Chapter 19: Methods of Mass Production and ConsumptionScientific and Technological Creativity
Wave of technology continues in 20th cent.Hydroelectric energy and incandescent bulb
Edison and planned invention
Internal combustion engine (Daimler/Benz)
Telephone, telegraph, radio
Impacts of chemistry
Antiseptic surgery, X-rays, public health• U. S. life expectancy at birth reaches 50 in 1910
Scientific and Technological Creativity
Laboratories pursue inventions systematically
Advancements in physics have long range impact
Einstein on relativity and nature of light
Only the speed of light remains constant according to these new understandings
Gender Relations
Labor-saving household raises expectations of how women should manage the home but bicycle provides mobility and freedomAdolescent exploration of sexuality occurs in wake of films on birth controlSexuality becomes a field of study with focus on gender differences
Urbanization and Migration
Mechanization of agriculture depleted rural employment & promoted migration to cities
Once simply the home of industry, urban life flowers into place of entertainment, department store fashions, and spectacle
The Other Side of Progress
Militarized Competition among the Great Powers
German/British economic competition spills over into weaponrySecurity tied to continued operation of the balance of power in diplomacyFreud highlights primal forces & aggression that threaten rational pursuit of security
Outside Europe
IndiaChemistry produces artificial indigo dye
• Had been produced on farms in India for export
1911 royal convocation (darbar) held in Delhi to avoid Indian reactions against British
Britain maintains control of India by pitting Muslims against Hindus
Early stages of freedom movement underway
Outside Europe
ChinaFaith in Confucian principles retarded Chinese adoption of new approaches to production
1911 revolution ushers in Republic
Leader of movement is Sun Yat-sen• Educated outside China• Advocated “Three People’s Principles”• Nationalism, democracy and Chinese technology
Rejected Marxism
Outside Europe
Latin AmericaEarly industrialization combined British money and creole leadership in country
Governments in caudillo hands--not democratic
New immigrants from Europe advocate reform
Army, imbued with nationalism, seeks reform
No land reform on agenda--movement does not reach daily lives of the poor
Outside Europe
Latin America [cont.]The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1930
• Few prospering in early 20th century• Rebellions end long reign of Porfiro Diaz after
planned reelection attempt in 1910• Zapata offers Plan of Ayala to help peasantry• Instability despite Constitution of 1917• Obregon prevails over Carranza in 1920• Mexico an inspirational model for Latin America
Outside Europe
The Ottoman EmpireRetained economic autonomy but had large debts owed to EuropeansEurope asserted right to intervene on behalf of Christian communitiesYoung Turks (1908) take over government but can’t solve problemsWorld War I ends Ottoman empire, Turkey the remnant
World War I, 1914-1918
Outbreak of war shows lack of system to prevent war
Conflict quickly becomes war of attritionTrench warfare
Multiple fronts
US entry in 1917 tips balance to AlliesSinking of Lusitania; Zimmerman Note
70 million involved; 10 million killed
World War I, 1914-1918
Post-war Expectations and Results“Make the world safe for democracy”
• Countries for Austro-Hungarian minorities• Freedom for components of Ottoman Empire• Jews to Palestine (Balfour Declaration)• India edges onto the path to independence• Right to vote for women
World War I, 1914-1918
The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919Advocates for new states aboundPolitical borders of Europe redrawnOld empires vanish from map
• Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian
Germany restructured• Borders reduced• War guilt clause• Reparations
World War I, 1914-1918
The League of NationsHigh hopes at creation fade as flaws emerge
• US does not participate• National self-determination problems• Antagonism toward colonial rulers
Japanese gains prompt May 4th movement
India does not gain steps toward freedom
African colonies remain in European hands
Mandate system suggests limits on colonialism
The Russian Revolution
The Build-up to Revolution, 1914-17Russian westernization prior to 20th century
Industrialization minimal• Needed foreign investment
Agriculture unproductive • Peasants lack incentive and agricultural technology• Subdivision of land leaves farms without much land• Land sales to outsiders banned
The Russian Revolution
Lenin and the Bolshevik RevolutionLenin sought immediate communist revolutionTsarist commitment to war ruins Russia1st 1917 Revolution creates legislature and continuation of war2nd 1917 Revolution brings Bolsheviks to power on promise of “Peace, Land and Bread”Terror and New Economic Plan in wake of 1917 Bolshevik takeover
The Russian Revolution
State Planning in Soviet RussiaLenin industrializes with western adviceHis death in 1924 ushered in power struggleStalin defeats Trotsky but implements his “law of combined development with Five Year PlansCollectivization of agriculture in 1929
• Many farmers refuse to share crops• Liquidation of kulaks (wealthier peasants)
Industrial success seen as role model by some
The Russian Revolution
Women in the Soviet UnionGovernment ordered equal pay for equal work but did not enforce the requirement
Women bore “double burden” of wage labor plus household responsibility
Abortion commonplace
Post-War America
US technological/financial leader after warConsumer goods include washers & radios
Changes in roles of womenBirth control and new images
Uninvolved in world except Latin America
Labor unrest grows between wars
“Red Scare” and active Ku Klux Klan
Post-War America
The DepressionEconomic downturn accelerated by German war debt
Unemployment high in world except Russia
U. S. “New Deal” reforms nation• Social welfare measures include social security• New regulations of business; Pro-labor policies
Germany moves toward Nazism
What Difference Do they Make?
Early 20th Century taught skepticismTechnology brought more than a better life
Nationalism brought unity and war
Revolutions promised more than they delivered
War ended amidst realization it would resume
Totalitarianism emerged in midst of “civilized” world
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