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Chapter 1
Properties of Matter
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1. Phases of Matter
2. Density
3. Pressure in Fluids
4. Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge
Pressure
Units of Chapter 1
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General Properties of MatterMatter is anything thathas mass and volume
Everything is made ofmatter
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The three common phases of matter are solid,liquid, and gas.
Solid fixed shape, fixed size, tightly packed
and the particles vibrateLiquid Liquids have particles that are close
together, but are free to move. Takes the shape
of the container, its volume can be changed
significantly only by a very large forceGas neither fixed shape, nor a fixed volume.
1.1 Phases of Matter
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FLUID
Since liquid+gas do not
maintain a fixed shape, theyboth have the ability to flow
FLUIDS
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What are properties?Characteristics used todescribe an object
Ex: color, odor, shape,size, texture,hardness
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General Properties of matterMass, weight, volume,
and densityProperties are used to
identify a substance
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What is mass?
Mass is the amount ofmatter in an object
Mass is constant
Mass is also the
measure of inertia
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What would take up more space???
A kilogram of feathers..or a kilogram of steel??
OR
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Density is the measure of the
compactness of a material
More than just the heaviness of a
substance, density includes howmuch space an object takes up!!
All substances have density
including liquids, solids, and gases
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Compactness
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1.2 Density
Density is given by:
The symbol for density is rho.Density is simply mass per unit
volume.
)(
)(
Vvolume
mmass
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Substance Density (kg/m3)
Solid
Aluminium 2.70 103
Iron and steel 7.8 103
Copper 8.9 103
Lead 11.3 103
Gold 19.3 103
Concrete 2.3 103
Granite 2.7 103
Wood (typical) 0.3 0.9 103
Glass,
common
2.4 2.8 103
Ice 0.917 103
Bone 1.7 2.0 103
Substance Density (kg/m3)
Liquid
Water (4C) 1.00 103
Sea water 1.025 103
Blood, plasma 1.03 103
Blood, whole 1.05 103
Mercury 13.6 103
Alcohol, ethyl 0.79 103
Gasoline 0.68 103
Substance Density
(kg/m3)
Gas
Air 1.29
Helium 0.179
Carbon dioxide 1.98
Water (steam, 100C) 0.598
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1.2 Density
Example 1-1: Mass, given volume and
density.
What is the mass of a solid iron wrecking
ball of radius 18 cm?
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Liquid Layers
If you pour together liquids that dont mixand have different densities, they will form
liquid layers.
The liquid with the highest density will beon the bottom.
The liquid with the lowest density will be
on the top.
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Liquid Layers
Check out this picture. Whichlayer has the highest density?
Which layer has the lowest
density?
Imagine that the liquids have the
following densities:
10g/cm3. 3g/cm3.
6g/cm3. 5g/cm3.
Which number would go with
which layer?
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Liquid Layers Try on your own!
Imagine that the
liquids on the right
have the following
densities: 15g/cm3 10g/cm3
3g/cm3 9g/cm3
7g/cm3 12g/cm3
Match the colors tothe correct densities.
3g/cm3
7g/cm3
9g/cm3
10g/cm3
12g/cm3
15g/cm3
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1.3 Pressure in Fluids
(1) Variation of pressure with area:
Pressure is defined as force per unit
area.
Is a scalar quantity, with SI unit Nm-2 orPascal (Pa).
)()(
AareaFforceP
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Example 1.2: Calculating pressure.
The two feet of a 60-kg person cover an
area of 500 cm2.
(a) Determine the pressure exerted by thetwo feet on the ground.
(b) If the person stands on one foot, what
will the pressure be under that foot?
P D d D th t
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Pressure Depends on Depth, notShape
All these containers are the same height.
Therefore, the pressure at the bottom of each is
the same. The shape matters not!
Note: Were talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not
the pressures exerted by the containers on the table,
which would greater for a cylinder than a cone of the sameheight & base.
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1-3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure is the same in everydirection in a static fluid at a
given depth; if it were not, the
fluid would flow.
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Pressure in Fluid
(2) Variation of pressure with depth
ghP This relation is valid for
any liquid whose
density does not
change with depth.
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At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about1.013 x 105 N/m2; this is called 1 atmosphere (atm).
Another unit of pressure is the bar:
1 bar = 1.00 x 105 N/m2.
Standard atmospheric pressure is just over 1 bar.
This pressure does not crush us, as our cellsmaintain an internal pressure that balances it.
1-4 Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
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Most pressure gauges measure the pressure
above the atmospheric pressurethis is called
the gauge pressure.
The absolute pressure is the sum of the
atmospheric pressure and the gauge pressure.
1-4 Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
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Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
Absolute pressure at three different point
are:-
CatmC
BatmB
atmA
ghPP
ghPP
PP
A
B
C
hB hC
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Example 1.3
A 50 kg woman balances on one heel of
a pair of high heeled shoes. If the heel
is circular in shape and has a radius 0.5
cm, what pressure does she exerts on
the floor?
Parmg
AFP 10245.6
)105.0(81.950 6
222
V i ti f P i diff t
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Variation of Pressure in different
materials
A
B
Liquid A
Patm
C P3
P1
P2
Liquid B
Liquid C
hA
hC
hB
AAatm ghPP 1
BBghPP 12 CCghPP 23
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Example 1.4
a) Calculate the absolute pressure at an
ocean depth of 1000 m. Assume the
density of seawater is 1024 kg m-3 and
the air exerts a pressure of 101.3 kPa.
Pa10015.1
)100081.91024()103.101(
)(
7
3
P
P
ghPPa wateratm
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Example 1.5
Givenwater= 1103 kg m-3 and oil =
0.82103 kg m-3. Calculate the pressure
at the bottom of the tank.
Oil
B
Patm = 101.3 kPa
Water
P1
P2
1.4 m
2 m
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Pa10322.1
)2)(81.9)(101(10126.1
is,bottomat thepressuretheTherefore,
Pa10126.1)4.1)(81.9)(1082.0(103.101
5
2
352
12
5
1
33
1
1
P
P
ghPP
PP
ghPP
waterwater
oiloilatm
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Question 1
If you try to smuggle gold bricks by filling
your backpack, whose dimensions are
60 cm 25 cm 15 cm, what would itsmass be?
Givengold= 19.3 103 kg m-3
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kgkgm
m
cm
mcmmV
kgm
cmcmcmcmV
VmV
m
25.434103.190.0225mm
0225.0
1
)101(22500:in
103.19and
22500152560Given
333
3
3
33233
33
gold
3
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Question 2
Estimate the pressure exerted on a floor
by:
a) A pointed loudspeaker leg (60 kg onfour legs) of area = 0.05 cm2, and
compare it
b) to the pressure exerted by a 1500 kgelephant standing on one foot (area =
800 cm2)
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2-5
4
2-7
22
Nm1084.110800
81.91500
Nm1094.2
4)10(05.0
81.960
Pe
A
FP
P
A
F
P
e
ee
s
s
s
s
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Question 3
What is the pressure at the bottom of a
swimming pool of 22 m by 8.5 m whose
uniform depth is 2 m? What will be thetotal force on the bottom of the
swimming pool?
Patm = 1.013 105 Nm-2water= 1 10
3 kg m-3
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N103.2
)5.822()102.1(
Nm102.1
)2)(81.9)(101()10013.1(
7
5
2-5
35
F
APF
A
FP
P
P
PPP poolatm
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Density The density of water is 1.0 g/ml
Objects with densities greater
than 1.0 will sink in water
Objects with densities less than
1.0 g/ml will float on water
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Ice
Ice floats therefore it isless dense than water
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Astronomy fact!
The planet Saturn has a
density of less than 1.0 g/ml.
If there was an ocean big
enough to hold it, it wouldfloat!
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CalculationsIf 96.5 grams of goldhas a volume of 5 cubic
centimeters, what isthe density of gold?
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Calculation
If 96.5 g of aluminum has a
volume of 35 cm3, what is the
density of aluminum?
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Calculation
If the density of a diamond is 3.5
g/cm3, what would be the mass of
a diamond whose volume is 0.5
cm3?
S f Ch t 1
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Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas
Liquids and gases are called fluids.
Density is mass per unit volume.
Pressure is force per unit area.
Pressure at a depth h is gh.
External pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted
throughout the fluid.
Gauge pressure is the total pressure minus theatmospheric pressure.
Summary of Chapter 1
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