burned houses; took supplies; torched cornfields). Peace 1614 with
marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe.
g. Second Powhatan War (1644): last attempt by Indians to get rid of Jamestown
members; failed.
Result: Ind. banished from area and formally separated Ind/white areas of settlement. – Powhatan failed because of 3 D’s:
a. Disease - small pox, measlesb. Disorganization - lacked unity among Indiansc. Disposability - Indians had no real value
1. couldn’t put to work in mines - - no economic function
2. no reliable labor source3. no valuable commodities to offer commerceResult: get rid of w/o harming colonial economy.
Saving Grace: TOBACCO Pocahontas tells Rolfe secret of growing tobacco – cash crop.King Nicotine:a. planted extensively - even in streets
b. caused price fluctuation - everyone planted it c. ruins soil - takes nitrogen out of soil
d. promoted broad-base plantation system with demand for labor
1619 - Dutch sold 20 African slaves in Jamestown - planted “seeds” of slave system.
h. 1619 - House of Burgesses formed - assembly to handle certain local problemsi. 1624 - King James I mad at Va Co/Jamestown:
1. hates tobacco personally even though it makes $
2. distrusts House of Burgesses - making their own decisions.
Result: revokes Va Co’s charter with a royal charter thus making Jamestown a
royal colony under the direct control of the King.
Maryland Colony (1634)
Lord Baltimore establishes colony to: 1. make $
2. create catholic haven a. Huge estates were granted to Cath.
relativesb. Prot. want to come/granted sm.
farms on the outskirts of town.
c. Colony founded on tobacco. d. Labor: indentured servants -
penniless people who worked off their
passage.
1649 - Lord Baltimore - passed the Act of Toleration - granted religious toleration to all CHRISTIANS -- Jews and Atheists were still persecuted.
England -- Mid-1600s
W Indies Is. (esp. Jamaica)1. sugar plantations - rich man’s crop vs. tobacco’s poor man’s crop in N Am. (planted cane, harvest, refine, then get final product)
2. imported African slaves (could afford it and eventually slaves will outnumber whites 4:1)
3. to maintain control – created “slave codes” most famous -
1661 - Barbados slave codes - denied most fundamental rts and allowed masters complete domination and use (including the rt to punish).
English Politics: 1629 - Charles I dismisses Parliament1640 - Charles I reestablishes Parliament but
some were mutinous.1649 - Charles I is beheaded and
Oliver Cromwell takes over.
1660 - Charles II (son of previous King) overthrows Cromwell
Restoration Period - rewarded 8 loyalists who help him “restore” the throne lg. land grants in Carolina - hope to grow food stuff, sugar cane, wine, silk, olive oil.
By 1670 - became the link between N Am (food stuff)
and W Indies (sugar cane).
1670 - Some Barbados English Settlers move to the
Carolinas1. brought few Africans2. imported “slave codes”3. enter slave business in Charlestown but were somewhat unwilling to export Indians to W. Indies.
1710 - bloody raids annihilated the “Savannah Indians”.
1. rice soon replaced other crops (sugar cane and tobacco)
2. called for African slaves - immune to malaria and knew how to grow
rice.
North Carolina’s Emergence:
a. Poverty stricken outcasts and religious dissenters from Va moved south and became squatters - w/o legal rt to land.b. Sm. farmers of SC who snubbed aristocracy
moved north – became squatters.c. Both befriend pirates/develop strong dislike for authority (like RI)
Importance of Georgia Colony:
SC’s prosperous sugar cane/rice industries were threatened by Sp Fla and hostile Indians from Fr. La.
King George II’s problem solved when group of philanthropists, under James Oglethorpe, proposed setting up a buffer “colony” in N Am.
Georgia’s Characteristics:
a. Ga would soon thrive as a debtor’s colonyb. Attracted all kinds of people - Germans, Scots
Irish, etc.c. Allowed religious toleration for all Christians
except Catholics.
SOUTHERN COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS:
(VA, MD, NC, SC, GA) a. produced profitable
staple crops - tobacco and rice
b. slavery c. soil butchers - leads
to expansion westward
d. scattering of plantations - retarded growth of cities and made establishment of
schools/churches difficult and expensive.e. some religious toleration - tax-supported Church of England – dominant faith.
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