Myelitis
■ Inflammation of the spinal cord (disrupts the CNS functions linking brain and limbs) !
■ Symptoms: Moderate fever with pain along the spine that also radiates into the extremities.
www.nature.com
Acute transverse myelitis in a 7-month-old boy after diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis immunization
Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ■ Accumulation of blood in the subarachnoid space
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■ Symptoms: “Thunderclap” headache, stroke, vomiting, seizures, confusion, loss of consciousness, and cardiac strain
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http://www.asnr.org/neurographics/3/1/2/4.shtml http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/93-PseudoabducensPalsy.htm
Anatomic Site for Positioning“Gonion”
■ The most inferior, posterior and lateral point on the external angle of the mandible
Whiplash Injury ■ Injury to the C-Spine or supporting
ligaments ■ muscles marked by pain and
stiffness. ■ Most whiplash injuries are the result
of a collision that includes sudden acceleration or deceleration.
■ In this type of hyperextension injury, C2 may have fractures of the neural arch and facets, and the anterior longitudinal ligament may rupture resulting in avulsion fracture of the anteroinferior margin
Limbus Fracture
■ Traumatic separation of a segment of bone from the edge of the vertebral ring epiphysis at the site of annular attachment.
Compression Fracture
!■ A bone break that disrupts
osseous tissue and collapses the affected bone.
■ This injury tends to happen in 2 groups of people. ■ Patients involved in traumatic
accidents when the load placed on the vertebrae exceeds its stability. (This is commonly seen after a fall)
■ Patients with osteoporosis (most common)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Osteopetrosis)
Genetically-based skeletal disorder characterized by abnormally brittle bones
Achondroplasia “Dwarfism”
The most common disorder in bone growth that causes short stature with disproportionately short
limbs
Osteomalacia/Rickets
■ The softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.
Osteodystrophy
■ A combination of bone disorders usually caused by chronic renal failure.
■ Patients with chronic kidney failure develop these conditions because of imbalances of hormones that affect bone metabolism and calcium balance
Osteitis Deformans/Pagets■ chronic bone disorder that results in enlarged, deformed bones due to
excessive breakdown & formation of bone tissue that can cause bones to weaken and may result in bone pain, arthritis, bony deformities and fractures.
Osteochondroma■ A benign tumor that contains both bone and cartilage
and usually occurs near the end of a long bone.
Ewing’s Sarcoma (Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors )
■ Bone cancer found in children and young adults.
Multiple myeloma
■ Multiple myeloma is a cancer of your plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell present in your bone marrow.
Meningioma
■ 2nd most common brain tumor and accounts for approx. 20% of all brain tumors.
!■ Slow growing benign
brain neoplasm originating in the arachnoid tissues.
Meningitis:Inflammation of the protective meninges
!■ Causes: infectious agents, physical injury,
cancer, or certain drugs. Most caused by micro-organisms that spread into the blood and CSF.
■ Symptoms: headache, stiff neck, fever, and altered mental status.
Meningocele
Meningocele is one type of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops normally but the meninges
protrude from a spinal opening
Myelomeningocele
The most severe form of spina bifida in which the meninges and the spinal cord push through the hole in the back.
Neurofibroma
A nerve sheath tumor that infiltrates the nerve and splays apart the individual nerve fibers. Although neurofibromas are usually benign, they can sometimes degenerate into
cancer.
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