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Page 1: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and ResistanceNationalism

French Revolution, Napoleon & NationalismFrench government based on contract with the nation--a political group--not with a ruler

French armies took their nationalism and Code Napoleon on their European conquests

European nationalism a response to French dominance and French power

Page 2: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Nationalism

The Periphery of Western EuropeNationalism strongest on edges of Europe

Two faces of nationalism• Positive: Empowers masses of nation• Negative: Leads to conflicts such as World War I

Nationalism in Latin America was “top down”

Canadian nationalism prevails over regionalism

U. S. nationalism tied to constitutional oath

Page 3: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Nationalism

Italy and GermanyNeither unified before 1870

Composed of culturally similar but politically separate small states before 1870

Regional leaders in both countries sought unification to obtain national power

Italy had common language and borders, Germany not as well situated

Page 4: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Nationalism

Italy and Germany [cont.]Giuseppe Mazzini provide vision for Italy

• Formed Young Italy in 1831• Camillo Cavour provided political power and

alliances from Peidmont• Garibaldi added Kingdom of the Two Sicilies• Victor Emmanuel II leads unified Italy

Page 5: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Nationalism

Italy and Germany [cont.]Otto von Bismarck of Prussia unified Germany

Strong cultural and economic basis for country• Unifying folklore from work of Grimm brothers• Economic ties from 1828 zollverein (customs union)

Unification achieved by wars (“Blood & Iron”)• Defeated Austria (1866) and France (1871)• Southern German states voted to join

Page 6: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Nationalism

The Rise of ZionismThe movement to create a Jewish state

Success of European nationalism transform prayer for Israel into a movement for it

Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders• Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe

Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary

Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel

Page 7: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

Nationalism led to wars of unification and willingness to control affairs of others to benefit the “nation”

British taxes on India took money out of Indian economy for British home treasury

British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles during early industrialization

Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s

Page 8: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

Fierce economic competition from US, Germany and FranceTrade and the related desire to control territory led to creation of empires

By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled by Europe or nations of European ancestryEconomics of nominally independent countries under European control

Page 9: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

Western European power based on “dual revolutions” of political & industrial change

Success led to belief in superiority over those parts of the world that had not achieved gains of the “dual revolutions”

Attitude often carried racial overtones to reinforce belief of superiority

Page 10: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76Was close to Europe and growing weaker as demonstrated by Crimean War (1854-6)

Social organization on the “millet system”• People organized by religious group under religious

leader to enforce religious laws and collect taxes in contrast to European practice of unified people

• After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass Humayun edict of 1856 with “equality under the law”

Page 11: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880Earlier colonial competition continues

• Britain claims Malaya & Burma• France conquers Indochina by 1893• Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel,

an exploitive agricultural system that made peasants devote 1/5 of land to cash rather than personal food crops

Page 12: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

India, 1858-1914British defeat French for control of India, 1763

British East India Company administers the colony• Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs• Indian economy structured for British benefit

1857 mutiny ends East India Company control

Independence movement had to find balance of positive and negative aspects of British rule

Page 13: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

China, 1800-1914Manchus colonized extensively & felt invulnerable in face of the West

Internal problems from 1800• Population growth but no government response• Did possess production for export• Opium supplied by West to pay for goods

Page 14: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

China, 1800-1914 [cont.]The Opium Wars

• 1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain• Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to

second war, 1856-60• Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure

of Chinese disorganization• Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats

China in 1894-5 war over Korea

Page 15: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

The Quest for Empire

China, 1800-1914 [cont.]The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900

• Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Europeans out of China

• Western victory results in more concessions from China to the West

• Promoters of modernization in China opposed by Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperor

– Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu dynasty in 1911

Page 16: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

South Africa, 1652-1910Dutch settlement in 1652British gain control from Napoleonic Wars

• Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land• Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act

Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customsZulu War to resist British controlSouth African importance less after Suez opens

Page 17: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

Egypt, 1798-1882Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt after French leave and Ottomans are ineffective

Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia• Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism • Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal

Modernization policy had mixed results

Egyptian power underscores Ottoman weakness

Page 18: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

Algeria, 1830-71Part of weakening Ottoman empireFrench attack Algeria as center of piracy in 1830 and then claim control of country

• Meet extensive resistance from Muslim Brotherhood

Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria and take best farmlandEuropean minority (13%) controls majority Muslim population by 20th century

Page 19: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

Islamic Religious RevivalRevival in Sahel region (edge of Sahara)

West African revivals• Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland• al-Hajj Umar in Massina• Samori Toure on Niger River

East Africa• Muhammad Ahmed, a mahdi in Sudan

Page 20: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

Islamic Religious Revival [cont.]]Western Orientation in West Africa

• Sierra Leone a haven for freed slaves• Liberia created by American Colonization Society• New European export communities

– Cotton production on Niger River

– Europeans stay along coast while Africans maintain inland contacts and production

– River transport with short stretches of railroad

• Europeans seek greater control from the 1880s

Page 21: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

Europeans & the Scramble for AfricaKnowledge of Africa provided by exploration

• Needed for commerce, missions, & science

• Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode

Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open competition among European powers

African resistance to European claims met with force

Page 22: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Africa, 1652-1912

Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont]Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization

• 1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87% of South African land

• Need for miners in South African gold and diamond mines leads to low pay and the break up of families that can’t afford to move to the mines

• Trade union membership restricted to white workers• Race trumped free market capitalism and labor solidarity

Page 23: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Gender Relationships in Colonization

Sexual liaisons with local colonial women ended with arrival of European women

Create boundaries between Europeans & locals

European families claim role as models of highest values of imperial country

No female solidarity between local & Europeans

Some adoption of European models in colony

Page 24: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Anti-Colonial Revolts, 1857-1914

Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discrimination

Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent past

Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutions

Young Turks

African National Congress (South Africa)

Page 25: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

The End of the ShogunateJapanese isolation ends with Commodore PerryRegional leaders decide to remove Shogun-- administered Japan in name of the emperor and stood in way of modernizationMeiji Restoration began as regional revolt & ended with confiscation of Shogun’s land and restoration of direct rule by the emperor assisted by daimyo

Page 26: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

Policies of the Meiji GovernmentSeek knowledge of world with two year tour

Import advisors in industry & agricultural

130 foreigners in government by 1879

Restructure Government• Daimyo give lands to emperor & become governors• War with those who won’t • Create western style army using German model

Page 27: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]Restructuring the Economy

• Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for investment in commerce and industry

• Government finances early industrial ventures

Urbanization• Existing cities were regional capitals• New cities combined old businesses and

entertainments with new westernized sectors

Page 28: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]Cultural and Educational Change

• Westernization in fashion, calendar & measurement

• Extensive study of western writings including Mill and Spencer

• Centralized, compulsory education– Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by

1905

Page 29: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]Gender Relations

• Restoration of emperor reinforced male control of household

• Women & minors barred from political activities • Women gain vote after World War II• Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil

Code• Goal of women’s education was to create “good

wives and wise mothers”

Page 30: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

Policies of the Meiji Governemnt [cont.]War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of Nations

• Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911• Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan

dominant East Asian power• Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain• Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession of

“great power” military• Annex Korea, 1910

Page 31: Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism French government based on contract with the.

Nationalism and Imperialism

Nationalism instilled pride and hope but also competition for resources & prestige

Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples more closely together

Imperialism claim to benefit those colonized but meet resentment