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Chapter 1 GP 5 and 6
Psych 30
NWRC
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Guidepost 5 What are the major
aspects and periods of
development
Physical growth of body and brain, sensory
capacities, motorskills and health Cognitive change in stability in mental abilities
such as memory, learning, language, thinking,
moral reasoning and creativity
Psychosocial change and stability inpersonality, emotions and social relationships
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Critical Periods
In physical development not acquiring a skill may mean ahigher skill will not be developed.
In cognitive there is more ability for plasticity ormodifying. Later experiences can reverse the effects of
earlier experiences There seems to be some critical periods for some
cognitive development for example language beingacquired before age 8 -the first few years of life is thecrucial time in which an individual can acquire a firstlanguage if presented with adequate stimuli. If languageinput doesn't occur until after this time, the individual willnever achieve a full command of language especiallygrammatical systems.
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Critical periods - continued
A child's experienceafter birth, particularlyin those critical first
few years of life, setsthe stage for justabout every functionof that child inadulthood,
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Critical periods - continued
Every positive interaction,every gentle touch, everysoft word, every lovingemotion, and every gentle
movement is translatedinto an explosion ofelectrical and chemicalactivity within the brain, asbillions of cells organize
themselves to make thetrillions of networks
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Critical periods - continued
every harsh touch, every harsh word, everynegative emotion and rough handling or physicalabuse also set off electrical and chemical activityand a different set of networks become
developed During the last decade, researchers have learnt
that the brain is receptive to different tasks atdifferent times, known as critical periods withgood reason. For if the brain does not receivethe appropriate stimulation during these criticalperiods, then whole sections of the brain fail todevelop properly.
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Critical Periods continued
It was also discovered that the 0-3 year period is
critical for the development of vision, control of
emotions and habitual ways of responding to
situations the understanding of symbols and language, the
building blocks of written and verbal expression
and mathematics also has its critical period
within these 3 years. After 3 years, the ability toorganize the networks, the ability to wire the
brain for these functions, is significantly reduced.
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Critical Periods continued
It was also discovered that the 0-3 year period is
critical for the development of vision, control of
emotions and habitual ways of responding to
situations the understanding of symbols and language, the
building blocks of written and verbal expression
and mathematics also has its critical period
within these 3 years. After 3 years, the ability toorganize the networks, the ability to wire the
brain for these functions, is significantly reduced.
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Guidepost 6 What types of
influences make one person
different from another? Heredity -Nature versus nurture in personality traits
Personality is a frequently cited example of a heritable
trait that has been studied in twins and adoptions.Identical twins reared apart are far more similar inpersonality than randomly selected pairs of people.Likewise, identical twins are more similar than fraternaltwins. Also, biological siblings are more similar in
personality than adoptive siblings. Each observationsuggests that personality is heritable to a certain extent.
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Guidepost 6 What types of
influences make one person
different from another? Environment all non-genetic influences
Family size Family composition
Socioeconomic status
Culture (way of life traditions, values)
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Guidepost 6 What types of
influences make one person
different from another? Normative Influences: Occurs in a similar
fashion for most people around the same time
biological events (learning to walk or puberty) orsocial constructs such as entry into school.
Cohorts are people who are in the same group
for example people close in age who share
many normative influences (entry into school,
childbearing etc)
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Guidepost 6 What types of
influences make one person
different from another? Non-normative Influences: Are influences
which impact individual lives such as an
accident where a parent is killed or having
a teenaged pregnancy events that are
out of the usual that change the course of
ones life.
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