Cartografic challenge
How to develop a map able to create a dialogue betweensocial actors coming from different cultural contexts?
? How can we translate the terms «participation» and «collaboration» in cartographic instruments for territorial governance
1. the cartographic interpreter: plurality of actors
? How can we integrate in a map different visions of the world
3. the graphic transfert: multiple ways of representation
2. the typology of data: not only statistical, other sources
Cartographic semiosis
U N I V E R S I T À D E G L I S T U D I D I B E R G A M O
Participatory mapping in a critical perspective:
from a topographic to a chorographic approach
Participatory Mapping
Author?Product/Object
Tool/instrument? Process?
F. Burini, Cartografia partecipativa. Mapping per la governance ambientale e urbana, Franco Angeli, Milano, 2016, ISBN: 978-88-917-4087-8
Map of the southern regions of Scioa made by an Abyssin (1886)Source: A. Cecchi (1886), Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, vol.1-2-3, SGI, Roma, Loesher, tav. 4
Critical Cartography
Towards «cartographic ethics»
J. B. Harley • anti-democratic nature• different access to data• empowerment of institutions and control over excluded communities
Critics to GIS
Against the bith of a new «Empire Geography»John Pickles
i) Marginalisation/empowerment;ii) Difference between represented space and real spaceiii) Social implications of GIS
J. B. HARLEY, “Deconstructing the Map”, Cartographica, v. 26, n. 2, 1989, pp. 1-20
J. PICKLES (ed.), Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems, GuilfordPress, New York, 1994.
Participatory Cartographic Systems
Main goalRecover the role of local communities in the process of cartographic construction
3 typologies: i. Participatory maps; ii. Community Integrated GIS- CIGIS;iii. Public Participatory GIS – PPGIS;
Craig, Weiner, Harris
Big-Geo Data and Volunteered Geographic InformationGoodchild, Kitchin
Main goalRecover the role of the individual as «sensor» in the process of cartographicconstruction
William J. Craig,Trevor M. Harris,Daniel Weiner (eds.), Community Participation and Geographical Information Systems, Taylor and Francis, London and New York, 2002
M.GOODCHILD, “Citizens as Sensors: The World of Volunteered Geography”, GeoJournal,August 2007, Volume 69, Issue 4, pp 211–221.R. KITCHIN, “Big data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts”, Big Data and Society, April–June 2014, pp. 1–12.
NO REFLECTION ABOUT MAPPING AS COMMUNICATIVE SYSTEM AND PROCESS
PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AS A COMMUNICATIVE SYSTEM AND CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS
1. cartographer: a plurality of actors
3. graphic rendering: multiple solutions
2. data: coming from different sources and actors
4. space/time dimension: of the process
INTERPRETAZIONE DEI DATI: LA CARTOGRAFIA PER LA PIANIFICAZIONE
Strumento operativo per
la presa di decisione
ANALISI DATI STATISTICI E INDAGINE DI TERRENO: LA CARTOGRAFIA DI CONOSCENZA
Cartografia a plurime scale
Osservazione e inchieste partecipative
COMMUNENOM MÈRENOM Statut Phénomènes de déguerpissementY X N habitants N concessionsGROUPES Année fondationMigrations Activité Elements TrElements mod
Kandi Kandi Donwari vill.de nouv. Installation11.11861 2.85415 4300 358 Bariba,gando,haoussa, djerma,Immigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants du Niger et parfois du Burkina FasoAgriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, haricot, igname,…); élevage (bovins, caprins, ovins, volaille), chasse collective à la battue vers les hameaux de DinninLieux sacrés:Konrantéya (=rivière; plus important lieu sacré du village), Sawaï (pierre), Kloulassidé (colline), Gbigangni (arbre, un caïlcédrat exactement), Womassou (Deux arbres, un karité et un néré), Yabobom (pierre)Coton, habitat moderne, projets et associations de type moderne: PADEAR, PAMR, APE, GJ, GC, GF
Kandi Donwari Boï ham.perm. 11.15295 2.84294 72 6 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), élevage (bovins, caprins, ovins, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Goukonnou ham.perm. 11.15153 2.83534 192 16 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), petit élevage (volaille)
Kandi Donwari Goutinma ham.perm. 11.16484 2.83222 36 3 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,arachide)
Kandi Donwari/ Sinawongourou(les deux villages reclament ces terres)Gannou ham.perm. 11.15600 2.80927 180 15 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide), élevage
Kandi Donwari Gouwonké ham.perm. 11.15912 2.79844 120 10 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide), élevage
Kandi Donwari Bontéré ham.perm. 11.15247 2.79361 108 9 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (sorgho, coton, maïs, arachide), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Siansiangourouham.perm. 11,22193 2.78593 120 10 Bariba,Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,igname), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Gountia ham.perm. 11,26098 2.75095 96 8 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)
Kandi Donwari Batabongouham.perm. 11,27597 2.79904 288 24 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (maïs, sorgho, coton, igname, riz, manioc, piment)
Kandi Donwari/ Sanrou (les deux villages reclament ces terres)Sémkassi (ou Djanwanka; son deuxième nom)ham.perm. 11,24616 2.82740 144 12 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (maïs, sorgho, coton, manioc, haricot, arachide)
Kandi Donwari Goubouko ham.perm. 11,19516 2.82225 240 20 Bariba,Gando Agriculture (sorgho, maïs, coton), petit élevage
Kandi Donwari Tiankorogourouham.perm. 11,16921 2.84243 120 10 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Yayarou/délégué gbarouham.perm. 11.15995 2.85054 60 5 Bariba, Gourmantché, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,arachide), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari/ SinawongourouGbéniki ham.perm. 11.11147 2.81162 84 7 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho)
Kandi Donwari Matchou soulé garoucamp peulh 11,20309 2,80411 348 29 Peul 1980 élevage, agriculture (coton sorgho)
Kandi Donwari El-hadji Gabso marégaroucamp peulh 11,21966 2,81590 276 23 Peulh, élevage, agriculture (sorghho, maïs, coton) habitat mod
Kandi Donwari Gousouanouham.perm. 11.01969 2.81210 120 10 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), petit élevage(bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Kouhougouham.perm. 11.09274 2.82402 180 15 Bariba Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)
Kandi Donwari Gbébakayèrèham.perm. 11.07984 2.85804 180 15 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)
Kandi Donwari Goutinma camp.peul 11.15818 2.83534 96 8 Peul Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton)
Kandi Donwari Yompiri camp.peul 11.13304 2.83436 180 15 Peul, Gando Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton)
Kandi Donwari Wadagou camp.peul 11.13770 2.82740 84 7 Peul, Gando Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton, mil)
Kandi Donwari Goudokou/Momgogouroucamp.peul 11.13667 2.84762 60 5 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Donwari Kouhougoucamp.peul 11.09053 2.83399 120 10 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Donwari Siansiangouroucamp.peul 11.22358 2.77173 96 8 Peul (Borédjo du Niger) Elevage, agriculture (mil, sorgho)
Kandi Donwari Tiankorogouroucamp.peul 11.17492 2.84788 96 8 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Monko Tissarou (anciennement apppelé Djessou)Vill.par agrandissement 11.12741 2.87483 180 50 Bariba, Gando, Djerma, HaoussaImmigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants du Niger et parfois du Burkina FasoAgri (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide, riz haricot, tomate, piment), élevage, poterieLieu sacré: Yassakarou (pierre), chef traditionnel: Bouko Yabi NgoïCoton, habitat moderne, projets et associations de type moderne: PAMR, APE, GJ, GC, GF
Kandi Tissarou Gannoun ham.perm. 11.10753 2.87544 144 12 Gando Agri (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide, riz ), élevage (bovin, ovin et volaille surtout)
Kandi Tissarou Toégbarou ham.perm. 11.08776 2.88679 144 12 Bariba 1840 Agri (coton, maïs, sorgho, mil), élevage
Kandi Tissarou Wuro Hamancamp.peul 11.11847 2.87866 384 32 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Tissarou Wuro Gaanicamp.peul 11.10974 2.87731 156 13 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Tissarou Kécérou camp.peul 11.11149 2.88174 144 12 Peul Elevage, agri (coton, sorgho, mil, maïs)
Kandi Tissarou Gurè Baoudècamp.peul 11.10489 2.88565 156 13 Elevage, agri (coton, sorgho, maïs)
Kandi Sinanwongourou/Kommon(Kommon= deuxième nom)Sinanwongourou/KommonVill. mère 11.12244 2.77672 1200 80 Bariba, Gando, Djerma, HaoussaImmigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants venant du Niger ou du NigériaAgri (coton, maïs, sorgho, riz), maraîchage (tomate, piment), élevageLieux sacrés: Somborou (arbre), Dangoo (pierre), Dankpidou don (arbre), Boundérou (pierre), Kabayari bonyérou (colline), kpétahorou (pierre),chefferie traditionnelle forte ( bien respectée), coton, habitat moderne
Kandi Sinanwongourou/KommonBountéré ham.perm. 11.15144 2.77697 264 22 Bariba Agri (coton, sorgho, maïs), petit élevage
Modellizzazione dei dati
(criteri, indici, categorie)Identificazione
problematiche
ELABORAZIONE DI STRUMENTI DI GOVERNANCE: LA CARTOGRAFIA PER LA CONCERTAZIONE
Identificazione delle
dinamiche in atto e
delle criticità
Identificazione degli
attori e delle poste in
gioco
1° PHASE2° PHASE
3° PHASE 4° PHASE
PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGY: the SIGAP Strategy created by the Diathesis Lab
CAPITALIZZAZIONE: LA CARTOGRAFIA INTERATTIVA E MULTIMEDIALE
THE SIGAP STRATEGY
1. KNOWLEDGE: observation, data collection, field research and interviews
2. PLANNING: data analysis, interpretation and GIS
3. NEGOTIATION: Focus Group, living labs and collaborative mapping
Modular methodology
4. CAPITALIZATION: sharing knowledge and experience
THE MAIN FEATURES OF COLLABORATIVE MAPPING FOLLOWING THE SIGAP STRATEGY
1) THE INTERPRETER OF THE MAP: A PLURALITY OF SOCIAL ACTORS
Environmental conservation is a colonial legacy which implies today a participatory
approach considering many social actors: national institutions, international
organisations, researchers, ONG and associations, local communities
The researcher as an intermediate actor facilitating the dialogue
2) DATA: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RECOVERED BY FIELD RESEARCH
If a topographical map shows legal territorial organisation, following legal and
administrative criteria, participatory mapping shows local traditional organisation:
following historical and traditional criteria and also traditional knowledge
The importance of denomination: the need of a «de-codification» of the
meaning to recover local knowledge
3) GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION: MULTIPLE OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN BY
ICT
- 2D and 3D representations
- Participatory drawings and Community integrated GIS
Geographies for intercultural dialogue:
Subsaharan Africa
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
FROM FORTRESS CONSERVATION
Empty space
No human activity
Conservationism
The idea of «Closed areas»
TO COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION
Lively space
Different human activities
Local development
The new set of «Open areas»
COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION
Conservation
= an intelligent use of natural resources
Local development
SUSTAINABILITY
Protected areas
conservation
Landscape and
territorial planning
PROTECTED AREAS GOVERNANCE TODAY
FROM PASSIVE TO
ACTIVE
CONSERVATION
Passive participation
Aids for lost land and resources
New ways of business
buffer zones
Compensation
Tourism
(guide, ranger, game
ranching,…)
Handcraft
Environmental education
CO-MANAGEMENT OR CONTRACT
AGREEMENT between authorities and local communities
Negotiation of State resources
Local people participate in management
Full participation of local communities in management
Active participation
Land property and resources property
Equal distribution of revenew
Decentralisation of power (local institutions, local
communities, NGO)
www.multimap-parcw.org
Burkina Faso
Niger
Bénin
WAP COMPLEX(W, Arly and Pendjari)
www.multimap-parcw.org
2001-2005 W TBR and 2006-2009 ARLYPartners: Universities of Bergamo, Ouagadougou, Niamey, CotonouCooperation Project: Regional Programme Parc W/ECOPAS (Europen Development Fund)
NP Pendjari
Kondio
Bossia
http://multimap.unibg.it/
• identification of different social actors and analysis of the territorial organization
• creation of capitalization and decision-support systems
4 Universities, 15 researchers, many stakeholdersin local communities
• negotiation between local communities and environmental institutions
a) recover the territorial organization of local communities
b) build instruments of environmental management
c) promote local sustainable development
EU priorities
Burkina FasoNiger
Bénin
From 40 villages already known to about 1570 villages never mapped before
W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
«Knowledge Mapping»
0 50 km
W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
Collaborative mapping for decision making
Creating a dialogue between local communities and parks managers
«sketch collaborative mapping»
Sketch map of the association of fishers: the fishing places in Bossia
Tributary
gorouVillage
Boschia
Island gunguRiver issa
bangu
Rice camp
motarey
bangu
Tributary
gorou
Limit
Bossia/Birigambou
Participatory mapping of the foundation of the village of Kondio (Burkina Faso)
fauna
vegetation
hydrography
Cartographers: chief’s councellors and sacred places guides
villages
pedology
Symbolicknowledge on
natural resources:
Kingandi nakpambu
Goalmina kpambu
Tamboana kpambu
Tingwana kpambu
Farmers settlements
Jurisdictionalknowledge
Cartographers: the farmers association
fauna
vegetation
No symbolicknowledge
New jurisdiction
Reserves
Participatory mapping of the village showing the creation of the protected area
borders
Denial of symbolic values and new jurisdiction
Farmers settlements
W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
Kindgandi nakpambu
Kindgandi
Tingoana kpambu
Goalmina kpambu
GoalmiTamboanaTamboana kpambu
TBR W
Kourtiagou Game Reserve
Seri
Natongou
Bosswanga
Palboa
Niamonga
Sangwakiali
Cimokiali
wudodanou
Insediamento agricolo
Concessione
Antico insediamento
dipendenzaCorso permanenteCorso temporaneo
pista
pozzo
forage
Area pastorale
luogo di raccolta
mercato
moschea
scuola
ColdjatiCombari
Wali
Yonli
Woba
Tankwano
Lompo
Altro
Swobu
timbwoanli
tintankiagui
tintanbimatingboanga
Lignaggi
sacrée
pedologia
Tingoana
vegetazione
Idrografia
Poste forestier
Hotel
Gbansangou
The digitalisation of sketch maps and the local scale
SYMBOLIC KNOWLEDGE: socially recognisable values such as history and myth (sacred sites,
places of foundation)
FUNCTIONAL KNOWLEDGE: aimed at intellectual knowledge and material practices for the
identification of locations in which productive activities take place (agricultural and pastoral areas, hunting and fishing grounds and areas which are harvested)
JURISDICTIONAL KNOWLEDGE: which give information regarding the social and territorial
organisation of the local community (village boundaries, position of land, political and religious authorities)
COLLABORATIVE MAPPING AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERRED INTO CARTOGRAPHIC ICONS
W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
http://multimap.unibg.it/
FROM TOPOS TO CHORA
The place wheresomeone/something is locatedor where something happens
TOPOGRAPHY: physicaldimension following euclidean
rules
The place someone/somethingbelongs to, with a value and a
meaning
CHOROGRAPHY: symbolic and narrative dimension following a
subjective approach
Augustin Berque, "‘Lieu’ 1.", EspacesTemps.net, Livres, 19.03.2003https://www.espacestemps.net/articles/lieu-def1/
Introducing alternatives to
topographic metrics
Including the subjective
perspective to spatial
representation
From objectivity to perceptionFrom geometric to topological space
Central role of the individual
CARTOGRAPHIC TURN
Actual research: reconstructing the rizhomes(the individual space of mobility) by using Social Media data
GEO BIG DATA produced by the individuals
public or private
Web server or otherdigital/non digital support
PRODUCTION
LOCALIZATION
STORAGEACCESSIBILITY
FORMATProduced by
individuals or by fixedor mobile instruments
Geo-referencedor not
texts, e-mails, tables, maps, photos, videos…
1. The potential of Big Data variety
«digital footprints» the relationship individual/space
Potential in urban studies for recovering social values: - Tracing the inhabitants mobiliy
- showing the relationship with urban spaces
ACTIVE ROLE:• The user reveals his/her localization• The user produces information
referred to places (knowledge, opinions, practices, needs, visions)
PASSIVE ROLE: • Trace geo-reference of the individual
through time • Register information about individual
practices in urban space
Mobile phones (CDRs), apps, service providers (related to personal
instruments or shared vehicles)
Social Networks, blogs, web sites, apps,collaborative mapping systems
2. Geo-Big Data produced by the individuals
SOURCES-TOOLS:
BIG GEO-DATA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INHABITANTS MOVEMENT
DENOTATIVE LEVEL Geo-referentiation traceability
CONNOTATIVE LEVEL Showing social practices social sense of space and places
Source
Data production
Critical perspective offered by semiosis (Casti, 1998) interpreter; metrics; data; graphical choices Reflexive and chorographic approach (Casti, 2013) towards cybercartography
spatial: nodes, connections; time: lenghth of movement, presence in nodes
Social actions and practices:Non-volountary: data can reveal the typology of mobility(commuters, residents, tourists) or the nationality of the userVolountary: data produced by inhabitants and referred to places
complementary to statistics, surveys and field research
Information created by sensors or by inhabitants
Need of a critical approach to make this content come out:
REPRESENTATION OF BIG GEO-DATA
2) PROFILE and POINT OF VIEW OF INHABITANTS
1) SPACE-TIME DIMENSIONContent
2.207.607 Tweet collected from April 2015 to May 2017
Owrking group of UNIBG students:Nicola Cortesi, Kevin Gotti, Andrea Gargarone, Davide Capelli
TWEETMAP – URBAN NEXUS Airports
Air Mobility following the travellers’ digital traces
Aeroporto Linate
Area EXPO 2015
Aeroporto Malpensa
Aeroporto Orio al Serio «Il Caravaggio»
Milano
Bergamo
1 May - 31 October 2015
AREA EXPO MILANO
Aeroporto Orio al Serio
Orio Center
Città Alta
Bergamo area
Bergamo
Data attributes: es. twitted pictures from Instagram
Walking
Extra-urban mobility:
Public - Funicolare Public - Buses
Urban Mobility:
Air mobility Rail mobility
Means of transportation used by different users at different scales
Social Media AnalysisThe «Treets System»: tracking Tweets for 7 days
Nodes
Links
Texts/pictures/videos
Produced by a single
user during 7 days
A Spanish tourist: from network to rhizome
A Californian tourist
Conclusion:Suggestions for the exam
• Please study the slides of the lectures
• Keep in mind the main concepts and main topics in a geographical perspective
• Be able to make examples to show you understood the concepts
• General suggestion: keep in mind the main idea of each chapter of the books you have to study;
S. Lucia’ church – via xx settembre Bergamo
S. Lucia’ market
Sentierone - Bergamo
S. Lucia’ hut
Sentierone - Bergamo
S. Lucia’s journey …