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Chapter # 01Chapter # 01
Presented By:Presented By: Faizan RiazFaizan Riaz
Mohammad FuadMohammad Fuad
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CommunicationCommunication
The interaction between two or more thanThe interaction between two or more than
two bodies for the sake of getting, sharingtwo bodies for the sake of getting, sharing
info is called communicationinfo is called communication
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Type of communicationType of communication
UniUni--Directional communicationDirectional communication
BiBi--Directional communicationDirectional communication
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Features of CommunicationFeatures of Communication
Four things requiredFour things required
Sender, receiver, medium, and messageSender, receiver, medium, and message
Types of messagesTypes of messagesUnderstandabilityUnderstandability
Error DetectionError Detection
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SenderSender
Generates data to be transmittedGenerates data to be transmitted
Converts data into transmittable signalsConverts data into transmittable signals
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MessageMessage
The information which is need to be deliveredThe information which is need to be delivered
Which may have some meaning or may not..Which may have some meaning or may not..
Types of messagesTypes of messages
FileFile
RequestRequest
ResponseResponse
StatusStatus ControlControl
CorrespondenceCorrespondence
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MediumMedium
The mechanism by which theThe mechanism by which the
communication is conveyedcommunication is conveyed
Carries dataCarries data
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ReceiverReceiver
Takes incoming dataTakes incoming data
Converts received signal into dataConverts received signal into data
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Key Data CommunicationKey Data Communication
ConceptsConceptsSessionSession: communication dialog between network users: communication dialog between network usersor applicationsor applications
NetworkNetwork: interconnected group of computers and: interconnected group of computers andcommunication devicescommunication devices
NodeNode: a network: a network--attached computerattached computerLinkLink: connects adjacent nodes: connects adjacent nodes
PathPath: end: end--toto--end route within a networkend route within a network
CircuitCircuit: the conduit over which data travels: the conduit over which data travels
PacketizingPacketizing: dividing messages into fixed: dividing messages into fixed--lengthlength
packets prior to transmission over a networkspackets prior to transmission over a networkscommunication mediacommunication media
RoutingRouting: determining a messages path from sending to: determining a messages path from sending toreceiving nodes.receiving nodes.
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Modern Communication NetworksModern Communication Networks
Invention of telegraph Samuel MorseInvention of telegraph Samuel Morse
18371837
Alexander Graham Bell ( Telephone )Alexander Graham Bell ( Telephone ) 18761876
On Wire SystemOn Wire SystemOpen Wire SystemOpen Wire System
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On Wire SystemOn Wire System
Switching center ( telephone exchange )Switching center ( telephone exchange )
Open Wire SystemOpen Wire System
Tower transmissionTower transmission
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Ethernet Cable
DSL/Cable
Modem
Wall Jack
Hub/Switch/Router
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Ethernet Cable
DSL/Cable
Modem
Wall Jack
Hub/Switch/Router
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Communication MediaCommunication Media
More specifically data communication isMore specifically data communication is
transmitted via mediums such as wires, coaxialtransmitted via mediums such as wires, coaxial
cables, fiber optics, or radiated electromagneticcables, fiber optics, or radiated electromagnetic
waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light,waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light,
microwaves, and satellites.microwaves, and satellites.
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Communications TasksCommunications TasksTransmission system utilizationTransmission system utilization AddressingAddressing
InterfacingInterfacing RoutingRouting
Signal generationSignal generation RecoveryRecovery
SynchronizationSynchronization Message formattingMessage formatting
Exchange managementExchange management SecuritySecurity
Error detection and correctionError detection and correction Network managementNetwork management
Flow controlFlow control
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NetworkingNetworking
Point to point communication not usuallyPoint to point communication not usually
practicalpractical
Devices are too far apartDevices are too far apart Large set of devices would need impracticalLarge set of devices would need impractical
number of connectionsnumber of connections
Solution is a communications networkSolution is a communications network
Wide Area Network (WAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)
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Local Area NetworksLocal Area Networks
Smaller scopeSmaller scope
Building or small campusBuilding or small campus
Usually owned by same organization asUsually owned by same organization asattached devicesattached devices
Data rates much higherData rates much higher
Usually broadcast systemsUsually broadcast systemsNow some switched systems and ATM areNow some switched systems and ATM are
being introducedbeing introduced
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LAN ConfigurationsLAN Configurations
SwitchedSwitched
Switched EthernetSwitched Ethernet
May be single or multiple switchesMay be single or multiple switches
ATM LANATM LAN
Fibre ChannelFibre Channel
WirelessWireless
MobilityMobility
Ease of installationEase of installation
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Metropolitan Area NetworksMetropolitan Area Networks
MANMAN
Middle ground between LAN and WANMiddle ground between LAN and WAN
Private or public networkPrivate or public networkHigh speedHigh speed
Large areaLarge area
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Wide Area NetworksWide Area Networks
Large geographical areaLarge geographical area
Crossing public rights of wayCrossing public rights of way
Rely in part on common carrier circuitsRely in part on common carrier circuitsAlternative technologiesAlternative technologies
Circuit switchingCircuit switching
Packet switchingPacket switching Frame relayFrame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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Cable MediaCable Media
MultiMulti--strand Twisted Pair Cablestrand Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial cable systems (broadband)Coaxial cable systems (broadband)
MicroMicro--wave Systemswave SystemsSatellite SystemSatellite System
Public switch telephone network (PSTN)Public switch telephone network (PSTN)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
The nominal voice channelThe nominal voice channel
The InternetThe Internet
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MEDIUM SPEED COST
Twisted Wire 300 Bps - 10 Mbps Low
Micro-Wave 256 Kbps - 100 Mbps
Satellite 256 Kbps - 100 Mbps
Coaxial Cable 56 Kbps - 200 Mbps
Fiber-Optic Cable 500 Kbps 10 Gbps High
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MultiMulti--strand Twisted Pair Cablestrand Twisted Pair Cable
Flatmulti codes electrical cables
Environmental Material
Solid orStranded copper conductor
Flex or Rigid
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Coaxial cable systems (broadband)Coaxial cable systems (broadband)
Coaxial cable, orcoax, is an electrical
cable with an inner conductor surrounded
by a flexible, tubular insulating layer,
surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.
The term coaxial comes from the inner
conductor and the outer shield sharing thesame geometric axis. Coaxial cable was
invented by English engineer and
mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who first
patented the design in 1880.[1]
Coaxial cable is used as a transmission
line forradio frequency signals, inapplications such as connecting radio
transmitters and receivers with their
antennas, computer network (Internet)
connections, and distributing cable
television signals.
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Optical FiberOptical Fiber
AnAn optical fiberoptical fiberororoptical fiberoptical fiberis ais athin, flexible, transparent fiber thatthin, flexible, transparent fiber that
acts as a wave guide, or "light pipe",acts as a wave guide, or "light pipe",
to transmit light between the two endsto transmit light between the two ends
of the fiber. The field of appliedof the fiber. The field of appliedScience and engineering concernedScience and engineering concerned
with the design and application ofwith the design and application of
optical fibers is known asoptical fibers is known as fiberfiber
opticsoptics..
Optical fiber typically consists of aOptical fiber typically consists of atransparent core surrounded by atransparent core surrounded by a
transparent cladding material with atransparent cladding material with a
lower index of refraction. Light is keptlower index of refraction. Light is kept
in the core by total internal reflection.in the core by total internal reflection.
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The InternetThe Internet
The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer network that use
the standard internet protocol suite(TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government
networks, of local to global scope, that are
linked by a broad array of electronic,wireless and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries a vast
range of Information resources and
services, such as the inter-linked hypertext
documents of the world wide web (WWW)
and the infrastructure to support electronic
mail.
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Thanks For Paying AttentionThanks For Paying Attention
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Any Question!!!!!Any Question!!!!!