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5C H A P T E R
INPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING
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Chapter Fourteen Input Design & Prototyping
• Define the appropriate format and media for a computer input.
• Explain the difference between data capture, data entry, and data processing.
• Identify and describe several automatic data collection technologies.
• Apply human factors to the design of computer inputs.• Design internal controls for computer inputs.• Select proper screen-based controls for input attributes
that are to appear on a GUI input screen.• Design a web-based input interface.
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Chapter Map
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Taxonomy for Computer InputsProcess
Method
Data Capture Data Entry Data Processing
Keyboard
Mouse
Touch Screen
collected into batch files keyboard. This is the most (disk) for processing as a
but also the most prone to
Data can be collected real
keyboard to simplify data commonly associated with
graphical user interfaces to reduce errors through
screen display or handheld choices are processed
touch commands and data
Data usually captured on a business form that becomes the source document for input.
-time (over the phone).
Data entered via
common input method,
errors.
OLD: Data can be
batch.
NEW: Data processed as soon as it has been keyed.
Same as above. Used in conjunction with
entry.
Mouse serves as a pointing device for a screen. Can be with
point-and-click choices.
Same as above, but the use of a mouse is most
on-line and real-timeprocessing.
Same as above. Data entered on a touch
device.
Data entry users either
choices, or enter data using handwriting recognition.
On PCs, touch screen
same as above.
On handheld computers, data is stored on the handheld for later processing as a remote batch.
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Taxonomy for Computer Inputs (continued)Process
Method
Data Capture Data Entry Data Processing
transaction) as humanly processed immediately as
customer (e.g., retail cash
combination of the other
to the source as possible, even when the customer is
processed immediately as
remotely located (e.g., at
marks or precisely formed
structure and limited input
processed immediately as spoken. This technology is not as mature and much less reliable and common
education for test scoring, course evaluations, and
Point of Sale Data is captured as close to the point of sale (or
possible. No source documents.
Data is often entered directly by the customer (e.g., ATM) or by an employee directly interacting with the
register).
Input requires specialized, dedicated terminals that utilize some
techniques in this table.
Data is almost always
a transaction or inquiry.
Sound Data is captured as close
home or their place of employment).
Data is entered using touch-tones (typically from a telephone).
Usually requires fairly rigid command menu
options.
Data is almost always
a transaction or inquiry.
Speech Same as sound. Data (and commands) are
than other techniques.
Data is almost always
a transaction or inquiry.
Optical Mark Data is recorded on optical scan sheets as
letters, numbers, and punctuation.
This is the oldest form of automatic data capture.
Eliminates the need for data entry,
(Very commonly used in
surveys.)
Data is almost always processed as a batch.
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Taxonomy for Computer Inputs (concluded)Process
Method
Data Capture Data Entry Data Processing
recorded on forms that are subsequently completed
common of which is bank
number, account number,
on a device to be carried
Magnetic Ink Data is usually pre-
by the customer.
The customer records additional data on the form.
A magnetic ink reader reads the magnetized data.
The customer-added data -must be entered using another input method.
This technique is used in applications requiring high accuracy and security, the most
checks (for check
bank id).
Data is almost always processed as a batch.
Electromagnetic Data is recorded directly on the object to be described by data.
Data is transmitted by radio frequency.
Data is almost always processed immediately.
Smartcard Data is recorded directly
by the customer, employee, or other individual that is described by that data.
Data is read by smartcard readers.
Data is almost always processed immediately.
Biometric Unique human character-istics become data.
Data is read by biometric sensors.
Primary applications are security and medical monitoring.
Data is processed immediately.
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Data Capture, Entry, and Processing
Data capture is the identification and acquisition of new data (at its source).
– Source documents are forms used to record business transactions in terms of data that describe those transactions.
Data entry is the process of translating the source data or document (above) into a computer readable format.
Data processing is all processing that occurs on the data after it is input from a machine readable form.
– In batch processing, the entered data is collected into files called batches and processed as a complete batch.
– In on-line processing, the captured data is processed immediately
– In remote batch processing, data is entered and edited on-line, but collected into batches for subsequent processing.
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Input Implementation Methods
• Keyboard• Mouse• Point-of-sale terminals• Sound and speech• Automatic data capture
– Optical mark recognition (OMR)• Bar codes
– Optical character recognition (OCR)– Magnetic Ink– Electromagnetic transmission– Smart cards– Biometric
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Automatic Identification: Bar Codes
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Input Design Guidelines
• Capture only variable data.• Do not capture data that can calculated or stored in
computer programs as constants.• Use business codes for appropriate attributes.
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Source Document / Form Design Guidelines
• Include instructions for completing the form.• Minimize the amount of handwriting.• Data to be entered (keyed) should be sequenced so that
it can be read like a book, that is, top-to-bottom and left-to-right.
• When possible, based input design on known descriptions / metaphore / images.
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Bad Flow in a Form
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Good Flow in a Form
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Metaphoric Screen Design
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Internal Controls for Inputs
• Each input, and the total number of inputs should be monitored (to minimize the risk of lost transactions).– For batch processing
• Use batch control slips• Use one-for-one checks against post-processing detail reports
– For on-line systems• Log each transaction as it occurs• Assign each transaction a confirmation number (common in
web-based systems)
• Validate all data– Existence checks– Data type checks– Domain checks– Combination checks– Self-checking digits– Format checks
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Repository-Based Prototyping and Development
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Repository-Based Prototyping and Development
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GUI Components (or Controls)
• Common GUI controls (for both Windows and Web interfaces)– Text boxes– Radio buttons– Check boxes– List boxes– Drop down lists– Combination boxes– Spin boxes– Buttons– Hyperlinks (yes, also for Windows applications—see Quicken
2000)
• Advanced controls (mostly for Windows interfaces)– Drop down calendars– Slider edit controls– Masked edit controls– Ellipsis controls– Alternate numerical spinners– Check list boxes– Check tree boxes
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Common GUI Components
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Advanced GUI Components
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Advanced GUI Components (continued)
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Input Design Process
1. Identify system inputs and review logical requirements.
2. Select appropriate input components/controls.
3. As necessary, design any source documents.
4. Design, validate and test inputs using some combination of:1.Layout tools (e.g., hand sketches, spacing charts, or
CASE tools.
2.Prototyping tools (e.g., spreadsheet, PC DBMS, 4GL)
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A Logical Data Structure for Input Requirements
ORDER = ORDER NUMBER+ ORDER DATE+ CUSTOMER NUMBER+ CUSTOMER NAME+ CUSTOMER SHIPPING ADDRESS = ADDRESS >+ ( CUSTOMER BILLING ADDRESS = ADDRESS
> )+ 1 { PRODUCT NUMBER +
QUANTITY ORDERED } n+ ( DEFAULT CREDIT CARD NUMBER )
ADDRESS = ( POST OFFICE BOX NUMBER )+ STREET ADDRESS+ CITY+ STATE+ POSTAL ZONE
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Input Prototype for Data Maintenance
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Input Prototype for Transaction
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Input Prototype for Data Maintenance
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Input Prototype for Web Interface
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Input Prototype for Web Interface
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