CANSAN INITIAL OVERVIEW
CHARLIE JEFFERYUniversity of Edinburgh
Regionalisation of Politics
• How far do citizens understand/practice a regionalised politics?– Instead of nationalisation?
– As well as (interdependent with; autonomous of nationalised politics)?
• Standard questionnaire → data on 3 regions Austria, France, Germany, Spain, 2 regions UK– Regions chosen for variation on identity, powers,
economy– Robustness of indicators across regional/national
contexts?
Variables
• Dependent– How far is political participation
understood/practiced at regional scales?– How far is social solidarity
understood/practiced at regional scales?
• Independent– Territorial identity (within CANS)– Powers of regional govt (Marks et al?)– Regional economic disparities (?)
Identity: Attachment to Region% ‘very’ attached to region/state
a) % region b) % state a) – b)
Scotland 80 43 37
Wales 69 49 20
Catalonia 55 25 30
Brittany 65 49 16
Thuringia 57 42 15
Galicia 58 44 14
Bavaria 53 42 9
Alsace 60 60 0
Vienna 52 61 -9
Salzburg 52 64 -12
Upper Austria 51 62 -11
Lower Saxony 36 51 -15
Castilla la Mancha 33 52 -19
Ile de France 26 53 -27
Identity: Moreno ScaleJust ‘Region’ R > S Equal S > R Just State
Scotland 19 41 26 4 7
Catalonia 16 29 37 6 6
Wales 11 29 33 10 15
Upper Austria 10 16 38 11 22
Bavaria 9 19 36 11 19
Thuringia 9 18 44 9 17
Salzburg 9 17 50 9 10
Vienna 7 14 38 15 19
Galicia 6 25 57 6 4
Lower Saxony 6 11 34 15 27
Brittany 2 23 50 15 9
Castilla la Mancha 2 4 52 18 20
Alsace 1 17 42 20 15
Ile de France 1 7 30 42 12
Participation: Measures
• Relative importance of regional vs. statewide electoral process– Voting; decisions of regional vs. state
parliaments
• Standard political efficacy measures• (UK) which does/which should have most
influence?• (Germany) which more in touch with
everyday concerns?
Participation: Voting• How important to vote in regional/state elections
a) % ‘very’ regional b) % ‘very’ state a) – b)
Scotland 65 62 3
Catalonia 52 49 3
Galicia 55 55 0
Alsace 43 43 0
Ile de France 51 53 -2
Salzburg 58 62 -4
Brittany 44 48 -4
Thuringia 32 36 -4
Bavaria 44 49 -5
Upper Austria 44 53 -9
Wales 50 60 -10
Castilla la Mancha 42 52 -10
Lower Saxony 40 51 -11
Vienna 46 60 -14
Participation: Efficacy% agree/agree strongly ‘regional/state govt doesn’t care about what people like me think’
a) Regional b) State a) – b)
Scotland 35 49 -14
Wales 39 52 -13
Alsace 57 69 -12
Brittany 58 68 -10
Salzburg 44 52 -8
Upper Austria 44 50 -6
Catalonia 64 69 -5
Bavaria 59 63 -4
Thuringia 54 58 -4
Ile de France 61 64 -3
Lower Saxony 53 56 -3
Galicia 66 67 -1
Castilla la Mancha 58 59 -1
Vienna 47 48 -1
Participation: Does/ShouldWhich level of govt does/which should have most influence? Here: % regional govt should/does
a) Should b) Does a) – b)
Scotland 73 38 35
Wales 70 40 30
Catalonia 79 58 21
Brittany 76 58 18
Salzburg 89 73 16
Upper Austria 82 67 15
Vienna 79 65 14
Alsace 75 61 14
Thuringia 76 63 13
Lower Saxony 73 60 13
Galicia 65 54 11
Ile de France 66 53 9
Bavaria 75 67 8
Castilla la Mancha 55 58 -3
Participation: ‘Concerned’• % think regional/state govt is more concerned about ‘worries and needs’ of the people
a) Regional b) State a) – b)
Brittany 86 7 79
Alsace 86 7 79
Catalonia 82 5 77
Castilla la Mancha 78 8 70
Wales 82 13 69
Salzburg 82 13 69
Ile de France 77 9 68
Scotland 81 14 67
Upper Austria 79 13 66
Galicia 72 9 63
Bavaria 68 14 54
Vienna 65 22 43
Lower Saxony 64 16 48
Thuringia 58 18 40
Participation: ConstitutionNo regional goverment
Fewer powers Status quo More powers Independence
Salzburg 3 7 45 42 2
Upp. Austria 3 5 47 41 2
Vienna 5 12 51 27 2
Alsace 1 2 42 41 6
Brittany 1 2 31 52 5
Ile de France 3 3 35 38 0
Bavaria 3 8 41 29 15
Lower Sax 6 13 40 30 4
Thuringia 9 13 28 39 5
Castilla la Mancha 7 10 37 40 1
Catalonia 2 7 15 51 21
Galicia 5 8 26 51 3
Scotland 7 4 28 39 20
Wales 9 6 28 42 14
Participation: In Sum
• Clearly a multi-level political citizenship, both-and• Voting at state level generally more important (except
Scotland, Catalonia)• Scotland and Catalonia keenest on regional-scale participation• CLM, Lower Saxony, Vienna least keen• ALL except CLM think regional govt should have ‘most
influence’, more in touch, more influenceable• Weight of opinion clearly to the ‘more powers’ side of status
quo– Endorsement of more ‘proximate’ govt
• Not much obvious variation by identity, powers, disparities• Often clearly national patterns
Solidarity: Measures
• Definition of ‘solidarity community’ – with whom do we most closely share interests, regional vs statewide community?
• Openness to territorial policy variation – more open, then less concerned about statewide equity?
• Measures of statewide/interregional solidarity
Solidarity Community• How close to people in region/state as a whole?
a) % ‘very’ region b) % ‘very’ state a) – b)
Scotland 50 13 37
Wales 46 14 32
Catalonia 41 20 21
Galicia 35 23 12
Alsace 37 29 8
Brittany 33 25 8
Thuringia 20 16 4
Ile de France 38 34 4
Upper Austria 28 25 3
Salzburg 20 17 3
Bavaria 18 15 3
Castilla la Mancha 20 21 -1
Lower Saxony 14 15 -1
Vienna 18 20 -2
Solidarity: Policy Variation #1Which level of govt should be responsible for the environment?
% regional % state % EU
Brittany 43 15 35
Galicia 41 13 35
Scotland 37 32 26
Wales 36 40 20
Catalonia 35 15 44
Upper Austria 32 31 33
Alsace 31 17 43
Salzburg 31 31 37
Castilla la Mancha 31 28 31
Ile de France 29 21 40
Thuringia 29 30 35
Lower Saxony 23 34 35
Bavaria 23 31 41
Vienna 23 37 36
Solidarity: Policy Variation #1• Which level of govt should be responsible for fighting unemployment?
% regional % state % EU
Scotland 37 55 4
Catalonia 35 42 15
Wales 28 64 3
Upper Austria 25 56 16
Vienna 23 57 17
Salzburg 23 57 19
Galicia 23 48 17
Bavaria 21 66 9
Thuringia 18 70 8
Alsace 18 59 17
Brittany 16 65 11
Lower Saxony 16 70 8
Castilla la Mancha 15 62 15
Ile de France 13 61 17
Solidarity: Policy Variation #1• Which level of govt should be responsible for education?
% regional % state % EU
Scotland 65 30 3
Catalonia 64 21 10
Wales 53 42 1
Galicia 41 40 11
Bavaria 39 49 8
Lower Saxony 37 50 9
Thuringia 30 60 7
Alsace 24 61 9
Brittany 24 66 6
Upper Austria 23 64 10
Vienna 23 62 12
Castilla la Mancha 22 59 13
Salzburg 20 71 7
Ile de France 18 67 6
Solidarity: Policy Variation #2
• Uniformity vs. matter for region to decide – Unemployment benefits, student fees, old age care,
juvenile offenders
• Generally (large) majorities for uniformity– Catalonia the exception – except juvenile offenders
majority for Catalan decision
– Scotland>Wales>Galicia>Bavaria substantial minorities for regional decision
– Austria uniform, very high preference for uniformity (Germany except Bavaria, France not far behind)
Solidarity: Disparities
• Central govt to intervene to even out regional economic disparities?
• All majority agree; here % disagree
Bavaria 36
Upper Austria 27
Salzburg 26
Catalonia 25
Scotland 25
Lower Saxony 20
Vienna 20
Wales 17
Alsace 16
Thuringia 15
Ile de France 11
Galicia 10
Brittany 8
Castilla la Mancha 6
Solidarity: Interregional
• Rich regions transfer to poor to ensure uniformity
• % disagree
Salzburg 52
Bavaria 45
Upper Austria 44
Vienna 29
Catalonia 29
Lower Saxony 24
Alsace 23
Thuringia 22
Scotland 20
Wales 18
Ile de France 11
Galicia 9
Brittany 8
Castilla la Mancha 5
Solidarity: In Sum
• Scotland, Wales, Catalonia, Galicia (Bavaria): outliers on solidarity community, policy variation– But otherwise (and general) preference for state-level
competence and uniform provision
• Rich-poor differentiation on disparities and equalisation– But: general preference for measures to ensure equity
• Social citizenship still, but significantly less multi-levelled
In Sum• General preference for more political participation at
regional scale• General preference for social solidarity at statewide scale
– But with some indications that identity differentiates solidarity community, as does relative economic performance
• Main differentiation by state, national patterns• Some evidence that identity works cross-nationally to
regionalise (public attitudes towards) politics (UK, Spain)• Preferences in contradiction!
– Different scales of political action allow expression of different aspects of citizenship
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