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ONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENT TEST : ONLINE CIVIL ENGIEERING
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CARBONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENT
TEST
Carbonation of concrete occurs when the carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in
the presence of moisture, reacts with hydrated cement minerals to produce
carbonates, e.g. calcium carbonate. The carbonation process is also called
depassivation. Carbonation penetrates below the exposed surface of concrete
extremely slowly. The time required for carbonation can be estimated knowing the
concrete grade and using the following equation:
t = ( d / k )2
where,
t is the time for carbonation,
d is the concrete cover,k is the permeability
Typical permeability values are shown in Table 1.
The significance of carbonation is that the usual protection of the reinforcing
steel generally present in concrete due to the alkaline conditions caused by
hydrated cement paste is neutralized by carbonation. Thus, if the entire concrete
cover over the reinforcing steel is carbonated, corrosion of the steel would occur if
moisture and oxygen could reach the steel.
EQUIPMENTS
If there is a need to physically measure the extent of carbonation it can be
determined easily by spraying a freshly exposed surface of the concrete with a 1%
phenolphthalein solution. The calcium hydroxide is coloured pink while the
carbonated portion is uncoloured.
PROCEDUREThe 1% phenolthalein solution is made by dissolving 1gm of phenolthalein in
90 cc of ethanol. The solution is then made up to 100 cc by adding distilled water.
On freshly extracted cores the core is sprayed with phenolphthalein solution, the
depth of the uncoloured layer (the carbonated layer) from the external surface is
measured to the nearest mm at 4 or 8 positions, and the average taken. If the
test is to be done in a drilled hole, the dust is first removed from the hole using
an air brush and again the depth of the uncoloured layer measured at 4 or 8
positions and the average taken. If the concrete still retains its alkaline
characteristic the colour of the concrete will change to purple. If carbonation has
taken place the pH will have changed to 7 (i.e. neutral condition) and there will be
no colour change.
Another formula, which can be used to estimate the depth of carbonation,
utilizes the age of the building, the water-to-cement ratio and a constant, which
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Slump Test
The slump test is the most well-known and widely usedtest method to characterize the workability of fresh concrete.The inexpensive ...
PERMEABILITY TEST
Permeability of concrete is important when dealing withdurability of concrete particularly in concrete used for waterretaining stru...
COMPACTING FACTOR TEST
Compacting Factor Test is performed to determine theworkability of fresh Concrete. APPARATUS i) Compacting factoapparatus ...
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Carbonation 1
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ONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENT TEST : ONLINE CIVIL ENGIEERING
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varies depending on the surface coating on the concrete.
y=7.2XC2/(R2(4.6x-1.76)2)
where,
y is age of building in years,
x is water-to-cement ratio,
C is carbonation depth,
R is a constant (R= ).
R varies depending on the surface coating on the concrete () and whether the
concrete has been in external or internal service (). This formula is contained in
the Japanese Construction Ministry publication Engineering for improving the
durability of reinforced concrete structures. is 1.7 for indoor concrete and 1.0for outdoor concrete. values are shown in Table 2.
RANGE AND LIMI TATI ONS
The phenolphthalein test is a simple and cheap method of determining the
depth of carbonation in concrete and provides information on the risk of
reinforcement corrosion taking place. The only limitation is the minor amount of
damage done to the concrete surface by drilling or coring.
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