31
Chapter – 2
Review of related literature
64
CHAPTER – 2
INDEX
Chapter
No.
Description Page
No.
2.1 Expiation of Review of related literature: 31
2.2 Identifying related literature
32
2.3 Locating the sources of information – library 32
2.4 Reference materials 32
2.5 Research periodicals and Journals 33
2.6 Synopsis 34
2.7 Abstracts 35
2.8 Theses and Dissertations 35
2.9 Government Documents 36
2.10 Monographs 36
2.11 Internet 36
2.12 Bibliographies and Directories 36
2.13 Reference books 36
2.14 Organizing related materials 36
2.15 Beginning of co-operative 36
2.16 Background of co-operation 37
2.17 Sugar cooperatives in the liberalized economy 38
2.18 Cooperatives in new economic environment of
sugar factories:
40
65
Chapter
No.
Description Page
No.
2.19 Brief history and development of sugar industry 40
2.20 Sugar mills in Gujarat 44
2.21 Gujarat sugar industry 45
2.22 Sugar factory list in Gujarat 45
2.23 Map of sugar factory in Gujarat 48
2.24 Gujarat state federation of co-op. sugar factories
Ltd.
49
2.25 Area of sugarcane and production 50
2.26 Net sugar and molasses produces, recovery of
sugar & average final molasses % cane of Gujarat
state federation of co-op. sugar factories ltd.
51
2.27 Burnt cane month-wise percentage for season
2009-2010 of Gujarat state federation of co-op.
sugar factories ltd.
52
2.28 Details of milling bagasse and added water %
cane of Gujarat state federation of co-op. sugar
factories ltd
53
2.29 Technical performance of Gujarat state federation
of co-op. sugar factories ltd.
54
2.30 Bench mark of Gujarat state federation of co-op.
sugar factories ltd
55
2.31 Season wise important date from 1995-96 to
2009-10 of Gujarat state federation of co-op.
sugar factories ltd
56
2.32 Functions of directorate of sugar-Gujarat 57
2.33 Growth of sugar industry in India 58
66
Chapter
No.
Description Page
No.
2.34 Picture of sugar industries in India 59
2.35 Profile of Indian sugar Industry 60
2.36 Sugar industries in India 61
2.37 Sugar production in India 61
2.38 Financial Data 61
2.39 History and growth of Indian sugar industry 62
2.40 Sugar consumption in India 62
2.41 Supply of sugarcane in India 63
2.42 Sugar cane (regulation of supply & purchase) act,
1953
63
2.43 Genesis of sugarcane and sugar in India 63
2.44 Picture of sugar industries in world 64
2.45 International trade of Sugar 65
2.46 Sugar exports from India 66
2.47 Import of sugar by India 66
2.48 Types of Sugar 67
2.49 Sugar Processing 69
31
2.1 EXPIATION OF REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE:
Research is based mainly on review of relevant literature once a
topic has been decided upon it is essential to review all relevant material
connected with the topic. In fact review of literature continues throughout
the duration of research project work. Since a research report either a
dissertation or a theses, is supposed to be study in depth aiming
contribution to knowledge a care full check should be made that the
proposed study has not previously been carried out completely new and
original problems are rare however a previous study should not exactly
has replicated unless the techniques used has been facility or the findings
and conclusions doubtful or unless some new sources of information has
been discovered to shed new light on the problem if is necessary related
to previous research studies. In some subject areas it is important to
locate the problem within a theoretical frame work and in such case the
underlying theory needs to be reviewed as well.
Thus, Review of related literature is an aspect of on the part of a
researcher. The researches which have been done in the past help the
researcher in many directions like locating, studying and evaluating
reports of the past researches, study of published and unpublished
articles, encyclopedia, abstracts, journals,, periodicals, magazines and
books of the related area. Through these materials the researcher gets
benefits regarding his area of study. So review of related literature can
never be kept isolation.
32
2.2 IDENTIFYING RELATED LITERATURE
The researcher first identifies the literature, which is to be read and
evaluated. For this purpose he relates his area of research with researches
done earlier. The identification of related literature can be made through
the skillful use of various sources of information available. So the
investigator must know about the following points.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION ARE AS UNDER
1. Primary Sources of information
2. Secondary Sources of information
(i) Direct Sources
(ii) Indirect sources
2.3 LOCATING THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION –
LIBRARY
The Researcher has visited Many College Libraries, Saurashtra
University Library, Gujarat University Library, Bhavnagar University
Library and Collected Lot-of Information regarding his Ph.d. Subject.
Than he has put all these information related chapters.
2.4 REFERENCE MATERIALS
I. Exact Quotation
II. Paraphrase
III. Summary
IV. Evaluation
33
Above these 4 points the researcher has made exact questions for
related questionnaire to collect the answers from the subject. Than he has
made related Paraphrase in his thesis at proper places. Thus he has
summarized exact quotations and paraphrase and has evaluated on his
own look as per his Ph.d. Subject.
2.5 RESEARCH PERIODICALS AND JOURNALS
The researcher has used mainly Periodicals and Journals about Co-
operative Societies and Sugar Factories. These all literature has taken
from the world, India, and Gujarat Region.
1. Cooperative Sugar Press News, National Federation of Co-
operative Sugar Factories Ltd. weekly publication for the week of
Jan.27 – Feb. 02, 2011 (Volume – 41)
2. Gujarat state federation of co-op. Sugar factories ltd. "Sardar
Sahakari Khand Bhavan", Plot No. 274, Sector-16, 'GH' Road,
Gandhinagar – 382016
3. 50th Annual Report Year 2009-10 of Gujarat State Co-operative
Sugar Udhyog Sangh Ltd.
4. Analysis – The Quarterly Journal of Research & Readings in
Economics, Volume 35 No.4 October – December 2010. Published
by : Vishleshan Trust
5. Arth Sanklan – Leading Gujarati Magazine for Economice and
Commerce , No. 487, Published by Arth Sanklan Public Charitable
Trust.
34
2.6 SYNOPSIS
Synopsis means the main points of the research have been
expressed before the final report has submitted. The researcher shows in
the synopsis the problem of the study, area of the study, references related
the study here. The sum examples of the synopsis are as under:
1. Co-operative Banking System: With Special Reference to
Junagadh District, Prof.: Praful B. Kanjiya, Economic Department,
Shri Patel Kelavni Mandal College of Technology, Junagadh.
―Shaurashtra University , Rajkot – 2006‖
2. Economic And Social Effect on Beneficiaries of Advance Co-
operative Societies, A synopsis of the Thesis to be submitted to
Saurashtra University, Rajkot for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Economics Under the faculty of Commerce by
Shweta Bharatbhai Ajmera, Savarkundla in 2004.
3. ―Role of No economic factors (Social & Cultural) in Rural
Economic Development ―(Related to Bhavnagar District)
Researcher: Shri Harjibhai Dudhat – M.A., M.Ed. at Lok Bharti,
Lok Seva, Mahavidhyalaya, Sanosara. In June - 2007
4. Analysis of efficiency of Co-operative Banks Established in
Surendranagar District‖ A Synopsis of the Thesis to be submitted
to Saurashtra University, Rajkot. For the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Economics. Under the Faculty of Arts By Mrs.
Sadhnaba R. Gohil Lecturer & Head Economics Shree Bahauddin
Arts College, Junagadh. In 2008
5. ―Impact of Small Irrigation on Agriculture Production, Income
And Employment : A study in the context of Rajkot and Jamnagar
35
District of Saurashtra Region.‖ Researcher: Pro. Ramila H. Virani,
Shri Joshipura Arts & Commerce College, Junagadh. Saurashtra
University, Rajkot – 2008.
6. ―Problems and Prospects of Agrarian Economy of Saurashtra
Region‖
Researcher Economic Professor Ram K. Varotaria, at Shri U.N.
Mehta Arts College Morbi in 2007.
2.7 ABSTRACTS
I. Indian Education Abstract
II. Education Digest
III. Educational Abstract
IV. Psychological Abstract
From Above Abstract The Researcher has Studies in related his
Ph.d. Subject and has explained not only co-operative societies, Sugar
Factories but also to Guide the education and Educational Institution with
the background of Psychological aspects, so he wants to inspire the
farmers in their farming. He has concentrate as per our Ph.d. Subject on
farming of sugar-cane and products of Sugar cane, Why Selling the sugar-
cane to the Sugar Factories with proper reasons.
2.8 THESES AND DISSERTATIONS:
The researcher has always expressed all his views about related
Ph.d. subject with so many thesis and Dissertations. He has studied many
theses and dissertation from various university libraries. He has discussed
36
with Number of his friends who have got the Ph.d. Degree in Economic
Fields related his research subject.
2.9 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
2.10 MONOGRAPHS
2.11 INTERNET
2.12 BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND DIRECTORIES
2.13 REFERENCE BOOKS
2.14 ORGANIZING RELATED MATERIALS
I. Recording Reference Information
II. Recording Content of Reference
Above 2.8 to 2.13 points are very useful the researcher. He gets
most important and valuables standard information‘s for his research
here. These points are the very much supported in his problem, reference,
area and etc. which are most necessary for the base. Here the researcher
wants to discuss the previous explanation about the word ―co-operative‖
as follow:
2.15 BEGINNING OF CO-OPERATIVE:
The cooperative movement began in Europe in the 19th century,
primarily in Britain and France, although The Shore Porters Society
claims to be one of the world's first cooperatives, being established in
Aberdeen in 1498 (although it has since demutualized to become a
private partnership). The industrial revolution and the increasing
37
mechanization of the economy transformed society and threatened the
livelihoods of many workers. The concurrent labor and social movements
and the issues they attempted to address describe the climate at the time.
The first consumer cooperative may have been founded on March
14, 1761, in a barely furnished cottage in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, when
local weavers manhandled a sack of oatmeal into John Walker's
whitewashed front room and began selling the contents at a discount,
forming the Fenwick Weavers' Society.
In the decades that followed, several cooperatives or cooperative
societies formed including Lennoxtown Friendly Victualling Society,
founded in 1812.
By 1830, there were several hundred co-operatives. Some were
initially successful, but most cooperatives founded in the early 19th
century had failed by 1840. However, Lockhurst Lane Industrial Co-
operative Society (founded in 1832 and now Heart of England Co-
operative Society), and Galashiels and Hawick Co-operative Societies
(1839 or earlier, now Lothian, Borders & Angus Co-operative Society)
still trade today.
It was not until 1844 when the Rochdale Society of Equitable
Pioneers established the ‗Rochdale Principles‘ on which they ran their
cooperative, that the basis for development and growth of the modern
cooperative movement was established. [11]
2.16 BACKGROUND OF CO-OPERATION:
Looking back into the ancient past, one can get the previous points
about co-operation that there is mention of co-operative societies by
artists and mechanics in Egypt. In Greece, people of lower class were
38
seen joining the co-operative societies for religious rites. In Rome, there
existed co-operative societies were functioning, wherein co-operative
elements were seen. Co-operative elements are seen in the
commandments of Christianity. Thus, hardly there is any human society
in any age that has not implemented the philosophy of cooperation.
Before 3000 B.C., in the areas on the bank of central sea and in
Egypt, there developed sugarcane plantation. Thereafter, almost in the
15th century, the agricultural produce developed rapidly. In the third
decade of this century, with the protectionism in India, the modern sugar
industries were started. In Chemistry, sugar is carbohydrate. Sugar is very
much necessary for maintaining temperature of human body and for
providing energy to human body. The basic element of sugar is sucrose.
This element has calorie of 395 per kilogram.
Thus the sugar is required for human beings from the time
immemorial. So the benefits of the co-operations must be cleared for the
sugar co-operative society that is here explained as under.
2.17 SUGAR COOPERATIVES IN THE LIBERALISED
ECONOMY
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA WAS passing through a very
difficult phase in 1991. The foreign exchange reserves were at its lowest
ebb during that period and due to political turmoil in the country, the
scenario was bad
However, In spite of many obstructions, the Government of India
announced the new economic policy which highlighted the following :-
39
(i) No licensing except in 18 industries.
(ii) No MRTP assets limit and no prior approval required for MRTP.
(iii) Foreign investment limits up to 51% in 34 high priority industries.
(iv) List of areas reserved for public sector undertakings to be confined
to eight sectors.
(v) Automatic approval of foreign technology agreement.
(vi) Automatic clearance for import of capital goods, provided foreign
exchange requirement covered by equity.
(vii) Mandatory convertibility clause enabling financial institution to
convert loan into equity to go.
Cooperative being value based movement has a never ending
relevance. Its basic values viz. honesty, democratic functioning, mutual
concern and self-reliance are of universal values and are firmly rooted in
our soil. They are acceptable to all members of the society regardless of
religion, caste, community or class. The values are not inborn but have to
be nurtured. While, it is important o give emphasis to liberalization, the
social part of the cooperatives cannot be ignored altogether. The
Government should give level playing field to the private mills as well as
cooperatives in order to provide competitive environment it.
Liberalization should not be followed blindly in our country and
cooperatives should get priority particularly in agro-processing
industries. [12]
40
2.18 COOPERATIVES IN NEW ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT OF SUGAR FACTORIES:
In purchase of the policy of liberalization and to encourage the
expansion of private sector licensing system has been liberalized and
import and export duties have been reduced or withdrawn. The policy
also is to privatize the public sector undertakings wherever feasible and
desirable. The new economic environment will necessitate restructuring
of various sectors of economy. What will be the impact of the various
economic reforms in the form of liberalization, privatization,
mercerization and globalization on cooperatives, whether there would be
relevance of co-operatives at all in the new economic environment, as co-
operatives have a district identity in regard to their object, organizational
structure, approach, outlook, pattern of governance etc. and whether it
will be possible for co-operatives to retain or preserve their entity and
identity as such.
2.19 BRIEF HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUGAR
INDUSTRY:
Let's see the history and development of sugar industry at three
levels i.e. State National and global. The detailed discussion of it is given
below:
At Global Level:
In the countries of the world, the history of cooperative ideology is
ancient and stretching over many years. There are evidences in history
that prove that the cooperative method of business is as old as human
being. - (5) There is production of two types of sugar in the world. East
41
India Company earned a lot of profit by purchasing sugar made from beat
and sugarcane and selling the same in the European markets. At this time,
production of sugar in India was very easy. Mechanical power was not
used for the production of sugar. But in West Indies, there were huge
efforts for sugar production at a very large scale. But because of
technological snag, they failed to extract complete juice from sugar.
Therefore, other countries had to import sugar from India.
At National Level:
The History of sugar production in India in the form of cottage
industry dates back to ancient past. India also exported sugar. Even East
India Company earned a lot of profit by purchasing sugar from India and
exporting it in the European market. At this time, sugar production was
very easy. Hardly any power was used for sugar production. India's
position changed since 1863-64 as a country exporting sugar. The country
started importing sugar and export decreased. But after 1900-1901, import
increased. The obvious reason for this was that sugar made from beat by
other countries was cheaper than sugar from sugarcane in India.
In 1899, Lord Carson government levied octroi on sugar being
imported from Europe. Despite, the industries were not protected well.
Till the First World War, there was not much decrease in foreign
competition. During the war, because of decrease in import, there was
shortage of sugar and its prices increased much. After 1925, sugar import
increased. As an impact of this, the farmers producing sugar had to suffer
a lot. Therefore, state governments of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and
Orissa requested the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research for giving
protection to sugar industries. In the history of India, for the first time the
question of protection of interests of agriculture came to Tariff Board. The
Board accepted to give protection. Accepting these recommendations, the
42
Board decided to give protection for about 15 years. In 19342 to give
protection to sugar producers, minimal price was offered by passing the
Sugar Act.
In the world, with reference to sugar production, India is the
largest sugar producing country. After the textile industry, sugar industry
is the second largest industry dependent on agriculture because of this
after the Indian independence; co-operative activities got an upward push.
Progress of sugar industries has been important in five Year Plans. After
independence, there has been three times increase in the number of sugar
mills. The sugar production has increased by 15 times. Main states in
India producing sugar include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Hariyana, Gujarat and others.
Form 1 ton sugarcane production, 100 kg sugar, 300 kg bagas and
40 kilo liter molasses is obtained. Molasses is very much important sugar
product. It has close connection with alcohol industry. Furthermore,
different types of acids are made from molasses. Bagas is what remains
after extracting juice from sugar. It is used in boiler to generate steam or
also used in generating electricity. Bagas is also used in paper mills. In
terms of area and production both, India is the largest sugarcane producing
country. Sugarcane industry is the largest industry in the country that is
dependent on agriculture. This industry has an important role in our
agricultural economy. -
In India, after the Five Year Plans, number of cooperative sugar
factories and sugar production has been increasing. The cooperative sugar
factories started in remote areas as rural development centers. Today, the
share in export of sugar by these factories is increasing. Sugar factories in
India have developed in 18 states. In these, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar
Pradesh, Tamilnadu, etc are in the forefront. The following table shows
the state wise sugar industries in India:
43
Table 2.19.1 (State wise Sugar production in India (in ton)
Sr.
No.
State 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94
1 Andhra Pradesh 194 197 273 284 181 221
2 Assam 9 11 8 9 8 3
3 Bihar (East) ~ -- -- — ~ ~
4 Goa 9 9 8 17 13 7
5 Gujarat 10 64 95 76 26 44
6 Saurashtra -- — -- - -- -
7 South 586 603 737 677 725 782
8 Gujarat (Total) 578 667 832 735 751 826
9 Hariyana 152 176 222 312 214 171
10 Karnataka
(East-West)
— -- -- — — —
11 Karnataka (Total) 352 386 452 495 403 375
12 Kerala 12 13 8 8 5 2
13 Madhyapradesh 22 27 49 55 22 16
14 Maharashtra (East) 601 1006 1140 1028 599 530
15 Central — - -- -- — 1014
16 South 1949 2802 2870 3062 2606 1155
17 Maharashtra (Total) 2550 3808 4010 4091 3396 2699
18 Nagaland — -- -- — — -
19 Orissa 16 14 21 35 32 23
20 Pondicherry 30 17 19 26 19 16
21 Punjab 173 179 221 303 317 223
22 Raj as than 8 6 8 12 8 5
23 Tamilnadu 424 375 463 495 439 444
24 U.P. (Centre) 341 314 380 575 451 380
East 84 215 102 131 94 75
West 119 210 198 237 161 169
Total 544 719 680 943 706 624
25 West Bengal — — — — — —
India (Total) 5073 6586 7274 7838 6424 5655
Percentage
(of cooperative sector)
58 59.9 60.4 58.5 60.6 57.5
(www.gujsugarfed.com)
44
Observing the above table, it is clear that in India how much
Sugarcane crushing is done by cooperative societies. Sugarcane crushing
in India is done in 18 states. The most crushing of sugarcane in India is
done in Maharashtra state. Gujarat stands second in crushing it. The least
crushing is in Rajasthan. All these factories have to struggle hard for
procuring raw material. Their raw material depends on Nature. If there is
enough rainfall or enough water supplies, there is good produce of
sugarcane. Furthermore, these factories have to face many government
controls. Despite all this difficulties, the cooperative sugar industries have
developed well during five year plans.
2.20 SUGAR MILLS IN GUJARAT
The sugar mills form a bulk of the Gujarat sugar industry. Around
17 sugar factories in the state are equipped with advanced technological
equipments which have a capacity to crush around 65,000 tons of sugar
daily. Around 1.9 lakh hector of the total cultivable land is meant for
sugarcane cultivation.
Today, the sugar mills in the state covers and employs more than
4.50 lakh farmers and cultivators. The overall turnover of the co-
operative sugar mills in Gujarat crossed around Rs 2000 crores for the
financial year 2008 to 2009. Apart from offering various types of
employment opportunities in the organized sector, the unorganized sector
also offers scope for employment for lots of people. It is estimated that
the total number of people directly and indirectly associated with the
Gujarat sugar industry is around 3.15 lakh.
45
2.21 GUJARAT SUGAR INDUSTRY
Gujarat sugar industry forms a major part of the sugar industry in
India. It is a part of the agro based industries in the country and
contributes a significant portion to the gross domestic product of the
country. In fact, India is the second largest producer of sweets in the
world and a number of varieties of sweet products are manufactured in
various sugar mills of Gujarat and exported to other countries across the
world.
2.22 SUGAR FACTORY LIST IN GUJARAT
Names and addresses of Chairmen/Managing Directors of Sugar
Factories:
1. Shree Khedut Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., P.O.Sardar
Baug, Baben Bardoli-394 602, Dist. Surat.
2. Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandal Ltd.,Gandevi- 396360, Via
Bilimora, Dist.Navsari
3. Madhi Vibhag Khand Udyog Sahakari Mandli Ltd., P.B.No.5, At
& Post Madhi-393 340,Dist.Surat
4. Shree Chalthan Vibhag Khand Udyog Sahakari Mandli
Ltd.,Chalthan-394 305, Ta. Palsana, Dist. Surat.
5. Shri Maroli Vibhag Khand Udyog Sahakari Mandli Ltd.,
Kalyannagar, Maroli Bazar-396 436,Ta.Jalalpor, Dist. Navsari
46
6. Shree Valsad Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., N.H. No.8,
Parnera-Pardi, P.O. Valsad Sugar Factory-396 007, Dist. Valsad.
7. Shree Sayan Vibhag Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd.,Sayan-
394370,Ta.Olpad, Dist.Surat.
8. Shree Mahuva Pradesh Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandali Ltd.,
Factory Site Bamania-394 246, Dist. Surat
9. Shree Ukai Pradesh Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., At &
Post Khushalpura- 394 650, Ta. Vyara, Dist. Surat.
10. Shree Ganesh Khand Udyog Sahakari Mandli Ltd., 'Harisinh
Mahida Bhavan', Vataria-393 001,Ta.Valia, Dist. Bharuch
11. Shree Kamrej Vibhag Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., Navi-
Pardi-394 150, Ta.Kamrej, Dist.Surat.
12. Shree Khedut Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., At Pandvai,
Ta.Hansot, P.B.No.3,Via Kosamba,(RS)-394 120 Dist. Bharuch
13. Shree Narmada Khand Udyog Sahakari Mandli Ltd., At
Dharikheda,
Post Timbi 393 140, Via Pratapnagar SPO, Ta. Nandod, Dist.
Narmada.
14. Coper Co-operative Sugar Ltd., Dadariya, Taluka Valod,
Dist. Tapi-394 630 (Gujarat)
15. Vadodara Dist.Co- Op. Sugarcane Growers' Union Ltd., At & Post
Gandhar, Ta. Karjan, Dist. Vadodara District Ragistrar Narmada
Bhavan, 'C' Block, 4th Floor Vadodara
47
16. Shree Bileshwar Khedut Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd.,
Kodinar-362 720, Ta. Kodinar, Dist. Junagadh.
17. Shri Talala Taluka Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., Sasan
Road, Talala (Gir) 362 150, Ta. Talala, Dist. Junagadh
18. Shree Una Taluka Khedut Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd.,
Gir-Gadhada Road, Una (Sorath) 362 560
19. Kaveri Vibhag Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd.,Nisha
Complex, 1st floor, Flat No.103, Opp: Water Tank Khergam Road,
P.B.No. 5, Chikhali-396 521, Dist. Valsad..
20. Shree Damanganga Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., National
Highway No.8, (Station Bhilad), Ta.Umargam, P.B.No.22, Bhilad-
396 105, Dist.Valsad
21. Shree Surat Jilla Uttar Purve Vibhag Khand Udyog Sahakari
Mandali Ltd., At.Naren, Ta.mandvi, Dist. Surat.
22. Shree Ukai Asargrat Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandali
Ltd.,(Gunsada), At.Bardipada Falia, Ta.Songadh, Dist.Tapi.
23. Shree Mahi Panchmahal Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd.,
Above Co-operative Press, Opp: Jain Society, Highway Road,
Godhara-389 001, Dist. Panchmahal.
24. Shree Kantha Vibhag Sahakari Khand Udyog Mandli Ltd., Saras,
Gupta Complex, Kim Road, Behind Parimal Talkies, Opp: Balva
Talav, At & Post Saras, Ta. Olpad, Dist.Surat.
48
2.23 MAP OF SUGAR FACTORY IN GUJARAT
49
2.24 GUJARAT STATE FEDERATION OF CO-OP.
SUGAR FACTORIES LTD.
Formally, the Gujarat State Federation of Co-operative Sugar
Factories Limited was registered in 1960, at Ahmedabad, as facilitator of
Sugar Co-operatives with following objective: -
To coordinate activities of different Co-operative Sugar factories.
To provide technical support and guidance for the expansion.
renovation and modernization of the existing units and in by
product utilization and sale
To assist the units in programming funds from the financial
institutions and government bodies.
To encourage the research work for better quality of Sugar lane
Crop. Thereby achieving the Optimum production.
To provide technical and professional training to the farmers to
improve their field.
To be an important interface between to Co-operative Sugar
factories and the government bodies.
"Sugar Co-operative and their leaders in Gujarat are endowed with
Co-operative Spirit, Business acumen and rich experience in running
Sugar Industry, In changed economic environment by Proper planning,
prudent management and cost disciplines encouraging Government
Policy Gujarat Sugar Co-operative Sector can trans from Sugar Industry
into Sugar Cane Complex and provide direction to others."
50
2.25 AREA OF SUGARCANE AND PRODUCTION
Table - 2.25.1
Season Area (Ha) Production/(ha)(MT)
2009-10 157632 70.02
2008-09 150233 74.75
2007-08 189357 73.75
2006-07 182000 72.500
2005-06 158128 71.530
2004-05 129774 70.000
2003-04 150000 67.190
(50
th Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.24)
2.26 NET SUGAR AND MOLASSES PRODUCES,
RECOVERY OF SUGAR & AVERAGE FINAL
MOLASSES % CANE OF GUJARAT STATE
FEDERATION OF CO-OP. SUGAR FACTORIES
LTD.
Table - 2.26.1
Sr.
No.
Factory Total Net
Sugar
Produced
(Qtls.)
Net
Molasses
Produced
(MT)
Sugar
Recovery
(%)
Avg.
Final
Molasses
% Cane
South Gujarat
01 Bardoli 2103768 87452 10.765 4.475
51
02 Gandevi 1262804 49254 11.406 4.449
03 Madhi 1289877 50077 10.660 4.139
04 Chalthan 1150689 52276 10.41 4.73
05 Maroli 238867 10996 9.81 4.51
06 Valsad 262441 12878 9.891 4.853
07 Sayan 1154270 56500 10.150 4.970
08 Mahuva 707963 26745 10.71 4.046
09 Ukai 64704 4708 8.194 5.963
10 Ganesh 611752 26864 10.33 4.53
11 Kamrej 537453 24665 10.54 4.836
12 Coper 414665 17381 10.36 4.34
13 Pandvai 572334 22383 10.280 4.020
14 Narmada 770479 32637 10.77 4.56
15 Vadodara 374274 17424 10.20 4.75
S. Gujarat 11516340 492239 10.559 4.513
16 Kodinar 225661 11191 9.36 4.64
17 Talala 126216 5183 10.44 4.29
SAURASHTRA
351877 16374 9.718 4.522
Total (A + B) 11868217 508613 10.532 4.514
(50th
Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.28-29)
52
2.27 BURNT CANE MONTH-WISE PERCENTAGE FOR
SEASON 2009-2010 OF GUJARAT STATE
FEDERATION OF CO-OP. SUGAR FACTORIES
LTD.
Table - 2.27.1
Sr.
No. Factory
Oct.
2009
Nov.
2009
Dec.
2009
Jan.
2010
Feb.
2010
Mar.
2010
Apr.
2010
May
2010
To-
date %
01 Bardoli 07.29 13.57 27.39 40.39 53.51 60.71 81.50 -- 43.738
02 Gandevi 00.20 02.81 01.52 18.24 18.06 22.34 59.44 87.86 22.84
03 Madhi 01.48 05.05 12.16 23.17 22.53 40.09 69.01 -- 22.472
04 Chalthan 07.07 12.15 24.58 40.46 51.81 63.20 73.77 -- 42.56
05 Maroli 03.09 09.89 28.26 29.51 31.89 -- -- -- 23.16
06 Valsad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NIL
07 Sayan 05.40 06.57 17.94 28.82 47.03 61.85 85.07 99.12 42.39
08 Mahuva 01.50 08.61 24.32 34.07 46.05 73.23 88.65 -- 37.75
09 Ukai 00.822 11.661 28.048 28.347 -- -- -- -- 20.741
10 Ganesh 04.93 09.73 22.09 42.12 45.84 62.98 88.03 -- 40.66
11 Kamrej 05.91 07.35 20.62 27.97 38.40 46.88 82.55 -- 33.42
12 Coper 00.87 04.00 13.65 29.83 46.66 61.12 67.16 -- 32.297
13 Pandvai 03.68 06.51 13.95 27.78 32.21 69.92 -- -- 27.43
14 Narmada 06.54 09.57 10.90 15.20 17.88 19.56 43.09 -- 18.27
15 Vadodara 06.65 20.86 40.32 46.44 54.06 75.23 92.34 -- 47.52
16 Kodinar -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NIL
17 Talala -- 01.74 00.013 00.053 -- -- -- -- 00.114
(50th
Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.24-25)
53
2.28 DETAILS OF MILLING BAGASSE AND ADDED
WATER CANE OF GUJARAT STATE
FEDERATION OF CO-OP. SUGAR FACTORIES
LTD.
Table - 2.28.1
Sr.
No.
Factory Bagasse % Cane Added Water %
Cane
2009-10 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09
01 Bardoli 29.893 29.054 28.153 27.056
02 Gandevi 29.789 28.789 33.891 33.213
03 Madhi 29.744 30.178 29.363 27.765
04 Chalthan 31.44 30.77 30.36 29.19
05 Maroli 33.83 34.77 35.32 33.99
06 Valsad 25.024 26.357 29.90 27.82
07 Sayan 30.540 30.452 28.903 29.750
08 Mahuva 27.927 29.426 27.156 28.904
09 Ukai 27.749 25.842 23.032 24.534
10 Ganesh 28.66 30.16 27.92 27.22
11 Kamrej 29.41 29.17 29.14 27.95
12 Coper 29.34 32.5 27.32 23.65
13 Pandvai 30.887 29.471 32.445 29.005
14 Narmada 27.39 28.34 28.09 28.85
15 Vadodara 30.67 29.84 30.55 30.85
16 Kodinar 26.55 27.96 20.89 22.93
17 Talala 30.06 29.82 36.48 35.67
(50th
Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.30-31)
54
2.29 TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF GUJARAT
STATE FEDERATION OF CO-OP. SUGAR
FACTORIES LTD.
Table - 2.29.1
Details 2009-10 Factory 2008-09 Factory
Highest Pol % Cane 13.181 Gandevi 13.37 Narmada
Highest Recovery % Cane 11.406 Gandevi 11.41 Narmada
Capacity Utilisation 180 days
basis
159.020 Narmada 131.224 Narmada
Minimum Total Time Lost%
Available Time
6.44 Narmada 3.46 Narmada
Minimum Pol % Bagasse 1.871 Madhi 1.883 Madhi
Highest Reduced Mill Extraction 96.31 Gandevi 96.11 Gandevi
Highest Mixed Juice Purity 81.840 Gandevi 82.67 Bardoli
Lowest Final Molasses Purity 29.770 Gandevi 29.51 Mahuva
Highest RBH Extraction (RAO) 93.05 Mahuva 92.21 Mahuva
Lowest Total Sugar (POL) Loss
% Cane
1.795 Gandevi 1.841 Gandevi
Lowest Sugar (POL) Loss in
Bagasse % Cane
0.545 Gandevi 0.570 Gandevi /
Madhi
55
Lowest Sugar (POL) Loss in
Final
1.104 Mahuva 1.23 Mahuva
Highest Added Water % Fiber 267.841 Talala 259.041 Talala
Lowest Steam % 36.82 Pandvai 40.78 Narmada
Lowest Power Consumption
KWH / Qtl.
14.69 Narmada 13.30 Narmada
Lowest Man Power Hrs. Qtl. 0.647 Gandevi 0.06 Madhi
(50th
Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.25)
2.30 BENCH MARK OF GUJARAT STATE
FEDERATION OF CO-OP. SUGAR FACTORIES
LTD.
Table - 2.30.1
R.M.E. 96 % (Maximum)
R.B.H.R.
(Gundurao)
91 % (Minimum)
M.J. % Cane 98 % to 100 %
Bagasse 2.0 % (Maximum)
Utilization of
Steam
48 to 50 % in respect of sugar factories having
boiler pressure of 21 Kg / Cm2 44 to 46 % in
respect of sugar factories having boiler
pressure of more than 21 Kg-Cm2
Power Factor 0.99
(www.gujsugarfed.com)
56
2.31 SEASON WISE IMPORTANT DATE FROM 1995-96
TO 2009-10 OF GUJARAT STATE FEDERATION
OF CO-OP. SUGAR FACTORIES LTD.
Table - 2.31.1
Seasons Capacity
TCD
No. Of
Factories
in
Operation
Qty, of
Sugarcane
Crushed
(MT)
Qty, of
Net
Sugar
Produced
(Qtls)
Recovery
Cane
(%)
2009-10 65000 17 11268479 11868217 10.532
2008-09 65000 17 9407956 10093167 10.845
2007-08 65000 17 12696058 13561457 10.681
2006-07 65000 17 13311714 14171205 10.646
2005-06 65000 17 10787226 11675389 10.823
2004-05 65000 17 7405371 7968307 10.766
2003-04 60500 15 9753455 10663774 10.933
2002-03 6500 17 11827470 12515222 10.581
2001-02 60500 15 9782370 10554533 10.789
2000-01 65000 17 10293973 10725601 10.419
1999-00 65000 18 10753539 11409019 10.609
1998-99 60000 17 9884159 10246489 10.366
1997-98 62500 18 8305798 8893786 10.707
1996-97 58500 17 9022976 9668129 10.715
1995-96 54750 16 10781447 11297996 10.479
(50th
Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.11)
57
2.32 FUNCTIONS OF DIRECTORATE OF SUGAR-
GUJARAT:
1. To register the newly formed sugar cooperative within the state
and accept its bylaws and also approve the amendments in the by-
laws.
2. To appoint Board of Directors, remove them when needed;
nominate state government nominees on the board and also to
conduct the election of board of directors from time to time. He
also has the authority to appoint administrators/custodian of sugar
cooperative if needed, take the sugar factories into liquidation if
required, appoint liquidation officer and keep a watch on such
officers.
3. To inspect the audit memos of sugar factories, carry out special
audit it" malpractices are found and fix the responsibilities of all
those concerned indulge in mal-practices.
4. To appoint his nominee on the board of directors of cooperative
sugar factories or personally remain present in the meetings of
board of directors and provide guidance.
5. To short out all the issues of cooperative sugar factories and also to
represent them with central and state government in the event if
certain problems can not be settled at his level. More over he also
becomes an important connecting link and represent sugar
cooperative with financial institutions/boards/banks for solving
financial matters.
6. To help sugar cooperatives to get loans from financial institutions.
58
7. To declare the sugarcane reserved areas for respective sugar
cooperatives under the Sugarcane (Control) Order 1966, put a ban
on supply of sugarcane during low production of it, grant
permission to sale sugarcane to other states occasionally and also
to ensure that farmers are paid according to statutory minimum
price declared for different sugar seasons.
8. To issue license to jaggery and khandsari manufacturing units,
cancel the license,
9. Renew the license under Gujarat Jaggery and Khandsari Sugar
(Production Control) Order 1977.
The above functions are just to name a few out of various administrative
and legislative functions that are performed by Directorate of Sugar,
Gujarat State. For effective administration of sugar cooperatives, and to
facilitate its operations at district levels, the offices of District Registrar
(Sugar) had been established one each at Surat and Junagadh. However,
the office of District Registrar has been abolished since October 16,
2003.[13]
2.33 GROWTH OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN INDIA:
Gujarat is one of the well known sugar cane producing regions in
India. This has been one of the reasons for the growth of sugar industry
in the state. After independence, the government gave importance to the
growth of sugarcane farming in the state and established a number of
sugar cane mills. After the market liberalization policies took place in the
1990s, the export of the sugar industry increased to a great extent.
59
Due to the growth of technology, newer methods have been
implemented which has increased the production of sugar. Today, the
sugar mills in Gujarat are equipped with an array of hi-tech facilities and
services which make them a known name in the field of agro based
industries.
Today, there are around 554 sugar mills and factories in the state
of Gujarat. It must be noted in this respect that almost all of the Gujarat
Sugar Industry is under a state cooperative system where the government
partly controls the production and the business. However, there are also a
number of sugar mills which are privately owned. Out of the 554 sugar
mills, most of them are covered under the co operative system.
According to the recent surveys, the total amount of production of sugar
in the state is around 190 lakh metric tons.
2.34 PICTURE OF SUGAR INDUSTRIES IN INDIA:
Figure: Lakh & Metric Ton
Table - 2.34.1
Sr. No. Particular
Actual
Production
(1-10-09 to 30.09.10)
Approximate
Production
(1-10-10 to 30.09.11)
1 Opening Stock 44.00 50.00
2 Production 187.00 250.00
3 Local-Self
Consumption
225.00 230.00
60
4 Export
1. Refined Sugar
2. Raw Sugar
3. White Sugar
- 15.00
5 Import
1. Refined Sugar
2. Raw Sugar
3. White Sugar
Total Import
41.07
-
32.91
07.06
41.97
-
-
-
-
- 6 Closing Balance
(as on 30th September)
49.97 55.00
(50th
Varshik Aheval, Gujarat Rajya Sahkari Khand Udhyod Sangh Ltd.,Gandhinagar, P.8)
2.35 PROFILE OF INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY:
Presently India is the largest producer and consumer of sugar in the
whole world. Sugar industry has under gone phenomenal growth after
independence in the country. It is also the largest agro-based industry
located in the rural India. Sugar industry occupies an important place
among organized industries in India. Sugar industry, one of the major
agro-based industries in India, has been instrumental in resource
mobilization, employment generation, income generation and creating
social infrastructure in rural areas. Indeed, sugar industry has facilitated
and accelerated pace of rural industrialization. At present, there are 594
registered sugar factories having capital investment of more than Rs.
50,000 crores and annual production capacity of 217.45 lakh tones
(NFCSF Report, 2007). [14]
61
2.36 SUGAR INDUSTRIES IN INDIA:
Place in Under the structured Industrial Development Policy, sugar
industry India is the largest single producer of sugar including traditional
cane sugar sweeteners, khandsari and Jaggery equivalent to 26 million
tones raw value followed by Brazil in the second place at 18.5 million
tones. Even in respect of white crystal sugar, India has ranked No.l
position in 7 out of last 10 years. [15]
2.37 SUGAR PRODUCTION IN INDIA:
Presently India is among the largest producers of sugar in the
world and ranks as the largest growing global market for the product.
India has 20% of the total sugar mills in the world and accounts for about
15% of the global production. On the back of successive good monsoons,
sugar production in the country increased rapidly in the last couple of
years, reaching 28.3 million tones in 2006-07 from 15.5 million tones in
1998-99. [16]
2.38 FINANCIAL DATA:
The annual turnover of this industry is to the tune of more than Rs.
42,000 crores. The central and state governments receive annually Rs.
2,200 crore as excise duty, purchase tax, and cess. More than 5 core
farmers are engaged in sugarcane cultivation and about 5 lakh rural
people have got direct employment in the industry. Sugar industry has
brought socioeconomic changes in rural India by way of facilitating
entrepreneurial activities such as dairies, poultries, fruits and vegetable
processing, and providing educational, health and credit facilities
According to central government sources it has been estimated that 45
62
million sugarcane farmers, their dependents and a large number of
agricultural laborers are involved in sugarcane cultivation, harvesting and
ancillary activities, constituting 7.5% of the rural population besides,
about 0.5 million skilled and semi-skilled workers, mostly from the rural
areas are engaged in the sugar industry. [17]
2.39 HISTORY AND GROWTH OF INDIAN SUGAR
INDUSTRY:
By 1931-32 there were 31 sugar factories in India all of which
were in the private sector. The total production of sugar at that time was
only about 1.5 lakh tons, whereas the consumption was about 12 lakh
tons. To meet the domestic demand of sugar, India had to import sugar
mainly from Java (Indonesia). [18]
2.40 SUGAR CONSUMPTION IN INDIA:
India is the largest consumer of sugar in the world. The average
per capita consumption of sugar is estimated at 17.2 kilograms per year
in the year 2002-03.'" Based on the existing trend, this is estimated to
increase to 23-24 kilogram per year-by-year 2010. [19]
Table 2.40.1
Consumption of Sugar in India
Sugar Season Internal Consumption
(Lakh Tons)
2002-2003 183.76
2003-2004 175.00
2004-2005 167.07
2005-2006 189.45
2006-2007 201.24
63
2.41 SUPPLY OF SUGARCANE IN INDIA
The following table reveals that traditional sweetener manufacturer
are lacking far behind in extracting juice from sugarcane and even in
recovery of sugar as compared to sugar mills. [20]
Comparative Extraction and Recovery from Sugar Cane in
Percentage
Table - 2.41.1
Product Juice/Extractio
n
Recovery
Jaggery 55 9.5 to 11.0
Khandsari 70 6 to 7
Sugar 90-92 9 to 10
2.42 SUGAR CANE (REGULATION OF SUPPLY &
PURCHASE) ACT, 1953:
Regulates the supply and purchase of sugarcane required for use in
a sugar factory, Khandsari unit and for manufacture of Jaggery. To
ensure that every sugar mill gets required quantity and quality of
sugarcane for crushing, central government has made provision for cane
reservation area and distance between two sugar mills in its licensing
policy. [21]
2.43 GENESIS OF SUGARCANE AND SUGAR IN INDIA
Sugarcane has been one of the major crops of India since times
immemorial. The term of sugarcane is found in the Atharvaveda,
Vajasaneyii, Maitrayani and Taittriya, Samhitas and the subsequent
Sutras. [22]
64
2.44 PICTURE OF SUGAR INDUSTRIES IN WORLD
Figure in Million & Ton
Table - 2.44.1
Particular
World Sugar Balance
2010-11 (Approx)
2009-10 Difference
Million
Ton Percentage
Production 170.375 158.830 11.545
Consumption 167.154 163.779 3.375
More / Loss 3.221 (-) 4.949 -
Import Demand 48.625 50.722 (-)4.097
Qty. For Export 50.557 52.688 (-) 2.131
Close Qty. 56.192 54.903 1.289
Qty / Consumption
Percentage
33.62 33.52
Table - 2.44.2
Top 10 Sugar Producers in the World (Million Tons / Raw value) [23]
S.No. Country 2000-01 2001-02 2005-06
1. India 20.1 20.0 20.0
2. Brazil 18.1 22.4 30.0
3. EU 18.1 16.0 22.0
65
4. USA 7.6 7.0 7.0
5. China 6.7 9.2 10.0
6. Thailand 5.3 6.5 5.0
7. Mexico 5.2 5.1 6.0
8. Australia 4.4 4.9 5.4
9. Cuba 3.6 3.7 NA
10. South Africa 2.7 2.4 5.7
2.45 INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF SUGAR:
Sugar is produced in 110 countries. The leading sugarcane
producing countries are Brazil, India, Australia, Thailand, China and
Cuba the Russian Federation. Ukraine and Europe account for around 80
per cent of total beet sugar production. In addition to weather conditions,
diseases, insects, and quality of soil, production of sugarcane and beet are
affected by international trade agreements and domestic price support
programmes. [24]
2.46 SUGAR EXPORTS FROM INDIA
India has to guard against the possible repercussions of its entry
into the international market either as an importer or as an exporter. So
being a large country, international price would always tend to move
against India. [25]
66
Table - 2.46.1
Sugar Export from India
Financial Year Quantity (Million
Tons) Value (Rs -Crores)
2001-2002 14,56,448 1728.04
2002-2003 16,62,370 1769.49
2003-2004 12,00,600 1216.59
2004-2005 1,08,690 149.53
2005-2006 3,16,850 557.09
2006-2007 10,04,317 2,119.68
Source: DGCI&S Kolkatta
2.47 IMPORT OF SUGAR BY INDIA
Government under advises of the Food Ministry, would access the
shortfall and give a directive for import. In 1993-94, anticipating a heavy
shortfall of over 2 million tons, central government allowed free imports
under open general license. Almost half of imports were private. Today
imports are freely allowed. Import of sugar, which was placed under
Open General License (OGL) with zero duty, in March 1994, continued
with zero duty up to April 27, 1998. [26]
2.48 TYPES OF SUGAR
There are many types of sugar but we define here with mainly two
one is Raw Sugar and second is White Crystal Sugar types.
67
* Raw Sugar
We are listed at the apex in the list of the most reliable natural raw sugar
exporters from India. The quality and efficacy of the organic raw sugar in
respective applications has attracted various national as well as
international clients to place bulk orders. The unrefined raw sugar is used
as a sweetening agent used in various sweets and confectioneries. The
procedures used in the manufacturing of the raw sugar assist in the
production of quality products that meet the national as well as
international market. Additionally, customers are eased with the
availability of the raw sugar in handy packages to meet the specific
requisites.
Product details of raw sugar
polarisation % : 99 degree (min)
moisture% : 0. 1(max)
colour in icumsa unit : 800 (max)
dextran : 75 ppm (max)
68
* White Crystal Sugar
We are reckoned as one of the most prominent White Crystal Sugar
Manufacturers from India. Various national as well as international
clients are placing huge and repeated orders for the Pure White Crystal
Sugar as no alternative is available in the market in terms of crystal clear
appearance and sweetness. Moreover, the procedures used in the
processing of the Refined White Crystal Sugar are as per the latest
techniques that ensure availability of zero moisture and free from external
contaminants. Additionally, customers are eased with the availability of
the White Sugar Crystals in sizes and dimensions that meet the Indian as
well as international standards.
2.49 SUGAR PROCESSING
Sugar occurs in greatest quantities in sugarcane and sugar beets
from which it is separated for commercial use. The natural sugar stored
in the cane stalk or beetroot is separated from rest of the plant material
through a process known as refining. [27]
69
Raw sugar is sometimes prepared as loaves rather than as a
crystalline powder. In this technique, sugar and molasses are poured
together into molds and allowed to dry. The resulting sugar cakes or
loaves are called Jaggery in India, Pingbian Tong in China, and Panela,
Panocha, Pile, and Piloncillo in various parts of Latin America. [28]
Conclusion:
Above review of related literature is very useful to this research and
researcher wants to compare with hypotheses of this research in
chapter no. 6th.
Now the investigator wants to explain Research Methodology in
chapter no.3.
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