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What is the similarity between this
pictures ?
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The human respiratory system consists of
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Lungs
Alveolus
Rib cage Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
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Nasal cavity to warm, moisten and filter
fine particles like dust from the air
Trachea is a channel that branches into
twoEach branch is called bronchus which
enter the lungs
The bronchus branches into finer tubes
called bronchioles
Each bronchioles ends with an alveolus
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TracheaBronchus
Bronchiole
Left
lung
Alveolus
Right
lung
Diaphragm
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Involved two physical processes
Inhalation Exhalation
Air from the
outside istaken into the
lungs
Air is expelled
from the lungsto the outside
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The pathway taken by air :
Nose / nasal
cavity
Trachea Bronchus
BronchiolesAlveolus
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Inhalation Exhalation
The rib cage moves
upwards and outwards
Diaphragm contractsand moves downwards
The volume of thoracic
cavity increases
Pressure in the lungsdecreases
Air from the outside is
forced into the lungs
The rib cage moves
downwards and inwards
Diaphragm relax andmoves upwards
The volume of thoracic
cavity decreases
Pressure in the lungsincreases
Air is forced out from
the lungs
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The diaphragm relax
Moves upwards The diaphragm contract
Moves downwards
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Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
Rib cage
Diaphragm
Glass tube
Balloon
Rubber sheet
Bell jar
Y-shaped tube
Functional Model Of Human
Respiratory System
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When the rubber
sheet is released
When the rubber sheet
is pulled down
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Volume in the bell jar?
Decreases
Air pressure in the bell
jar?
Increases
Movement of air
Air is forced out of the
balloon through the Y-
tube
Changes to the balloon?
Deflate
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Volume in the bell jar?
Increases
Air pressure in the belljar?
Decreases
Movement of air
Air moves into the
balloon through the
glass tube.
Changes to the balloon?
Deflate
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Surrounded by a large
network of blood
capillaries
Have millions of alveoli
(large surface area)
Wall of alveolus is moist
It has thin wall
( one cell-thick)
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The alveolus is efficient in gaseous exchange:
It has a thin wall ( 1 cell thick)
It is moist ( enable gas to dissolve easily)
Surrounded by a large network of blood
capillaries (gas can be transport faster) It has millions of alveolus ( to increase its
surface area)
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Low oxygen concentration in
the blood capillary
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Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into theblood capillaries
High oxygenconcentration in the
blood capillary
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High carbon dioxide
concentration in the blood
capillary
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Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillariesinto the alveolus
Low carbon dioxide
concentration in the
blood capillary
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In the blood, oxygen combine with the haemoglobin
in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin + oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin
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High oxygen
concentration inthe blood
capillary
Low oxygen concentration in
the blood capillary
Oxyhaemoglobin Oxygen + haemoglobin
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Nicotine and tobacco tar from the cigarettesmoke
Sulphur dioxide from factories
Carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes
Haze from the burning forest
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Chemical substance Harmful effects
Nicotine
Cause illness like bronchitis, throat
cancer and lung cancer
Cause addiction
Tobacco tar
Blackens the lungsDamage alveolus cells and lung
cells
Cause lung cancer
Acid Corrodes lung cells
Cause illness like coughing, asthma
and bronchitis
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Chemical substance Harmful effectsAcidic gas from factories
Sulphur dioxideIrritates the air passage
Vehicle fumes
Carbon monoxide
Reduce the ability of blood
to transport oxygenBurning forest or garbage
HazeIrritates the air passage
Damage the lungs
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Asthma
Is a type of disease caused by the inflammationof the breathing channel.
The breathing channel suddenly become narrowcausing difficulty in breathing
Lung cancer
Unusual cell growths in the lungs
Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer
Carcinogen is the cause of cancer
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Emphysema
Caused by the cigarette smoke
Which cause the alveolus of the lungs to enlargeand be destroyed.
Bronchitis
Is an acute inflammation of the air passageswithin the lungs
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Install tall chimneys in factoriesInstall electrostatic precipitators on
factory chimneys
Install catalyst converters onvehicles exhaust pipe
Use air cleaning system
Burn garbage in special places likethe incinerators
Stop smoking
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