CellsAnimal and Plant Cells

Cell Structure & Function

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

Two Types of Cells• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic

ProkaryoticDo not have structures surrounded by membranes

Few internal structures

One-celled organisms, Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

EukaryoticContain organelles surrounded by membranes

Most living organismsPlant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

Cell PartsOrganelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell MembraneOuter membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell

Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell WallMost commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

Supports & protects cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus

Directs cell activities

Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane

Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear MembraneSurrounds nucleus

Made of two layers

Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

ChromosomesIn nucleus

Made of DNA

Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

NucleolusInside nucleus

Contains RNA to build proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

CytoplasmGel-like mixture

Surrounded by cell membrane

Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic ReticulumMoves materials around in cell

Smooth type: lacks ribosomes

Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

RibosomesEach cell contains thousands

Make proteins

Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

MitochondriaProduces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

Controls level of water and other materials in cell

Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Golgi BodiesProtein 'packaging plant'

Move materials within the cell

Move materials out of the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

LysosomeDigestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

VacuolesMembrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

Contains water solution

Help plants maintain shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

ChloroplastUsually found in plant cells

Contains green chlorophyll

Where photosynthesis takes place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Division

MITOSIS

MitosisThe process of cell division which results in the production of two

daughter cells from a single parent cell.

The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original

parent cell.

Mitosis can be divided into stages

• Interphase

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase & Cytokinesis

InterphaseThe cell prepares for division

Animal Cell DNA replicated

Organelles replicated

Cell increases in size

Interphase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

ProphaseThe cell prepares for nuclear

divisionAnimal Cell

Packages DNA into chromosomes

Prophase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MetaphaseThe cell prepares chromosomes for division

Animal CellChromosomes line up at the center of the cell

Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere

Metaphase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

AnaphaseThe chromosomes divide

Animal CellSpindle fibers pull chromosomes apart

½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell

Anaphase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

TelophaseThe cytoplasm divides

Animal CellDNA spreads out2 nuclei formCell wall pinches in to form the 2 new daughter cells

Telophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Mitosis Animation

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase

                                              

              

Prophase

                                             

               

Metaphase

                                              

              

Anaphase

                                             

               

Telophase

                                              

              

Interphase

                                             

               

Cell Specializationhttp://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellspecialization/

cell specialization is an adaptation to do a particular job in a cell

Examples: lung cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells, bone cells

Stem CellsStem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.

Two Types of Stem Cells:Adult stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue.Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development.