Respiration• The transfer of stored energy in food molecules to a form usable by the
organism• Involves the exchange of
gases between the organism and the
environment
Process
• Through the process of respiration, the organism
produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will be used for energy
1. Cellular Respiration
• Involves a series of enzyme-controlled
reactions in which energy in food is broken down
into energy that the organism can use (ATP)
a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP
is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphate
H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy
• This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of
life
Types of Respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration -involves the use of
oxygen
2. Anaerobic Respiration -oxygen is not used
Anaerobic Respiration
• Also known as Fermentation• Does not require oxygen
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell
• Glucose is either broken down into lactic acid or alcohol and CO2
• As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of
2 ATP’s
Equations for Anaerobic
Respiration
glucose 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s
glucose 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP’s
• In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
+2 ATP
Lactic Acid
4 ATP
“Lactic Acid Fermentation”
“Lactic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
+2 ATP
Alcohol + CO2
4 ATP
“Alcoholic Fermentation”
“Alcoholic Fermentation”
Aerobic Respiration
• Requires oxygen• Takes place in the
mitochondria•When we say that glucose
is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the
help of oxygen molecules
Equation for Aerobic
Respiration
glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s
• Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced
Aerobic Respiration
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
-2 ATP
+4 ATP
+O2 Water + CO2
+34 ATP
***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***
Summary
• Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s
• Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s
• Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration
Plants• Leaves- have stomates for gas
exchange• Stems- have lenticels
for gas exchange, and xylem and
phloem for transport of materials.
• Roots- gas exchange occurs across a
moist membrane of root hairs (diffusion)
Hydra• Each cell of the
hydra is in contact with the watery environment and gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Earthworm• Secretes mucus on skin
to keep it moist• The moist surface
allows the diffusion of gases through the skin and into and out of the blood (capillaries)
• Blood in the capillaries “pick up” the oxygen and transport it to the cells of the organism.
• Hemoglobin aids in the transport of oxygen to body cells.
Grasshopper• Blood does not play a role in
the transport of oxygen or carbon dioxide
(no hemoglobin)• Gas exchange and transport
is accomplished by tracheal tubes.
• Access to tracheal tubes is through the spiracles.
• Spiracles are openings located on the tracheal tubes that allow for gas exchange between the organism and the environment.
• Once oxygen is in the tracheal tubes, it diffuses through the moist membrane of the tube and into the cells.
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