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UNIT I APA COCOK DENGAN APA?
Sekarang Lampau YOU THEY WE THE STUDENTS ARE WERE MY FRIENDS
YOUR FRIENDS OUR FRIENDS THEIR FRIENDS HER FRIENDS HIS FRIENDS I AM
SHE HE THE STUDENT WAS WAS MY FRIEND
YOUR FRIEND IS OUR FRIEND THEIR FRIEND HIS FRIEND HER FRIEND It
Pada bab ini dijelaskan bahwa TO BE bentuk sekarang yaitu: am, is dan
are dan TO BE bentuk lampau yaitu: was dan were hanya bisa diikuti oleh lima kelompok kata di bawah ini, yaitu: 1. Adjective (kata sifat), contoh: diligent (rajin), patient (sabar), stupid
(bodoh), greedy (rakus), crazy (gila), angry (marah), hungry (lapar). 2. Noun (kata benda) contoh: Arman, a teacher (seorang guru), a president
(seorang presiden), a driver (seorang sopir), an engineer (seorang insinyur), a book (sebuah buku), etc.
3. Adverb of place/time (kata keterangan tempat / waktu) contoh: in school
(di sekolah), at supermarket (di pasar swalayan), outside (di luar), in classroom (dalam kelas), in Pagatan (di Pagatan) at eight o’clock (pada jam delapan) , etc.
4. K.K. I + Ing (kata kerja bentuk I + ing) contoh: smoking (sedang merokok),
writing (sedang menulis), speaking (sedang berbicara, swimming (sedang berenang).
5. K.K. III (kata kerja bentuk III) yang berarti di…/ter... contoh: invited
(diundang), called (dipanggil), amused (terhibur), killed (terbunuh), written (tertulis ).
1. Kata sifat
2. K.Benda
3. K.Keterangan
Tempat/waktu
4. K. Kerja I + ing
= sedang...
5. K. Kerja III yang
Berarti di…./ter…
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BERIKUT URAIANNYA:
1. A D J E C T I V E (KATA SIFAT)
Kata sifat adalah kata yang memberi penjelasan pada kata benda.
Adjective cocok dengan TO BE bentuk sekarang (am, are, is) dan lampau (was dan were.) Adjective yang bertemu dengan TO BE umumnya TO BE tidak diterjemahkan. Contoh kalimat: 1. He is clever. (=Dia pintar.) 2. Yesterday afternoon, my elder sister was aware of her mistake.(=Kemarin
sore kakak perempuan saya sadar akan kesalahannya.) 3. We are anxious about operation. (=Kami khawatir dengan operasi.) 4. Two days ago, we were welcome to use the car. (=Dua hari yang lalu kami
diperbolehkan memakai mobil itu.) 5. His parents are very religious. (=Orang tuanya sangat agamawan.) >> Catatan:
Untuk kalimat menyangkal tambahkan not di belakang TO BE dan untuk kalimat bertanya pindahkan TO BE di depan subjek atau kata ganti orang. Contoh Kalimat:
1. Is she clever? (=Apakah dia pintar?) 2. He is not clever. (=Dia tidak pintar.)
2. NOUNS (KATA BENDA)
Cocok dengan TO BE bentuk sekarang dan bentuk lampau. Noun yang bertemu dengan TO BE biasanya tidak diterjemahkan dan terkadang diterjemahkan ‘adalah’ Contoh kalimat:
1. He is a lawyer. (=Dia adalah seorang pengacara.) 2. They are bricklayers. (Mereka tukang batu.) 3. My father is a doctor while my mother is a nurse. (=Ayah saya adalah
seorang dokter sedangkan ibu saya adalah seorang perawat.) 4. Three years ago, my elder sister was a student of Lambung Mangkurat
University, and now she is a nerve specialist. (= Tiga tahun yang lalu kakak perempuan saya adalah seorang Mahasiswa Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, dan sekarang dia seorang dokter ahli syaraf.)
5. It is a wolf. (=Itu seekor srigala.) >> Catatan:
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Untuk kalimat negative (kalimat menyangkal) tambahkan not di belakang TO BE dan untuk kalimat interrogative (kalimat tanya) pindahkan TO BE di depan subjek.
3. ADVERB OF PLACE/TIME (KATA KETERANGAN TEMPAT/ WAKTU)
Adverb adalah kata yang menjelaskan kata kerja, kata sifat, kata
keterangan yang lain dan juga kadang menjelaskan suatu kalimat. Pada bahasan ini hendaknya dipahami bahwa kata keterangan tempat dan waktu bisa dipertemukan dengan TO BE. Kata keterangan yang bertemu dengan TO BE biasanya diterjemahkan ‘ada’ atau ‘berada’. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini!
1. He is in the mosque. (= Dia ada di mesjid.) 2. My wife’s uncle and my friend’s younger sister were in Banjarmasin two
months ago. (= Pamannya istri saya dan adik perempuannya teman saya itu berada di Banjarmasin dua bulan yang lalu.)
3. The carpenter was on the roof of Mr. Amin Roy’s home yesterday afternoon. (Tukang kayu itu ada di atas atap rumah bapak Amin Roy kemarin sore.)
4. We are at Kusan Berjuang course now. (= Kami berada di kursus Kusan Berjuang sekarang.)
5. It is half past two. (=Lewat tiga puluh menit jam dua.) 6. It is two o’clock. (=Jam dua.).
4. V E R B + I N G ( S E D A N G)
Cocok dengan TO BE sekarang yaitu: AM, ARE, IS dan TO BE lampau
yaitu: WAS and WERE. Verb + ing (kata kerja bentuk ing) ini diterjemahkan sedang/sementara mengekspresikan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi sekarang atau pada suatu kurun waktu tertentu. Contoh kalimat: 1. He is smoking now. (=Dia sedang merokok sekarang.) 2. They are writing some letters now. (=Mereka sedang menulis surat.) 3. She was studying English when you came. (=Dia sedang belajar bahasa
Inggris ketika kalian datang.) 4. We are thinking about our future life. (Kami sedang memikirkan masa
depan kami.) >> Catatan: Untuk kalimat menyangkal tambahkan NOT di belakang TO BE dan untuk kalimat bertanya pindahkan TO BE di depan subyek (kata ganti orang). Contoh kalimat negative (kalimat menyangkal) 1. They are not (aren’t) writing any letters right now. (=Mereka tidak sedang
menulis surat sekarang.)
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2. She is not reading a magazine now, but She is reading a novel. (=Dia tidak sedang membaca majalah tetapi dia sedang membaca sebuah novel.)
3. They were not listening to classical music this morning. (= Mereka tidak sedang mendengarkan musik klasik tadi pagi.)
Contoh kalimat interrogative (kalimat bertanya) 1. Are they writing any letters right now?.(=Apakah mereka sedang menulis
surat sekarang?) 2. Were you reading a magazine yesterday morning when I called you?
(=Apakah kamu sedang membaca sebuah majalah kemarin pagi ketika saya menelponmu? )
3. Were they studying English when you came? (=Apakah mereka sedang belajar bahasa Inggris ketika kalian datang?)
4. Is your wife cooking now?.(=Apakah istrimu sedang memasak sekarang?)
5. V E R B III (kata kerja bentuk III)
Cocok dengan TO BE present dan past. Verb III ini manakala berhadapan dengan TO BE cara menerjemahkannya memberi awalan di…../ter….. pada Verb III tersebut. Contoh kalimat: 1. This business letter was written by my aunt this morning. (=Surat bisnis itu
ditulis oleh tante saya tadi pagi.) 2. This book is written by Mr. Hengki. (=Buku ini ditulis oleh Pak Hengki.) 3. There were born in Batulicin. (Mereka dilahirkan di Batulicin) 4. My old motorcycle is being painted by my uncle. (= Sepeda motor tua saya
sedang diperbaiki oleh pamannya.) 5. The robbers were shoten last night (= Perampok –perampok itu tertembak
tadi malam.)
EXERCISE II
Betulkan kata-kata yang bergaris bawah pada titik-titik jalur kanan bila kata tersebut salah. Dan tulislah huruf “T” bila dianggap sudah betul
1. My classmates is very clever 1. ....are.......................
2. Are your father a doctor? 2. .is..........................
3. They is in the office last night 3. ...........................
4. Asmar and Zul live at. Ayani street no.1 4. ...........................
5. Are your brother invited to have a lunch 5. ...........................
6. My parents is watching TV now 6. ...........................
7. Your dictionaries is on the table 7. ...........................
8. Are their sister in the dining room? 8. ...........................
9. My father was at home now 9. ...........................
10. I like studying English. It was easy. 10. ...........................
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Translate Into English the Sentences Below
1. Apakah teman mereka sibuk?
2. Paman kami sangat malu.
3. Apakah dia mengantuk?
4. Saya tidak cemburu.
5. Itu bukan sebuah paku tapi itu adalah jarum
6. Itu bukan surat kabar tapi itu adalah majalah.
7. Apakah dia seorang dokter gigi?
8. Dia bukan seorang pemimpin.
9. Kami bukan wartawan tapi kami adalah pengacara
10. Ayah saya berada di Pagaruyung minggu lalu.
11. Zulkifli tidak berada di Pelajau sekarang tapi dia berada di Sebamban.
12. Mereka biasanya diajar bahasa Inggris oleh Pak Hengki.
13. Mereka sedang diajar Akuntansi oleh Ibu Ratna.
14. Mereka selalu berada di Pagatan.
15. Apakah ayahmu sedang bermain tenis.
16. Kami selalu didenda.
17. Lelaki itu terbunuh tadi malam.
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UNIT II
DO AUXIALIARY
TO DO (DO, DOES, DID) dipakai untuk membuat kalimat menyangkal dan kalimat bertanya, tidak dipakai untuk membuat kalimat biasa (positive). TO DO ini hanya bisa berhadapan dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama murni tanpa embel-embel di belakangnya. Untuk mencermati Subyek yang cocok dengan TO DO, perhatikanlah bagan di bawah ini! Sekarang Lampau I YOU WE THEY DO THE EMPLOYEES MY FRIENDS
YOUR FRIENDS OUR FRIENDS THEIR FRIENDS DID HIS FRIENDS OLIS AND ATI SHE HE OLIS DOES ATI THE EMPLOYEE MY FRIEND
YOUR FRIEND OUR FRIEND THEIR FRIEND HIS FRIEND IT
Contoh kalimat:
1. Does he play football every Sunday afternoon? (=Apakah dia bermain sepak bola setiap minggu?)
2. Do they always go to school on foot? (=Apakah mereka selalu berjalan kaki ke sekolah?)
3. Did Ratna go to the zoo yesterday? (Apakah Ratna pergi ke kebun binatang kemarin?)
4. Did the dog bark loudly last night ? (= Apakah anjing itu menyalak dengan keras tadi malam?)
5. Does the Inn contain fifteen rooms (= Apakah penginapan itu memiliki lima belas kamar?)
6. Yuliani doesn’t love you. (=Yuliani tidak mencintai anda.) 7. Did Dedi meet you last night? (=Apakah Dedi menemui kamu tadi malam?) 8. Anang doesn’t always finish his work well. (= Anang tidak selalu
menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan baik?)
Verb 1 (murni)
hanya dipakai
untuk bertanya dan
menyangkal
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>> Catatan :
Untuk kalimat positif, yang menggunakan subyek seperti: she, he, Ratna, Olis, paman dan it, maka kata kerjanya akan mengalami perubahan sebagai berikut: a. Pada umumnya, kata kerjanya hanya ditambah huruf –s Contoh kalimat:
1. He works in the yard every morning (=Dia bekerja di halaman setiap pagi) 2. Ratna reads some newspapers every Sunday morning (= Ratna
membaca beberapa surat kabar setiap minggu pagi) b. Tetapi kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan : -es, -ch, -sh, -x, dan o
bukan huruf –s yang ditambahkan melainkan –es Contoh kalimat:
1. He passes my house every week. (= Dia melewati rumah saya setiap minggu.)
2. Mis Eta finishes her work well. (Nona Eta menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan baik.)
3. My uncle fixes his motorcycle every three months. (= Paman saya memperbaiki sepeda motornya setiap tiga bulan.)
4. Mr. Hengki teaches us English three times a week. (= Pak Hengki mengajar kami bahasa Inggris tiga kali seminggu.)
5. His younger brother sometimes goes to school on foot (=Adik laki-lakinya kadang-kadang berjalan kaki ke sekolah.)
6. Jhon does her homework everyday. (=Jhon mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya setiap hari.)
c. Kata-kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan didahului oleh huruf
mati. –y diganti dengan –i kemudian ditambahkan dengan –es. Contoh Kalimat:
- Study = Roy studies English - Carry = Mr. Jaka carries a box - Fly = The bird flies in the sky d. Kata- kata yang berakhiran dengan –y dan didahului oleh huruf hidup,
langsung ditambah –s di belakangnya. Contoh:
- Play = The boy always plays football in front of his house. - Buy = My wife buys new dress every month.
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EXERCISE II
Betulkan kata-kata yang bergaris bawah pada titik-titik jalur kanan bila kata tersebut salah. Dan tulislah huruf “T” bila dianggap sudah betul 1. Do your brother go to office everyday ? 1. .............................
2. My friends doesn’t speak Banjarese at school 2. .............................
3. We don’t go to the hospital last night. 3. .............................
4. My boy friend don’t like tea 4. .............................
5. Dani don’t want to go to the movie 5. .............................
6. This car don’t belong to you 6. .............................
7. Do your friends like cigarette ? 7. ............................
8. Mr. Medi and I doesn’t live in a dormitory 8. .............................
9. Does she watch Sinetron “Disini ada Setan” last night 9. .............................
10. Does their father have a motorcycle 10. .............................
Translate into English these following sentences!
1. Apakah ibu mereka selalu membuat kue dadar?
2. Siapa yang kamu tabrak tadi malam?
3. Robin digiring ke penjara minggu lalu.
4. Apakah dia mencintai anda?
5. Dia tidak sering mendengar lagu-lagu Pop.
6. Apakah ayahmu membaca surat kabar setiap pagi?
7. Ibuku tidak selalu mengeluh.
8. Apakah anda berbahasa bugis ?
9. Apakah pacarnya suka makan Bakso?
10. Apakah anda menghadiri Pesta Laut di Pagatan setiap tahun?
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UNIT III
TO HAVE Sekarang Lampau I YOU WE THEY HAVE THE EMPLOYEES MY FRIENDS
YOUR FRIENDS OUR FRIENDS THEIR FRIENDS HIS FRIENDS HER FRIENDS
HAD SHE HE NORHOLIS THE EMPLOYEE HAS MY FRIEND
YOUR FRIEND OUR FRIEND THEIR FRIEND HIS FRIEND IT
To Have (have, has, dan had) cocok dengan kata kerja bentuk III, tidak cocok dengan kata kerja bentuk I dan II.
To Have yang ditambahkan BEEN setelahnya cocok dengan : (1) Noun (kata benda), (2) Adjective ( kata sifat ) (3) Adverb of place/time (kata keterangan tempat/waktu) (4) Verb I + ing, (kata kerja bentuk I + ing) (5) Verb III (kata kerja III), contoh: written (ditulis), eaten (dimakan), punished (dihukum) Etc.
Berikut kata kerja bentuk III yang berhadapan dengan To Have yang tidak ada BEEN –nya.
Contoh Kalimat:
1. Arman has written a letter for you (=Arman telah menulis surat untuk anda)
2. Have you had your dinner already ? (= Sudahkah anda makan malam?) 3. You had slept when we came. (=Anda sudah tidur ketika kami datang.) 4. I have saved a lot of money, and now I can buy a new car (= Saya telah
menabung banyak uang dan sekarang saya dapat membeli sebuah mobil baru.)
Juga perhatikanlah kata sifat, kata benda, kata keterangan tempat/ waktu. Kata kerja I + ing dan kata kerja bentuk III yang diletakkan BEEN di depannya, seperti pada contoh kalimat berikut :
Cocok dengan
Kata Kerja
Bentuk III
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Contoh Kalimat: 1. She has been very busy lately (= Akhir-akhir ini dia sudah sangat sibuk) 2. They have been ill for three months (= Mereka telah sakit selama tiga bulan) 3. You have been late (= Kamu sudah terlambat) 4. You had been ill before he came here (= Kamu sudah sakit sebelum dia ke sini) Contoh Kalimat:
1. She had been a doctor before I became a teacher ( = Dia sudah jadi seorang dokter sebelum saya menjadi guru).
2. They had been doctors when they went abroad. (= Mereka sudah jadi dokter saat mereka ke luar negeri)
3. I hadn’t been a businessman when I went to Australia at the time. (= Saya belum jadi pengusaha saat saya pergi ke Australia)
4. She has been a professor (= Dia sudah jadi profesor)
Contoh Kalimat :
1. We had been in Surabaya when they came from Makassar (=Kami sudah berada di Surabaya ketika mereka datang dari Makassar)
2. I had been here since two hours (= Saya sudah berada di sini selama dua jam)
3. Had you been in Aceh when it was devastated by Shunami earthquake (= Apakah kamu sudah berada di Aceh ketika daerah itu diguncang oleh gempa tsunami ?)
4. We have been in Batulicin for three months (= Kami sudah berada di Batulicin selama tiga bulan)
Contoh kalimat : 1. They have been learning English since seven o’clock (=Mereka telah
sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sejak jam delapan) 2. She had been being sick two week when we went to America (=Dia sudah
sakit selama dua minggu ketika kami pergi ke Amerika) 3. Angga hadn’t been studying English at Kusan Berjuang course when Mr.
Hengki came from Banjarmasin. (= Angga belum belajar bahasa Inggris di Kusan Berjuang kursus ketika Pak Hengki datang dari Banjarmasin)
Contoh Kalimat :
1. BEEN ADJECTIVE
2. BEEN NOUN diterjemahkan “sudah menjadi”
3. BEEN ADVERBS OF PLACE/TIME diterjemahkan “berada atau ada”
5. BEEN VERB III diterjemahkan “di ….”/ter…
4. BEEN V ERB + ING sedang ..
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1. The letter has been written by Wira (=surat itu telah ditulis oleh Wira) 2. The book had been copied by him before we came home (= buku itu telah
dipotokopi oleh dia sebelum kami pulang )
Berikut jenis kata keterangan frequency dan kata keterangan lainnya yang sering disisipkan diantara TO HAVE (HAS, HAD) dan kata kerja bentuk III yaitu:
Already = sudah Just = saja Ever = pernah Never = tidak pernah Sometime = kadang-kadang Occasionally = sekali-sekali Often = usually Always = selalu Almost = hampir Penggunaan dalam kalimat :
1. ALREADY (Sudah)
Dipakai dalam kalimat positif dan interrogative dan letaknya sebelum verb III atau pada akhir kalimat. Contoh : 1. I have already posted the letter = I have posted the letter already. (=saya
telah memposkan surat itu) 2. Roy has finished his work already = Roy has already finished his work.
(=Roy telah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya)
2. YET (Belum)
Dipakai dalam kalimat menyangkal dan kalimat tanya. Dan letaknya pada akhir kalimat. Contoh Kalimat:
1. I havn’t seen the film yet (=saya belum melihat filem itu) 2. Haven’t you read the book yet? (= belumkah kamu baca buku itu ?)
3. JUST (Saja)
Letaknya sebelum kata kerja III Contoh kalimat :
1. I have just received a short massage of hers (=Saya baru saja menerima SMS-nya)
2. They have just arrived. (=Mereka baru saja tiba)
4. EVER AND NEVER (Pernah/Tidak pernah)
Letaknya sebelum kata kerja “EVER” dipakai dalam kalimat positive dan kalimat tanya, sedangkan “NEVER” dipakai dalam kalimat positive. Contoh kalimat :
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1. Have you ever gone to Surabaya? (=Sudah pernah ke Surabaya) 2. Has she ever come here? (=Sudah pernah ke sini) 3. I have never smoke in class.(= Saya belum pernah merokok di dalam
kelas)
5. SOMETIMES (Kadang-kadang)
Dipakai dalam kalimat positive dan interrogative dan letaknya sebelum Verb III. Contoh kalimat : 1. I have sometimes been late (=Saya kadang-kadang datang terlambat) 2. Have they sometimes come here?. (=Apakah mereka kadang-kadang
datang ke sini ?)
EXERCISE V
1. Saya belum melihat dia sejak bulan Januari
2. Apakah anda sudah tinggal di Tanah Bumbu sejak 2003?
3. Dia sudah selalu menelpon saya
4. Sekarang jam 3, tapi kami belum makan siang
5. Saya belum mendengar dari dia sejak bulan lalu
6. Saya sudah mendengar dari dia sebelum berangkat ke Australia.
7. Anda telah ketinggalan kereta api dan sekarang anda harus menunggu
kereta api berikutnya.
8. Kami telah menjawab lima pertanyaan dari pak Hengki hari ini
9. Pamannya sudah jadi dokter.
10. Staf-staf Pemkab. Tanah Bumbu sudah berada di Gedung serbaguna.
Mereka menunggu bapak Bupati.
11. Kami telah menunggu anda selama 1 ½ jam
12. Pak Bupati sudah sangat sibuk akhir-akhir ini.
13. Wanita itu sudah sangat cantik
14. Pembunuh keluarga tetangga saya sudah ditembak mati
15. Materi pelajaran ini sudah dijelaskan oleh Mr. Hengki .
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UNIT IV MODAL AUXILIARY
PRESENT PAST
I YOU THEY WE THE STUDENTS THEIR FRIENDS My FRIENDS HER FRIENDS SHE HE THE STUDENT THEIR FRIEND My FRIEND HER FRIEND IT Modal Auxiliary berhadapan dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama murni, yang tidak mendapat tambahan –s dan –es sesudahnya, dan perlu diingat kata kerja tersebut tanpa to.
Modal auxiliary tersebut bisa diikuti oleh kelima kelompok kata yang sudah dijelaskan pada bab terdahulu tetapi sebelumnya diletakkan BE. Contoh Kalimat :
1. She will be rich. (= Dia akan kaya.) 2. She will be a nurse. (= Dia akan jadi perawat.) 3. She will be in Pagatan at 10 o’clock (=Dia akan berada di Pagatan pada
jam 10.) 4. She will be studying English at Kusan Berjuang Course at 4 o’clock p.m. (= Dia akan belajar bahasa Inggris di Kusan Berjuang pada jam empat sore ) 5. They will be taught English by Mr. Hengki Berikut kalimat modal auxiliary yang tidak mengikuti kaidah yang semestinya. Contoh:
1. Salah = She can to speak English fluently Benar = She can speak English Fluently. (= dia dapat berbahasa
Inggris dengan lancar.) 2. Salah = He must works hard Benar = He must work hard. (=Dia harus bekerja keras.)
Penggunaan modal auxiliary >> Diingat!!!
false
V E R B I
CAN COULD
WILL WOULD
SHALL SHOULD
MAY MIGHT
MUST -
OUGHT TO -
NEED -
DARE -
USED TO -
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Dalam sebuah kalimat tidak boleh ada dua buah modal auxiliary, berikut contoh kalimat yang menggunakan dua buah kata bantu modal, sehingga kalimat berikut ini adalah kalimat yang salah:
I must can speak English well (=Saya harus dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan baik) Mestinya : I must be able to speak English well.
1. CAN & COULD CAN
Can dipakai untuk menyatakan :
1. Kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang.
Contoh Kalimat :
1. She can sing beautifully. (=Dia dapat menyanyi dengan merdu) 2. We can speak English well. (= Dia dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan
baik) 3. She can drive a car. ( = Dia dapat mengendarai mobil dengan cepat)
2. Minta izin
Contoh Kalimat : 1. Can I borrow your book ? (=Bisakah saya meminjam buku anda ?) 2. Can I come to your house ? (=Bisa saya datang kerumah anda?) 3. You can go home now (= anda bisa pulang sekarang) 4. Can I go to the party with you to night ? (=Bisa saya pergi kepesta itu
dengan anda sebentar malam ?) 3. Kemungkinan
1. She can be at home at noon. (=Dia mungkin berada di rumah pada siang hari.)
2. He can be ill (Mungkin dia sakit.) 4. Untuk menyatakan suatu “Power /Ability” atau Kemampuan / Kecakapan.
Dalam hal ini “CAN” mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan “know how to” (=Tahu bagaimana caranya), dan dapat digantikan oleh “to be able to”.
Contoh Kalimat :
= Rince can sing a song very well = Rince is able to sing a song very well = Rince knows how to sing a song very well.
COULD Could selain digunakan untuk kata ganti lampau dari can juga dapat digunakan untuk menghaluskan suatu permohonan dan memberikan kesan sopan dari pada “can”. Contoh kalimat :
1. Could you give me a favor? 2. Could you help me a moment? 3. Could you hand me that book ?
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4. Could you spare me a few minutes? 5. Could I go with her?
2. MAY & MIGHT Kedua kata kerja bantu ini dapat digunakan untuk: 1. Menyatakan suatu “PERMISSION” (pemberian izin). Dalam hal ini “MAY”
atau MIGHT” dapat dipergantikan dengan TO BE PERMITTED TO atau BE ALLOWED TO (boleh / diizinkan).
Contoh Kalimat :
= You may go home now (= Kamu boleh pulang sekarang) = You are allowed to go home now = You are permitted to go home now.
MIGHT MIGHT ini adalah lampau dari “MAY” Contoh Kalimat :
= He said we might stay here last night (Dia berkata kita bisa tinggal di sini tadi malam).
= He said we were allowed to stay here last night. = He said we were permitted to stay here last night.
2. Menyatakan suatu “Possibility/Probability” atau suatu kemungkinan. Dalam
hal ini yang lebih keras daripada MIGHT.
1. Susi looks pale, she may supper from Anemia. (Susi nampak pucat, kemungkinan besar dia menderita anemia). 2. I don’t remember where I put my key, I may leave it at home.
NOTES: MAY dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengharapan atau kemungkinan (“Wish”). Dalam hal ini kata kerja bantu MAY ditempatkan pada bagian kalimat depan. Contoh Kalimat :
1. May God bless you. (= Semoga tuhan memberkatimu) 2. May you success in your life ( = Semoga kamu sukses dalam menjalani
hidup ini.) 3. May God always forgive you (= Semoga Tuhan selalu mengampunimu.) 4. May all your dreams become true. (= Semoga mimpi-mimpimu menjadi
kenyataan.) 5. May all the happiness be with you (= Semoga kebahagiaan
bersamamu.) 6. May you enjoy good health. (= Semoga kau sehat walafiat.)
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3. MUST Kata kerja bantu ini digunakan untuk : 1. Menyatakan “Necessity”/“Compulsion” atau suatu “keperluan”/
“keharusan”. Contoh Kalimat: :
1. You must obey this regulation. (= Kamu harus mentaati aturan ini.) 2. You must study hard of fail the exam (= Kamu perlu belajar dari
kegagalan pada ujian itu.) 2. Menyatakan tujuan atau niat yang sudah pasti. Contoh Kalimat :
1. I must repair my car before I go (= Saya harus memperbaiki mobil saya sebelum saya pergi.)
2. I must marry the girl, in all risk ( = Saya hurus menikahi gadis itu, apa pun resikonya.)
3. Menyatakan tugas atau kewajiban. Contoh Kalimat:
1. We must pay the income tax to the government. (=Kamu harus membayar pajak kepada pemerintah.)
2. You must pay your debts (= Kamu harus membayar semua utangmu.) 3. All students must do the their homework. (= Semua siswa harus
mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya) 4. Menyatakan suatu keyakinan yang kuat pada suatu fakta . Contoh Kalimat:
1. Hi, you look so happy today, you must have much money. (= He..., kamu nampak sangat bahagia, kamu pasti punya banyak uang.)
2. She has beautiful wife, he must be happy (= Dia mempunyai istri yang cantik, dia pasti bahagia)
3. She must be in hospital by this time. (= Dia pasti berada di rumah sakit sekarang.)
5. Bentuk Must not (mustn’t) untuk menyatakan larangan. Contoh Kalimat:
1. You mustn’t smoke. (=Kamu tidak boleh merokok.) 2. You mustn’t go alone. It is too risk (= Kamu tidak boleh pergi sendirian.
Itu terlalu beresiko.) 3. You mustn’t smoke near gasoline tank. (Kamu tidak boleh merokok di
dekat tangki bensin.) Notes:
MUST saat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keharusan bisa dipergantikan dengan have to; Contoh kalimat:
Must
Have to
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We know what’s going on (kami harus tahu apa yang sedang terjadi) Jhon return this book to the library Contoh kalimat:
1. Hi, you looks so happy today, you must have much money 2. She beautiful wife, he must be happy 3. She must be in hospital by this time
Bentuk MUSTN’T digunakan untuk menyatakan larangan: Contoh Kalimat:
1. You mustn’t smoke here ( Kamu dilarang merokok di sini ) 2. You mustn’t go alone. It is too risk ( Kamu jangan pergi sendirian. Itu
sangat beresiko) 3. You mustn’t smoke near gasoline tank. (Kamu dilarang merokok dekat
tangki bensin)
4. WILL & WOULD WILL “WILL” mempunyai beberapa kegunaan, yakni: 1. Menyatakan keadaan atau kegiatan yang akan terjadi. Contoh Kalimat:
1. I will go to Surabaya tomorrow 2. The examination will begin on Monday
2. Menyatakan permintaan secara halus atau sopan.
1. Will you help me, please? 2. He will you come in, please? 3. Will you go to mosque with me?
3. Menyatakan janji atau tekad yang akan dilakukan Contoh Kalimat:
1. I will ask her when I see her 2. He will do better on next time.
WOULD
“Would” mempunyai beberapa kegunaan, yakni: 1. Sebagai bentuk lampau “will” dan kegunaan dalam jalinan kalimat lampau: Contoh Kalimat:
Must
Has to
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1. He said that he would come in time (dia berkata dia akan datang tepat waktu)
2. You promised me that you would buy me a new car 3. I knew that she would come yesterday 4. He would buy that house, but he had not much money.
2. “Would” digunakan pula dalam menyatakan perintah atau permintaan
secara lebih halus dari pada “will”. Contoh Kalimat:
1. Would you opeh your book, please? 2. Would you give this book to Anis? 3. Would you like something to drink? 4. Would you like some coffee?
NOTES:
Untuk menjawab would you like …. please, dipakai salah satu di antara ungkapan berikut : 1. Sure, I will 2. Okey , I will 3. of course, I will 4. All right 5. Yes, I will. 6. Why not. Ect.
5. SHALL, SHOULD & OUGHT TO
SHALL Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan : 1. berarti “akan” dalam bentuk future tense. Contoh kalimat:
1. I shall go to London tomorrow. (Saya akan pergi ke London besok) 2. We shall buy a new motorcycle next week. (Kami akan membeli
sebuah motor baru minggu depan) Catatan : Dalam British English, untuk subyek “I” dan “We” dipakai “SHALL” dan untuk selainnya yaitu You, She, He, They digunakan “WILL”. 2. Menawarkan bantuan
Contoh kalimat:
1. Shall I open window? 2. Shall I make coffee for you?
3. Janji (perjanjian)
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Contoh Kalimat:
1. I shall meet her tomorrow. 2. You shall have a motorcycle.
SHOULD Should mempunyai beberapa kegunaan yakni: 1. Untuk menghaluskan suatu permintaan atau permohonan. Contoh:
1. You call me” Johari”. That’s is not my name. You should call me “Jauhari”
2. You dialed 46667; but it should be 47766 3. Should dapat juga menyatakan suatu ”Weak Obligation” atau kewajiban
yang lemah.
2. Keharusan atau yang seharusnya dilakukan. Dalam hal ini pengertian Should sama dengan “Ought to” (=seharusnya). Contoh Kalimat:
1. You should do your homework everyday (=You ought to do your homework everyday)
2. You should come to this party earlier (= You ought to come to this party earlier)
3. He should be more careful (= He ought to be more careful) 4. You should do what I told you (=You ought to do what I told you)
3. Bentuk lampau dari Shall Contoh kalimat:
1. He said that he should go home right away. 2. I told that lady I should be in her house a little late. 3. We informed her that we should take her to a movie.
6. USED TO
Digunakan untuk menyatakan pengertian kebiasaan atau perbuatan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang pada masa lampau, tetapi kebiasaan ini tidak lagi dilakukan. Contoh:
1. She used to sing when she was young. (Dia biasa menyanyi ketika ia muda)
2. He used to cry when he was a child. ( Dia biasa menangis ketika ia masih kecil)
3. She used to come here every week. (Dia biasa datang setiap minggu) Bentuk kalimat tanya dan kalimat menyangkal dapat menggunakan kata
bantu DID, biasa juga tidak.
Contoh Kalimat:
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1. Used you to sleep after lunch? Yes, I used to/ No usedn’t to. 2. She usedn’t to sleep after lunch. 3. Did you use to sleep after lunch ? No, I didn’t / Yes I did. 4. She didn’t use to visit me regularly.
9. NEED Need adalah kata kerja yang berarti “perlu” yang dapat digunakan sebagai kata kerja bantu, terutama membuat kalimat negatif dan jawaban dari pertanyaan dengan must. Contoh kalimat:
1. I must go now (positif) (=Saya harus pergi sekarang). 2. I needn’t go now (negatif) (=Saya tidak boleh pergi sekarang). Bukan :I musnt’t go now. Karena kalimat ini berarti : Saya melarang
pergi sekarang). 3. Must I go now ? hendaknya dijawab : NO, you needn’t atau yes you
must (=haruskah saya pergi sekarang ? ) (Tidak, kamu tidak boleh pergi, ya kamu boleh pergi).
10. DARE
DARE mempunyai arti “berani” (have the courage to) dapat digunakan sebagai : 1.Kata kerja bantu Contoh Kalimat:
1. He dare go there alone 2. Dare she do it 3. I dare not to climb the tree Tidak memakai “S” untuk orang ketiga tunggal untuk kalimat nomor 1, Bukan S H E / H E D A R E S
2. Kata kerja biasa Maka kalimat tanya dan negatif menggunakan Auxiliary Verb.
Contoh kalimat:
1. She doesn’t dare to go there alone. 2. Does he dare to come alone ? 3. I don’t dare to come alone.
Dalam bentuk Past Tense, DARE terkadang dipakai untuk kalimat tanya dan kalimat menyangkal.
Contoh kalimat:
1. He dare not to go alone yesterday = (He didn’t dare to go alone) 2. Dared he go there alone? Atau = (Did he dare to go? )
EXERCISE VI
1. Bisakah saya datang kerumah anda?
2. Dia Mungkin ada di rumah pada siang hari
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3. Mungkin ia sakit
4. Saya akan pergi ke Kotabaru besok pagi
5. Dia lelah, dia sebaiknya beristirahat
6. Kamu sakit, kamu sebaiknya ke dokter
7. Dia akan dihukum mati sebelum ia melarikan diri.
8. Maukah saudara pergi ke sana?
9. Saya mau makan
10. Saya lebih suka menjadi dokter daripada menjadi seorang guru
11. Anda dilarang merokok di dalam kelas.
12. Kamu kemarin harus berjumpa dengan saudara perempuanku.
13. Dia biasa menangis ketika ia masih kecil.
14. Dia berani pergi sendirian ke sana
15. Kemarin saya pergi sendirian ke teater itu.
16. Mereka harus membayar semua utang-utangnya kepada saya.
17. Semoga Allah selalu menunjukimu jalan yang lurus.
ATURAN TEORI KUNCI PERTANYAAN
BAHASA INGGRIS 1. What Am.......... 1. Adjective 2. What book Are ......... 2. Noun 3. Whose Is ........... 3. Adverb of place 4. Whose book time 5. Which was ....... 4. Verb I + ing were ...... sedang 5. Verb. III = di...... 6. Which book Do ......... 7. Who Does ..... Verb I 8. Whom (Who) Did ........ 9. Where 10. When 11. Why Have ...... 12. How (keadaan/cara) Has ........ Verb III 13. How old Had ........ 14. How many times 16. How many books Will ....... 17. How much Shall ........ 18. How much wine Can ........
May ....... Must ...... Verb I Should ... Might ...... Could ..... Would ....
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Semua kunci pertanyaan di atas tidak bisa digunakan dalam kalimat tanya tanpa diikuti langsung oleh salah satu dari keempat kelompok kata bantu berikut ini, yaitu: TO BE, TO DO, TO HAVE, MODAL AUXILIARY Contoh kalimat: Salah : Why you always cry ? Betul : Why do you always cry ? (=Mengapa kamu selalu menangis ?) Salah : Where you were you born Betul : Where were you born (= Dimana anda lahir ?) Salah : What she has done ? Betul : What has she done? (= Apa yang sudah dia lakukan?) Salah : Whose son they will invite? Betul : Whose son will they invite ? (=Putranya siapa yang mereka
akan undang ?) dan e.t.c. Salah : Who you did call yesterday? Betul : Who did you call yesterday ? (= Siapa yang kamu panggil
kemarin?)
Pengecualian
Kata-kata who, what.., which..., whose..., manakala digunakan untuk menanyakan Subyek maka kata-kata tersebut langsung diikuti kata kerja. Contoh : Salah : Who did call you yerterday ? Betul : Who called you yesterday? (= Siapa menelpon kamu
kemarin). Salah : Whose daughter do love you ? Betul : Whose daugther loves you? ( = Putrinya siapa yang mencintai
kamu). Salah : Which man do like you very much ? Betul : Which man likes you very much ( Lelaki mana yang sangat
menyukai kamu ) Salah : What does make you disappointed ? Betul : What makes you disappointed ? (Apa yang membuatmu kecewa).
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UNIT V
QUESTION TAG POLA POKOK A. , , B. n , , , C , , , D , Penjelasan:
“QUESTION TAG” adalah pertanyaan singkat yang ditambahkan pada akhir kalimat/pernyataan yang dalam bahasa Indonesia terkadang diterjemahkan bukan?, Maukan? Tooo?. Ciri-cirinya adalah: 1. Bila pernyataan Positif (+), maka question tag-nya harus Negatif (-) 2. Bila pernyataan Negatif (-), maka tag-nya harus positif (+) 3. Subyek dalam question tag harus pronoun 4. Jika statement menggunakan kata kerja bantu maka ia harus diulang dalam
tag-nya. 5. Jika statement tidak menggunakan auxiliary maka pakailah do, does, did
dalam tag-nya Berikut uraiannya:
Contoh kalimat::
1. You are a student, aren’t you? (Kamu seorang siswa bukan? 2. You were in Pagatan last week, weren’t you? (Kamu tidak berada di
Pagatan minggu lalu bukan?) 3. She is studying English now, isn’t she? (= Dia sedang belajar bahasa
Inggris sekarang, bukan?) 4. They are being taught English by Mr. Hengki, aren’t they? (= Mereka
sedang diajar bahasa Inggris oleh Pak Hengki bukan ?)
PERNYATAAN
Ali is here
Tag -?
Isn’t he
PERNYATAAN
Ali isn’t there
Tag-+
Is he
PERINTAH
Stop that noise
Will you?
Will you?
Let”s ......... (Ajakan)
Let’s go
Shall we
Shall we
1. Pernyataan Positif, Tag-nya Negatif
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5. She likes drinking tea, doesn’t she? (=Dia suka minum teh, bukan ?) 6. They have met you, haven’t you? ( = Mereka telah menemui kamu,
bukan?) 7. Ninis will leave, won’t she? ( =Ninis akan berangkat, bukan?)
Contoh kalimat :
1. You are not a nurse, are you ? (=Kamu bukan perawat, bukan) 2. You don’t like tea, do you? 3. They haven’t left, have they? 4. You were not busy, were you? 5. He was not at home, was he? 6. Ali seldom goes to school, does he? 7. She is never late, is she? 8. There is nothing to do now, is there?
Contoh : 1. Mr. Jhohari is in, isn’t he? 2. The ladies are friendly, aren’t they? 3. That is your cat, isn’t it? 4. This is her, isn’t it? 5. That is your cat, isn’t it?
PENGECUALIAN:
Kata “There“ yang ada pada pernyataan tetap menggunakan There pada Tag-nya.
Contoh: 1. There were a lot of people at the party, weren’t there? 2. There is a book on your table, isn’t there?
Kata-kata “these, those dan kata benda jamak”, seperti books, pens harus menggunakan “They” pada Tag-nya.
Contoh Kalimat:
1. Those are your pens, aren’t they? 2. These are mine, aren’t they
Kata-kata “everybody, everyone, somebody, none, someone, neither harus menggunakan “They” pada tag-nya.
Contoh kalimat:
1. Everybody is ready, aren’t they? 2. Nobody is absent, are they? 3. None of them cried, did they? 4. Neither she nor you went, did they? (Baik dia maupun kamu tidak pergi,
bukan?)Etc.
2. Pernyataan Negatif, Tag-nya Positif
3. Tag Harus Menggunakan kata Ganti (Pronoun).
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Contoh Kalimat :
1. They are sick, aren’t they? 2. He won’t go, will he?
KECUALI TO BE “AM” pada pernyataan positif diganti dengan “ARE” pada Tag-nya. Contoh Kalimat :
- I am late, aren’t I ? - I am not late, am I ?
- Contoh Kalimat :
1. You write a letter every month, don’t you? 2. She speaks English everyday, doesn’t she ? 3. They went to Pagatan last week, didn’t they?
Contoh Kalimat :
1. Come here tomorrow, will you? 2. Be carefull, will you ? 3. Let’s read loudly, shall we ? 4. Let’s study, shall we ?.
4. Auxiliary yang ada pada pernyataan diulang pada taq
5. Statement tanpa auxiliary menggunakan “do, does, dan did “ pada tag-nya
6. Perintah/ajakan memakai tag “will”
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UNIT VI MISCELLANEOUS EXPRESSIONS
(SERBA ANEKA UNGKAPAN)
1. THERE IS & THERE ARE
There is & there are berarti ada. There is diikuti kata benda tunggal (Singular Nouns) atau kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung (uncountable Nouns). There are diikuti kata benda jamak (plural noun ) atau kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Contoh kata benda tak dapat dihitung (Uncountable Noun): 1. Beer = bir 2. Gasoline/petrol = bensin 3. Blood = darah 4. Grass = rumput 5. Ccorn = jagung 6. Sand = pasir 7. Powder = tepung/bedak Etc. Contoh kata benda dapat dihitung (Countable Noun): 1. Book = buku 2. Dictionary = kamus 3. File folder = map Contoh kalimat :
1. There is a boy in the classroom 2. There is an engineer in the building 3. There is some sugar in the cupboard 4. There are three English books on the table 5. There are two new cars in the garage.
2. SOME AND ANY Some berarti beberapa manakala diikuti oleh kata benda yang dapat dihitung (Countable Noun) dan berarti sedikit untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (Uncountable Noun). Some digunakan dalam kalimat positif. Contoh kalimat :
1. He has some English book.(=Dia mempunyai beberapa buku bahasa inggris)
2. She has some money in her pocket. (Dia mempunyai sedikit uang ) 3. I have some English dictionaries. (=Saya mempunyai beberapa kamus
bahasa Inggris Any mempunyai arti sama dengan some, tetapi Any digunakan dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat interrogative. Contoh Kalimat :
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1. He doesn’t have any English books. (=Dia tidak mempunyai beberapa kamus bahasa Inggris)
2. Mrs. Santi doesn’t have any money in her pocket. (= Ibu Santi tidak mempunyai sedikit uang)
3. Doesn’t she have any novels on her table? (=Tidakkah ia mempunyai beberapa novel di atas mejanya)
4. Doesn’t Miss Tenri have any friends here? (= Tidakkah nona Tenri mempunyai beberapa teman di sini
Pengecualian:
Some dapat digunakan dalam kalimat interrogative, jika Si penanya tahu jawabannya pasti Yes. Contoh Kalimat:
Do you have some money? Si penanya sudah tahu bahwa kamu punya uang. Jadi jawabannya pasti Yes.
3. MANY & MUCH MANY
Many berarti banyak dan diikuti kata benda jamak. Many digunakan dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat tanya. Contoh Kalimat :
1. He doesn’t have many friends 2. Did he have many apples?
Untuk kalimat positif digunakan a lot of Contoh Kalimat :
1. He has a lot of friends (Dia mempunyai banyak teman ) 2. They have a lot of money (Mereka mempunyai banyak uang ) 3. We have a lot of milk (Kami mempunyai banyak susu) 4. She has a lot of dictionaries (Dia mempunyai banyak kamus)
MUCH
MUCH berarti banyak dan diikuti oleh benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. MUCH digunakan dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Contoh : She has a lot of sugar in the cupboard. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada table berikut :
Untuk Countable Noun (benda yang dapat dihitung)
Untuk uncountable Noun (benda yang tak
dapat dihitung)
Keterangan
Some Any Many A lot of
Some Any Much A lot of
+, ? -, ? -, ? +
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4. ONE & ONES
Dalam bahasa Inggris kita selalu menghindari pemakaian kata-kata yang sama secara berulang. ONE digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung (a singular countable noun). Ones untuk menggantikan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung. Contoh Kalimat :
1. This is a blue bag and that is a red bag = This is a blue bag and that is red one.
2. This car is mine, but that car is yours = This car is mine, but that one is yours.
3. These are brown rules and those are yellow rules = These are brown rules and those are yellow ones.
4. These are six pencils, the ones are on the tables, and the four ones are on the chair.
5. FEW & A FEW Few dan a Few dipakai untuk Countable Nouns (Kata benda dapat dihitung) A few = beberapa Few = tidak banyak (Hampir tidak ada) Contoh kalimat :
1. I have a few dictionaries of English (Saya punya beberapa kamus bahasa Inggris).
2. She has few dictionaries of English (Dia tidak punya banyak kamus
bahasa Inggris (hampir tidak ada)).
6. LITTLE & A LITTLE Little dan a little dipakai untuk Uncountable Nouns (Kata benda tidak dapat dihitung) a little = sedikit little = tidak banyak (hampir tidak ada). Contoh :
1. I have a little time = Saya punya sedikit waktu 2. I have little time = Saya tidak punya banyak waktu (hampir tidak
ada)
7. TOO-VERY Too berarti = terlampau, terlalu Very berarti = amat sangat Too dan very dapat digunakan baik dengan adjective maupun adverb. Dan letak Too serta Very selalu sebelum adjective/verb.
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Contoh Kalimat :
1. Hasan speaks too rapidly. We can’t understand him. 2. The blue jacket is too small. I can’t wear it. 3. Olis is very brave student. 4. Ratih speaks English very clearly. We can understand her.
8. ENOUGH (Cukup)
1. Dapat digunakan baik dengan adjective maupun adverb. Dan letak Enough selalu setelah adjective/adverb. Contoh Kalimat :
1. This book is simple enough. We can understand it. 2. Amir is strong enough. He can lift a big box. 3. Farida wrote sentence clearly enough. We like her. 4. Aminah speaks politely enough. We like her. 5. Enough dapat digunakan sebelum dan sesudah noun.
2. ENOUGH dapat digunakan sebelum dan sesudah noun. Contoh Kalimat :
1. There are enough apples for the children. 2. There is enough milk for you 3. She will invite us dinner. She has enough food. Atau She has food
enough 4. Have we got enough rice? 5. Do you have enough time to come to my house?
3. ENOUGH Of ... digunakan sebelum article (kata sandang), possessive
atau demonstrative, yang pada noun dan juga dapat digunakan dengan pronoun.
Contoh kalimat :
1. Is there enough of the blue material? 2. Is there enough blue material? 3. Have we got enough bread? 4. We didn’t buy enough of them.
9. NO- NOT
Mengatakan tidak dalam bahasa Inggris ada 2 cara, yaitu no dan not, tetapi penggunaannya dalam kalimat berbeda. No harus bergandengan tempatnya dengan (sebelum) kata-kata nama sesuatu, seperti orang, barang, tempat, waktu, binatang dan sebagainya. Misalnya : No book (tidak ada buku) No friend (tidak ada teman) No time (tidak ada waktu) No money (tidak ada uang) etc. Contoh kalimat:
1. I have no friend in Pagatan
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2. She has no money to buy the book. 3. He has no time to come here. 4. No cigarette is completely harmless. 5. No tourist came to Batulicin last week. Ect.
No dapat diganti dengan not any dan artinya tetap tidak berubah. Contoh Kalimat:
1. I have no time to help you = I have not any time to help you. 2. There is no more sugar = There is not any more sugar 3. They have seen nobody = They have not seen any body.
Not harus selalu bergandengan (tempatnya) sesudah auxiliary verb (modal) dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.
Contoh Kalimat :
1. I cant not go out today because I have no money. 2. He will not come again.
10. ALL, EVERY & EACH
ALL (=Segenap, semua) dapat diikuti : 1. Bentuk jamak kata benda dapat dihitung. 2. Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.
Contoh kalimat :
1. All the pencils are black 2. All the children can be naughty sometimes 3. I have all the powder
11. ALSO, TOO, & AS WELL Also dapat ditempatkan di mana saja dalam kalimat positif, dan kalimat tanya. Dan dalam kalimat negative diganti dengan “Either” Contoh Kalimat :
1. I can do that also. 2. I also can do that. 3. I can also do that. Tetapi, dalam kalimat negatif. 4. I can not do that either.
As well dan Too hanya dapat ditempatkan pada akhir kalimat atau pada bagian akhir suatu kalimat. Dan as well lebih sering dipakai dalam pergaulan sehari-hari. Contoh Kalimat :
1. I can do that too. 2. I can do that as well. 3. we have been there too. 4. we have been there as well.
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12. AGAIN, ANY MORE, & ANY LONGER
Ketiga kata tersebut berarti lagi, tetapi mempunyai cara menggunakan yang berbeda. Any more dan Any longer digunakan untuk kalimat negative. Contoh Kalimat :
1. Ani doesn’t live here any more (Ani tidak tinggal disini lagi). 2. Linda isn’t working in this office any longer (Linda tidak bekerja di kantor
ini lagi). 3. He promised to come here again (Dia janji datang ke sini lagi).
Catatan:
1. No longer =Not any more, digunakan untuk menyatakan ungkapan
negatif yang berkaitan dengan waktu. 2. No more, digunakan untuk menyatakan tentang kuantitas atau tingkatan.
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UNIT VII
ADVERBS
Adverbs adalah kata yang menjelaskan : bagaimana caranya, dimana tempatnya, kapan waktunya, berapa kali suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Fungsi adverbs yaitu menjelaskan atau memberi keterangan terhadap verbs, adjective, adverbs yang lain atau seluruh kalimat. Dalam bahasa Inggris ada banyak jenis adverb yang sangat penting fungsinya dalam kalimat.
1. Adverb of manner 2. Adverb of place and direction 3. Adverb of time 4. Adverb of degree 5. Adverb of frequency 6. Adverb of quatity 7. Interogative adverb 8. Relative adverb
1. Adverb of Manner adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan bagaimana caranya sesuatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.
Contoh Kalimat :
1. He sings quickly. ((dia lari dengan cepat) 2. Yuli sings sweetly. (Yuli bernyanyi dengan merdu) 3. She is typing neatly. (dia mengetik dengan rapi)
2. Adverb of Place and direction adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan tempat terjadi dan arah terjadinya tindakan atau peristiwa. Contoh Kalimat :
1. She will come here again. 2. They will go abroad. 3. I can’t find any glasses everywhere
3. Adverb of Time adalah kata keterangan yang waktu terjadinya suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa. Ada dua macam keterangan waktu:
1. Definite Time (tertentu). Misalnya :Yesterday, now Saturday night,
today, tomorrow, lastweek etc. 2. Indefinite time (tak tertentu). Misalnya: recently, soon, already, just, still,
nowdays first, next, later,etc. Contoh kalimat :
1. I am studying English now 2. She arrived here yesterday 3. Wira has just finished working.
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4. Adverb of Degree adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan tingkat, derajat atau seberapa jauh sesuatu hal itu. Ada dua macam adverb of degree, yaitu:
1. Yang menunjukkan how much berkenaan dengan Adjective atau Adverb.
Misalnya: very, too, rather (agak), somewhat, (agak,sedikit), extremely (luar biasa sekali), fairly (hampir), exceedingly (sangat)
Contoh kalimat :
1. She become quite angry with me. 2. He always walks rether quickly 3. This coffee is very hot
2. Yang menunjukkan how complete (seberapa sempurna) Misalnya: almost nearly, partially, wholly, utterly, practicall, entirely etc.
1. He has almost finished working. 2. He has now partially recovered form his ill. 3. She completely misunderstood her husband remark. 4. They are practically ready to begin this show. 5. The men were uttery exhausted. ( Lelaki itu amat letih)
3. Adverb of Frequency adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan frekuensi-sering tidaknya suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Misalnya: Usually, always, often, sometime, rarely, scarcely, hardly,ever, never etc.
Contoh Kalimat :
1. She sometimes come late 2. He always wakes up early 3. He often studies in the night.
5. Adverb of quantity adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan jumlah atau berapa kali suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.
Contoh Kalimat :
1. She studies English little 2. He has won the price twice.
6. Interrogative Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk membuat pertanyaan. Misalnya: Why, Where, when, How long etc.
Contoh Kalimat :
1. Where did you buy this book? 2. How didi she come here? 3. Why were you absent yesterday?
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Relative Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Misalnya: therefore, accordingly, moreover, besides, however, nevertheles, where, why, Contoh Kalimat:
1. She is very busy, accordingly she can’t see me. 2. I don’t know why he is absent today. 3. They wanted to go out eventough it was rainning (Mereka ingin keluar
meskipun hujan)
UNIT VIII P H A R A S E
PHARASE adalah rangkaian kata yang sudah mengandung suatu pengertian, tetapi tidak mempunyai subject dan predicate, dan merupakan bagian dari suatu kalimat. Contoh Kalimat :
1. The girl at the door is my sister 2. The book on the table is mine. 3. The man with the red hat is my teacher. 4. The boys in the street are students. Berdasarkan penggunaannya pharase dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 macam yaitu: 1. Sebagai Noun Pharase. 2. Sebagai Pharase Adjective. 3. Sebagai Adverbial Pharase. Noun Phrase adalah pharase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai noun. Contoh kalimat :
1. Dedy went to the store for some books. 2. My new car near the door is old enough. 3. The desk in this room is small.
Adjctive Pharase adalah pharase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective, memberi sifat kepada noun atau pronoun. Contoh Kalimat :
1. The girl with long hair my friend. 2. His success in life began early.
Adverbial Pharase adalah pharase yang digunakan /berfungsi sebagai adverbial, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
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Contoh kalimat :
1. He shouted on house top. 2. Udin fishes in the big lake. 3. He put the money into his pocket.
Adverbial pharase dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan
(mengekspresikan) beberapa hubungan; seperti mengekspresikan hubungan waktu (expressing a relation of time), place (tempat),manner(cara), degree (tingkat /derajat), cause (sebab), purpose (tujuan/maksud), condition (syarat), atau concession or contrast (pertentangan). Contoh Kalimat :
1.Expressing a relation of time 1. she has been ill since two days ago. 2. We have been studying English for three years.
2. Expressing a relation of place 1. I live near the school. 2. He hurried into the classroom. 3. The children’s toys were all over the room
3. Expressing a relation of manner 1. He cut it with a knife. 2. She writes an angry letter in red ink.
4. Expressing a relation of degree.
1. I love her very much. 2. You must study English more liligently.
5. Expressing a relation of cause
1. She was injured because of the bus accident. 2. I was late because of the rain. 3. Your father is very angry with you for staying out so late.
6. Expressing a relation of purpose
1. She has come come to tell you the latest news. 2. I leave for Jakarta to buy some books
7. Expressing a relation of concession or contrast
1. In spite of the reain he went out. 2. Regardless of the rain he always brings an umbrella.
8. Expressing a relation of condition.
- We’ll go if necessa. PHARASE dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu: 1. Prepositional pharase 2. Principle pharase 3. Infinitive pharase 4. Gerund pharase
Prepositional pharase adalah ungkapan yang mengandung preposisi (kata depan); dan biasanya dapat dipakai/berfungsi sebagai Noun, Adjective, atau Adverb.
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Contoh Kalimat :
1. The report will be sent in a few days. 2. He is sometimes angry with his wife. 3. I am sorry for having come late. 4. The traffict sign points to the left.
Principle Pharase adalah ungkapan yang mengandung participle yang biasanya berfungsi sebagai adjective. Contoh kalimat :
1. Not knowing anyone in town he felt very lonesome 2. Having finished his assigment, he went home. 3. Having lost all my money, I went home. 4. Student arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall
(arriving late menjelaskan student). 5. We heard the children crying.
Arti atau pengertian dari kalimat yang mengandung participle pharase dapat menunjukkan: 1. Waktu
a. After (=setelah) Having finished all the work, she went home. (Sesudah menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan, dia pulang) b. While or when (=ketika) Walking along the street, I met afriend whom I had not seen for long
time. (Ketika berjalan sepanjang jalan, saya bertemu teman yang telah
lama saya tidak berjumpa). 2. Cause (= sebab)
Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vocation. (Karena telah bekerja keras sepanjang hidupnya, maka dia mengambil
libur yang panjang).
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QUESTIONS OR STATEMENTS AND THEIR ANSWERS
1. A. It’s nice to meet you Ekspresi ini dipakai bila bertemu pertama
kali.
(How do you do) Sekali seumur hidup
B. Pleased to meet you
(How do you do)
2. A. What’s your name? Siapa nama anda?
B. My name is Olis Nama saya Olis
3. A How are you? Apa kabar
(How are you doing)
B. Fine, thanks Baik-baik saja
How about you? Bagaimana anda?
4. A. Have a seat! Silahkan duduk
B. Yes. (Thank you) Terima kasih
5. A. See you later Sampai jumpa kemudian
B. Hope so Semoga
6. A. Can you help me with this? Bisa minta tolong ini ?
B. Of course (sure) Tentu saja.
Why not. Kenapa tidak
7. A. Thanks Terima Kasih
B. You are welcome Sama-sama
That’s all right) (No problem)
8. A. Excuse me Tabek, maaf
B. That’s O.K Heee.... eee (tidak apa-apa)
9. A. I’m sorry Maaf. (merasa bersalah)
B. It’s O.K. Tidak apa-apa
10. A. Congratulations! Selamat!
B. Thank you Terima kasih.
11. A. May I close the window? Boleh saya tutup jendela?
B. Sure. Go ahead! Ya silahkan! (Terus!)
12. A. How old is he? Berapa usianya?
B. He is thirteen years old (13 tahun)
(thirteen)
13. A. What year /grade/ semester Kelas /tingkat / semester/ berapa?
/ are you in?
B. I’m in the first year / grade / Kelas / tingkat Saturday
14. A. How long have you been studying Sudah berapa lama anda belajar bahasa
English ? Inggris ?
B. For six months Selama enam bulan
(since 1986) (sejak 1986)
15. A. Where do you live? Dimana anda tinggal?
B. I live on jalan S. Parman Di jalan S. Parman
I live in Banjarmasin Di Banjarmasin
I live at Jalan S Parman number 2 Di jalan S. Parman nomor 2
16. A. Excuse me, I’d like to ask you Maaf saya ingin menanyakan beberapa per
a couple of questions tanyaan
B. Sure, go right ahead! Apa masalahnya
What is the problem?
17. A. What day is today? Hari ini hari apa?
B. It’s Monday Hari senin
18. A. Where have you been? Dari mana anda (baru-baru ini)
B. I have been outside. Dari luar
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19. A. How did you come here? Naik apa datang ke sini
B. On foot. Jalan kaki
By car. Naik mobil
By ship. Naik kapal
20. A. How do you like living here? Bagaimana? Senang tinggal di sini?
B. I like this city very much. Saya sangat suka kota ini.
It’s cold. Dingin
21. A. It was nice talking to you. I have Senang sekali ngomong-ngomong dengan
to run to class. anda. Saya ke kelas dulu.
B. OK, may be we can meet Baiklah, barangkali kita bisa ketemu
kapan-
sometime soon. kapan.
22. A. Yeah! Love to. Why don’t you try Ya! Baiklah. Singgah-singgah di rumahku
kalau to drop my house sometime. ada waktu!
B. Great. See you soon. Insya Allah. Sampai jumpa
23 A. What time do you usually go to Jam berapa biasanya anda pergi tidur
pada
bad at night ? malam hari?
B It is nine thirty. Jam 9. 30
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THE LIST OF BASIC STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH
1. How are you (How do you do) (Bagaimana kabar anda ?) 2. May I have your ... (name) please ? (Boleh saya tahu nama anda ?) 3. What is your nickname? (Siapa nama samaran anda?) 4. Where do you come from ? (Anda berasal darimana ?) 5. When and where were you born? (Kapan dan di mana anda dilahirkan ?) 6. How old are you? (Berapa usia anda) 7. What is your height /hait/ ?(Berapa tinggi anda?) 8. What is your weight /weit /? (Berapa berat anda?) 9. Where do you live ? / What is your address? (Di mana alamat anda ?) 10. Do you have a telephone at home? (Apakah anda mempunyai tlp di
rumah)? > What is the number? (Nomor berapa?) > Who always calls you most? (Siapa yang paling sering menelpon
anda?) 11. Do you know the telephone of airport? (Apakah anda tahu telepon
bandara?) 12. With whom do you live? (Dengan siapa anda tinggal?) 13. Is your house far from here? (Apakah rumah anda jauh dari sini ?) 14. Are your neighbours kind and friendly (Apakah tetangga-tetanggamu baik
dan ramah) 15. Do you have special group? (Apa anda punya grup khusus?) 16. May I come to your house someday? (Boleh saya datang ke rumah anda
di suatu hari?) 17. How can I get your house from here? (Bagaimana caranya saya dapat
menemukan rumah anda dari sini?) 18. What bus goes to your house? (Mobil apa yang ke rumah anda?) 19. How much do you pay from here to your home? (Berapa ongkos dari sini
ke rumahmu?) 20. Have your friends come to your home? (Pernakah teman anda datang ke
rumah anda?) 21. How long have you live there? (Sudah berapa lama anda tinggal di sana
?) 22. Where did you grow up? (Dimana anda besar?) 23. What is your tribe? (Apa suku anda?) 24. What is your nationality? (Anda berkebangsaan apa?) 25. Do you come from a large family? (Apakah anda berasal dari keluarga
besar?) 26. Where are you in your family?(Anak keberapa anda dalam keluarga?) 27. How many brothers and sisters do you have? (Berapa banyak saudara
laki-laki dan perempuan yang anda punya?) 28. Could you tell me a little about your brothers and sisters? (Dapatkah anda
bercerita sedikit tentang saudaramu?) 29. Are your parents still alive?(Apakah orang tua anda masih hidup?) 30. What is your father’s job (Apa pekerjaan ayah anda) 31. How is your father? (Bagaimana kabar ayah anda?) 32. Can you tell me liltle about your parents? (Dapatkah anda menceritakan
sedikit tentang ayah anda) 33. Do you love your parents, why? (Apakah anda mencintai orang tua
anda?) 34. Do you have plan to get married soon after finishing your study at senior
high school/university/ (Apa anda punya rencana segera menikah setelah tammat SMA/University)
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35. Which one do you like, your parent’s choice or your own choise? (Yang mana anda suka, pilihan orang tua atau pilihan sendiri?)
36. May I know your father’s job? (Boleh saya tahu pekerjaan bapak anda?) 37. What is your hobby? (Apa hobi anda?) 38. Do you have the other hobby ? (Apakah anda punya hobi lain?) 39. Why do you like it ? (Mengapa anda menyukainya?) 40. How did you come here? (Dengan apa anda kemari?) 41. With whom did you come here? (Dengan siapa anda kemari?) 42. Do you have special group? (Apakah anda punya kelompok khusus ?) 43. What is the name? (Apa namanya?) 44. Do you speak Bugisese? ( Apakah anda bisa berbahasa Bugis?) 45. What is your idea? (Apa cita-cita anda? ) 46. What is your effort to support finding the ideas? (Apa usaha anda untuk
mencapai cita-cita?) 47. Are you a student or do you work? (Apakah anda seorang pelajar atau
kerja?) 48. Where do you study or do you work? (Dimana anda belajar atau kerja?) 49. Why do you choose? (Kenapa anda memilih sekolah itu?) 50. What is your major? (Apa jurusan anda?) 51. Why do you study English? (Kenapa anda belajar berbahasa Inggris?) 52. What is your opinion about the English Course (Bagaimana pendapat
anda tentang kursus bahasa Inggris) 53. Have you ever joined English course before (Sudah pernahkah mengikuti
kursus bahasa Inggris sebelumnya?) 54. From where did you get the information of this frogram ( Darimana anda
memperoleh informasi mengenai program ini ?) 55. One day you have been able to speak English fluently, what will you
do? (Suatu hari anda sudah dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan fasih, apa yang akan anda lakukan?)
56. What do you want to be? (Anda mau jadi apa? ) 57. Do you plan to go abroad (Overseas country)? When and where?(Apakah
anda punya rencana pergi ke luar negeri? Kapan dan dimana? 58. What subject do you like best? (Mata pelajaran apa yang paling anda
sukai?) 59. What is your last education?(Apa pendidikan terakhir anda?) 60. When and where did you get your elementary, junior, and senior high
school? (Kapan dan dimana anda menamatkan SD, SMP, dan SMU?) 61. Can you tell me your schedule of a days activities? (Bisakah anda
ceritakan tentang aktivitas sehari-hari anda?) 62. How do you go to the office, campus, or school? (Dengan apa anda ke
kantor, ke kampus, atau ke sekolah ?) 63. What time do you get up in the morning? (Jam berapa anda bangun di
pagi hari?) 64. Do you usually drink .....(tea)? (Apakah anda biasanya minum.... (teh)?) 65. What do you use to eat in the morning? (Apa yang anda selalu makan di
pagi hari) 66. May I know your marital status ? (Bolehkah saya tahu status anda? ) 67. Why don’t you get married yet? (Kenapa anda belum menikah?) 68. Do you have a boy (girl) friend? (Apakah anda punya pacar?) 69. What’s the characteristic of the boy/girl do you like ? (Karakter
cowok/cewek yang bagaimana yang anda suka?) 70. From what tribe the girl / boy do you like? (Dari suku mana gadis / laki-laki
yang anda sukai?) 71. When you will get married? (Kapan anda akan menikah?)
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72. How many children do you hope? (Berapa anak yang anda harapkan?) 73. What is your religion?(Apa agama anda?) 74. How many religions are there in Indonesia? (Berapa banyak agama di
Indonesia?) 75. Do you like playing sport?(Apakah anda suka berolah raga ?) 76. How many times do you play a month? (Berapa kali anda bermain dalam
sebulan?) 77. Have you ever been in any competition? (Apakah anda pernah ikut dalam
suatu pertandingan?) 78. Do you like playing... (Football)? (Apakah anda suka bermain..... (bola)?) 79. Who is your favorite .. player? (Siapa pemain kesukaan anda?) 80. Do you like going to the movies? (Apakah anda suka pergi ke bioskop ?) 81. Do you know the movies which are there in Kalimantan?( Apakah anda
tahu bioskop-bioskop yang ada di Kalimantan ?) 82. How often do you go to the movies a month? (Berapa kali anda pergi ke
bioskop sebulan ? ) 83. What film do you like best ? (Film apa yang paling anda sukai?) 84. Why do you like it? (Kenapa anda menyukainya?) 85. What time is the film on ? (Jam berapa filmnya ditayangkan?) 86. How much is a one- way ticket? (Berapa harga tiketnya?) 87. What is your fovorite star film? (Siapa bintang film kesayangan anda?) 88. Do you have television set at home? (Apakah anda mempunyai televisi ) 89. What programs do you like best? (Program apa yang anda paling sukai?) 90. What is your family response?( Bagaimana tanggapan keluarga anda?) 91. Can you tell me the time please? (Jam berapa sekarang?) 92. When is bank open ?(Jam berapa bank terbuka) 93. What is the date today?( Tanggal berapa sekarang?) 94. What is it today?( Hari apa hari ini?) 95. What do you usually do in your spare time?( Apa yang biasa anda lakukan
di waktu senggang anda?) 96. Since when did you interest in it?( Sejak Kapan anda tertarik dengan itu?) 97. Have you ever been to Bali / Jakarta? (Pernakah anda pergi ke Bali
/Jakarta?) 98. Are you used to living in the cool area?( Pernahkah anda tinggal di daerah
yang dingin?) 99. Do you mind if I borrow your book? (Apakah anda keberatan kalau aku
meminjam buku anda?) 100. Would you like to...? (apakah anda mau...?) 101. How about .... having lunch together today? (Bagaimana kalau makan
siang bersama?) 102. When do you get hungry? (Kapan anda merasa lapar?) 103. You look happy /sad. Why?( Anda kelihatan gembira /sedih. Kenapa? ) 104. Have you had your (breakfast)? (Bagaimana dengan sarapan anda?) 105. When is your breaksfast, lunch and dinner? (Kapan makan pagi, siang,
dan malam anda ?) 106. What time do you usually go to bed? (Jam berapa biasa anda pergi
tidur?) 107. Where do you go on Saturday night? (Kemana anda pergi pada sabtu
malam?) 108. Do you tend to have a certain disease? (Apakah anda menderita suatu
penyakit?) 109. Have you visited the doctor? (Sudahkah anda ke dokter?) 110. How much money do you spend on...? (Berapa banyak uang anda
habiskan pada...?)
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111. What is your favorite color, food and drink? (Apa warna, makanan, dan minuman kesukaan anda?)
112. What do you do for a living? (Apa mata pencarian anda?) 113. When did you come to Kotabaru? (Kapan anda ke Kotabaru?) 114. How long are you going to stay in Pontianak? (Berapa lama anda akan
tinggal di Pontianak?) 115. When are you going to go to Banjarbaru? (Kapan anda akan ke
Banjarbaru?) 116. How far is Banjarmasin from here? (Berapa jauh Banjarmasin dari sini?) 117. Could you tell me, where can I buy...? (Dapatkah anda memberi tahukan
dimana saya dapat membeli.......?) 118. What is the bottom price? (Berapa harga pasnya?)
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UNIT X
VARIOUS EQUIPMENT IN THE WORKSHOP
SAWING MACHINE
Rina Machinery Works, a joint venture company, specializing in manufacturing high
quality hydraulic sawing machines, now develops a new model of complete automatic
high-speed hydraulic sawing machine.
The machine is capable of high-speed cutting of pipes, steel rods, aluminum
pieces, and cutting the work-pieces in only a few seconds. This new model sawing
machine can cut off steel pipes of a wall thickness f three inches, leaving smooth, clean
and burrless finishes to the cut.
The sawing machine is effective because material loss is only 2 mm, and the
cutting surface will not heat up.
The saw blades are very durable, and they can be easily sharpened if blunt.
The company also supplies hand-operated model and semi-automatic model.
The new model i.e. complete automatic model is widely liked by customers. The
manufacturer also renders after sale service to its customers.
Vocabulary
sawing machine - mesin gergaji
to saw-sew-sawn - menggergaji
machinery works - bengkel permesinan
a joint-venture company - sebuah perusahaan patungan
to develop - berkembang; mengembangkan
development - perkembangan; pembangunan
developing country - negara yang sedang berkembang
developed country - negara maju
underdeveloped country - negara yang belum maju (terbelakang)
complete (to complete) - lengkap (melengkapi; menyelesaikan)
high-speed - kecepatan tinggi
to cut - memotong
steel rod - batangan baja
pieces - potongan; lembaran
to break into pieces - pecah bcrkeping-keping; hancur luluh
of a wall thickness of - setebal dinding berukuran 3 inci
3 inches
to leave-left-left - meninggalkan
smooth - halus
clean (to clean) - bersih (membersihkan)
burrless - tanpa duri; tanpa sembilu; tanpa memar
surface - permukaan; muka
effective - efektif
loss (to lose - lost - lost) - kehilangan; kerugian
to heat up - memanas
durable - tahan lama
blade - daun gergaji
to sharpen (sharp) - mengasah; menajamkan (ks. tajam)
easily - dengan mudah
blunt - tumpul
to supply - menyediakan; memberi
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hand-operated= - dijalankan dengan tangan
manually-operated
i.e. (id est) - yaitu
is widely liked - disukai secara luas
to render = to provide - memberikan
after sale service - pelayanan purna jual
Answer the following questions in good English
1. What company is Rina Machinery Works?
2. What model of sawing machine is now being developed by R.M.W.?
3. What materials can the new machine cut off?
4. How long can the machine cut off steel pipes of three inches?
5. How does the sawing machine work to the steel pipe?
6. Why is the sawing machine work to the steel pipe?
7. How is the durability of the saw blades?
8. What models of sawing machine does R.M.W. supply?
9. Is hand-operated model mechanically-operated?
10. How do customers like the new model?
11. Is the new model a hand-operated one?
12. Does the manufacturer render after sale service?
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DRY DOCK
There are many types of docks, viz. graving dock or dry dock, slipway, and floating
dock.
Dry dock is a place for repairs, cleaning and painting of ship’s bottom,
propellers, rudders and other parts below water line.
This dock is made of concrete masonry flooring called the basin and strong side
walls. The entrance of this dock is closed by means of a gate or removable floating
caisson or by a sliding caisson. The flooring has one or more rows of bilges blocks to
support the weight of the vessel being docked. The dock is equipped with pumping
machinery for removing water.
Floating dock is a vessel capable of lifting a ship out of water. This floating
dock will keep the ship in such a position for a certain period by means of its own
buoyancy. This type of dock constructed of heavy steel also requires considerable
amount of painting and maintenance compared to a masonry dock.
The other type of dock is a slipway. The ship is completely hauled out of the
water by mechanical means for repairs and lower it down subsequently. This slipway is
constructed with inclined path of timber or stone, upon which a series of rails are fixed.
These rails run up from a sufficient depth of water to the required height above the
highwater level.
The vessels are supported by suitable carriages which are hauled up or lowered
down with the help of winding gear.
Offshore dock is a floating dock normally used for medium sized vessels. The
dock is moored to buoys or attached to fixed dolphins by means of chains. This dock is
very convenient and can be placed alongside ship- repairing workshops. Because of its
size, this type of dock can be served by crane placed on the quay.
When putting ships in dry docks the preparatory operations (setting of keel
blocks) are similar to those described above for floating docks. The only difference is
that with floating docks, the ship comes to rest on the keel blocks as a result of
discharging ballast from flooding compartments of the dock, whereas in dry docks the
ship settles down as the water in the dock is pumped out and the level drops.
Docking repairs consist of repairs to the shell plating and framing below the
waterline and to the associated installations, fittillgs, and othcr parts, such as rudders,
propellers, and stern tubes.
Work in dock starts with cleaning the hull of fouling organisms, old paint, and
corrosion products. In addition to this, the hull must also be inspected to assess the
amount and the character of the repair to be done. Hull cleaning can be carried out
manually or mechanically by using, for example, impact devices, sand blasting, wet
blasting, water-jet blasting, shot blasting and electrolytic cleaning.
Before undocking a thorough inspection of the underwater parts is made, paying
particular attention to the repaired regions, to check if any openings have been left or
detect other possible omissions.
Vocabulary
graving dock = dry dock - dok kering
to dock = to enter into dock - naik dok
to undock - keluar dok; turun dok
slipway - galangan tarik
floating dock - dok apung
repairs - perbaikan
to repairs - memperbaiki
cleaning - pembersihan
46
to clean - membersihkan
painting - pengecatan
to paint - mengecat
ship’s bottom - dasar (pantat) kapal
propeller - baling-baling
three-bladed propeller - baling-baling berdaun tiga
to propel - mendorong maju; bergerak maju
propelling force - tenaga dorong; kekuatan dorong
rudder - kemudi arah
waterline - garis air
below - di bawah
is made of - dibuat dan
concrete masonry - batu cor
flooring - lantai
basin - kolam
entrance - pintu masuk
to enter - memasuki
log entry - catatan yang dimasukkan dalam buku
harian kapal
is closed - ditutup
by means of - dengan cara; dengan menggunakan
gate - pintu gerbang
removable - dapat dipindahkan; dapat diangkat
to remove - memindahkan; mengangkat
caisson - besi penutup pintu dok gali yang dapat
terapung dan tenggelam; kaison
sliding caisson - kaison dorong (ke samping)
row - baris; jejer
bilges blocks - blok yang menahan bilge selama kapal di
atas dock
bilge - bagian kapal yang di bawah air yang
melengkung sampai ke lunas.
to support - menopang
weight - berat; beratnya
to weight - menimbang; berberat
being docked - yang dinaikkan ke dok
is equipped with - dilengkapi dengan
to equip with - melengkapi dengan
equipment - peralatan
pumping machinery - permesinan pompa
for removing water - untuk membuang air
capable of lifting - mampu mengangkat
capability - kemampuan
to lift out of water - mengangkat ke luar dari air
to keep - menahan
in such a position - dalam posisi sedemikian rupa
for certain period - untuk masa tertentu
its ownbuoyancy - daya apung sendiri
constructed of - dibangun dari
steel - baja
to require to need - membutuhkan
considerable amount - sangat banyak
maintenance - pemeliharaan
to maintain - memelihara; mempertahankan
47
compared to - dibanding dengan
to compare - membandingkan
masonry dock - dok dari bangunan batu
completely - seluruhnya; sepenuhnya
complete - lengkap
to complete - melengkapi; selesai
completion - selesainya
to haul out - menarik keluar
mechanical means - alat mekanis
to lower down - menurunkan
subsequently - kemudian
inclined path - jalan (alur) miring
timber - kayu
stone - batu
sufficient depth - cukup dalamnya
the required weight - berat yang dibutuhkan
highwater level - tinggi air pasang
carriages - alat angkut
tohaulup - menarik keatas
winding gear - perangkat gulung; alat gulung
normally used - lazim dipakai
medium sized vessel - kapal yang berukuran sedang
to moor - menambat; mengikat
mooring line - dadung kepil; tali tambat
buoy - bui; pelampung
to attach to - mengikat pada; menambat pada
fixed dolphin - dolfin (tiang tambatan) tetap
convenient - enak; menyenangkan
can be placed - dapat ditempatkan
placement - penempatan
alongside - di sisi; di lambung
repairing workshop - bengkel reparasi
size - ukuran
can be served - dapat dilayani
crane - kran
floating crane - kran ngambang
quay - dermaga
to put ship in dry dock - menaikkan kapal ke dok kering
preparatory operations - pekerjaan persiapan
to prepare - mempersiapkan
preparation - persiapan
to set keel block - memasang blok lunas
keel - lunas kapal
similar - serupa; sama
similarity - kesamaan
described - yang dijelaskan
the only difference - satu-satunya perbedaan
come to rest on - bertengger pada; duduk pada
as a result of - sebagai akibat dari
to discharge - membongkar; membuang
to discharge cargoes from - membongkar muatan dari kapal
the ship
the battery discharges - bateri tidak mengisi
ballast - tolak bara; balas
48
flooding compartment - ruangan yang diisi air
whereas - sedangkan
to settle down - duduk
is pumped out - dipompa keluar
level - tingkat; tinggi air
to drop - turun
shell plating - pelat lambung; kulit kapal
framing - gading-gading
associated installation - instalas yang terkait
in association with - dalam kaitannya dengan
below - dibawah
fittings - kelengkapan
such as - seperti
stern tube - bumbung poros baling-baling
to start = to begin = to - mulai
commence
fouling organism - organisme teritip
corrosion product - produk korosi
in addition to - di samping itu; lagi pula
to be inspected - diperiksa
to inspect = to check = to - memeriksa
examine
inspector - inspektur; pcmcriksa
to assess - menilai
assessment - penilaian
amount = extent - jumlah; besarnya
character - sifat
to he done = to be - dilakukan; dilaksanakan
carried out
manually - secara manual (dengan tangan)
mechanically - secara mekanis (dcngan mesin)
impact device - alat yang kuat
sand blasting - penyemprotan dengan pasir
water-jet blasting - penyemprotan dengan air
shot blasting - penyemprotan tembak
electrolytic cleaning - pembersihan secara elektrolitik
to undock - turun (keluar) dari dok
a thorough inspection - pemeriksaan yang saksama
to pay attention - memperhatikan
particular - khusus
repaired regions - daerah-daerah yang diperbaiki
openings - lubang-lubang
have been left out - telah ketinggalan
to detect - inendeteksi
detection - deteksi
possible - mungkin
omission - penghilangan; kelalaian
to omit - menghilangkan; mengabaikan
Answer the undermentioned questions in good English
1. How many types of dock do you know?
2. What material is dry dock made of?
3. Tell us the function of a propeller.
49
4. What is “basin”?
5. How is a dry dock closed?
6. What is the use of bilge blocks?
7. How do you remove water from a dry dock?
8. Why can a ship settle on a floating dock?
9. What material is a floating dock constructed of?
10. How is the ship hauled out of water when it wishes to rest oil a slipway?
11. Is a slipway made of masonry?
12. Describe briefly an offshore dock.
13. Why is an offshore dock considered convenient?
14. What repairs must be done to a ship put on a dock?
15. How many methods of cleaning the hull do you know?
16. What will you do before undocking your ship?
CORROSION OF METAL
Corrosion is a destructive attack on metals which may be chemical or electrochemical
in nature.
Direct chemical corrosion is due to corrosive environments such as atmospheric
oxygen, various gases and also electrolytes, i.e. aqueus solutions of acids, bases, salts,
etc., capable of conducting electric current.
Accordingly, several fonns of corrosion are distinguished:
1) atmospheric corrosion, that due to oxygen in the air;
2) gas corrosion, that due to some gases;
3) chemical corrosion, that due to reactions between the metal and gases or liquid
dielectrics (nonconductors of electric current) such as petrol, oils, resins, etc.;
4) electrochemical corrosion, that due to the action of an electric current.
The metals most subject to corrosion are iron and steel.
Between 1890 and 1923 world production of steel and iron was 1766 million
tons. During this same period 718 million tons of metal, 40 per cent of world
production, was destroyed by corrosion. The loss is very large. This is why corrosion
control is of pa ra mount importance.
The corrosion resistance of metals can be improved by adding alloying
elements. Small percentages of copper, silicon, nickel, or chromium added to steel
retard corrosion appreciably. Sulphur and manganese, on the contrary, promote
corrosion.
Corrosion can be controlled by applying oxide films or metal coatings (zinc,
lead, copper, tin, nickel, etc.) to the surface. Protection is also provided by coating the
surfaces with paints, varnishes or enamels. Smoothly finished or polished surfaces
resist corrosion better than rougher surfaces. Because of this, scratches and other
surface defects should be removed immediately.
Vocabulary
to corrode - Berkarat; karatan
corrosion - kb. Korosi; karatan
to destroy - menghancurkan
destructive - kb. bersifat menghancurkan; merusak
to attack - menyerang
50
attack - serangan
chemical in nature - bersifat kimiawi
elcctrochemical - elektrokoimia
dueto - karena
environments - lingkungan
atmospheric oxygen - oksigen udara
electrolytes - elektrolit
aqueous solution - larutan air
salts - garam
to conduct electric current - menghantar arus listrik
accordingly - karena itu
form - bentuk
to be distinguished - dibedakan
liquid - barang cair; cairan
dielectric - di-elektrik; bahan isolasi (bukan
penghantar)
nonconductors - bukan pengantar
most subject to corrosion - kebanyakan mudah kena karat
iron - besi
loss - kerugian; kehilangan
to be of paramount important - sangat penting
(to be very important)
resistance of metal - tahannya metal
to retard - sangat menghambat
on the contrary
on the other hand - sebaliknya
reversely
to promote corrosion - memperbanyak/meningkatkan korosi
by applying oxide films - dengan menggunakan selaput oksida
metal coating - penutupan (pelapisan) dengan metal
to coat - menutup; memernis
lead - timah hitam
to provide - memberi
varnishes - pernis
enamels - email; pernis; lak
to resist corrosion - tahan karat; menahan karat
rougher surfaces - permukaan lebih kasar
scratches - goresan-goresan
defect - cacat; celaan
to be removed - dibuang; dihilangkan
immediately; promptly - selekasnya; secepatnya
Answer the following questions in English
1. May atmospheric oxygen cause corrosion on metal?
2. Tell us some materials capable of conducting electric current.
3. How many classes of corrosion do you know?
4. Explain briefly the “chemical corrosion”.
5. Which metal is most subject to corrosion?
6. How many tons was the world production of steel and iron between 1890 and
1923?
7. What do the figures 718 indicate?
8. What was the percentage of metal destroyed by corrosion during 1890 and 1923?
9. How do you improve the corrosion resistance of metals?
10. Tell us some materials that promote corrosion.
51
11. What is the function of coating the metal sjrface with paints or enamels?
12. Why should scratches and other surface defects be removed immediately?
CARBON STEELS
Carbon steel is the general name for alloys of iron and up to 1.7 percent carbon. Steels
my also contain some useful additions (chromium, manganese, silicon, tungsten, etc.)
and certain harmful impurities (sulphur, phosphorus).
In the Soviet Union carbon steels are classed as structural (fluid steels and steels
of medium hardness with up to 0.65% carbon) and tool (hard steels containing over
0.65% carbon)
Structural steels, in turn, are subdivided into three groups:
1) Steels furnished according to mechanical properties. The steel mnanufacturer must
guarantee the prescribed mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield point and
elongation);
2) Steels furnished according to chemical composition, for which the prescribed per
cent content of given elements must be guaranteed. The above two groups make up
ordinaiy steels.
3) Steels of improved quality (quality steels) are furnished according to both chemical
composition and mechanical properties. These steels are relatively low in impurities
and are more uniform in composition.
Carbon tool steels are of two classes: quality and high-quality. The
fundamental property of tool steel is its extreme hardness, attained after special heat
treatment. Law-carbon tool steels, due to their toughness,are used for the manufacture
of cutter picks, chisels, dies, etc. High-carbon tool steels arc made into metal-cutting
tools.
(The mine Electrical Fitter by Y. Mikheyev and
I. Faibisovich-Peace Publisher, Moscow.)
Vocabulary
carbon steel - baja zat-arang; baja yang dapat disepuh
alloys of iron - paduan besi; kadar besi
up to = until - sampai; hingga
addition - tambahan; penambahan
to add - menambah
in addition to - selain itu
harniful - ks. merugikan
to harm - kk. merugikan
impurities - ketidak-murnian
impure - ks. tidak murni
pure - ks. murni
tungsten - wolfram
certain - tentu
sulphur - sulfur
phosphorus - fosfor
to be classed - digolongkan
mild steel - baja lunak
52
medium hardness - kekerasan sedang
to contain - berisi
in turn - sebaliknya
to be subdivided - dibagi-bagi
furnished - diberikan
according to - menurut
accordingly - demikianlah
manufacturer - pabrik; pembuat
to manufacture = to produce - membuat; incnghasilkan
to guarantee - menjamin
to prescribe - menentukan
yield point - titik luluh; gerak datar lemah
elongation - kb. perpanjangan; keregangan
to elongate - kk. memperpanjang; mcregang
composition - komposisi
forwhich - untuk mana
the prescribed per cent - kadar persen yang ditentukan
content
ordinary - ks. biasa
improved quality - peningkatan kualilas
to improve - meningkatkan; memperbaiki
improvement - peningkatan; perbaikan
relatively - secara relatif; relatif
uniform - seragam
uniformity - keseragaman
fundamental - fundamentil; mendasar
extreme - sangat
hardness - kekerasan
attained - diperoleh; dicapai
treatment - pengolahan; pengerjaan; perlakuan
heat - kb.panas
hot - ks.panas
toughness - kekenyalan; kekuatan
tough - ks.kenyal;kuat
cutter - pernotong; pisau
pick - palu runcing
chisel - pahat
dies - blok bentuk
etc. (et cetera) - dsb.
metal-cutting tools - alat-alat pemotong metal
I. Answer the undernientioned questions in English
1. Define the words “carbon steel”.
2. Tell us the subdivision of structural steel.
3. How many classes of carbon tool steels are there?
4. Which type of steel are metal-cutting tolls made of?
II. Translate the above sentences into good Indonesian.
53
ALLOY STEELS
Many desired combinations of the mcchanical properties in carbon steels cannot be
obtained by solely changing their carbon content or by heat treatment. Though it raises
the tensile strength and hardness of the steel, an increase in carbon content
simultaneously reduces plasticity and toughness. Heat treated cutting tools have high
hardness, but are very brittle, cannot withstand impact loading, and lose their cutting
edges at high speeds because of temperature rise.
Moreover, carbon steels quickly rust and are easily attached by acids, base, and
other mediums.
On the other hand, new properties can be imparted to ordinary carbon steels, by
adding some elements such as manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, copper, tungsten,
molybdenum, cobalt, etc. These elements are knows as alloying additions, and the
resultant product as alloy steel.
Alloy steels arc classed on the basis of the predominant alloying clement into
silicon, nickel, chromium-nickel, tungsten, and other steels.
Silicon steels arc very elastic and find use in the manufacture of electric
machines, transformers and also coil and leaf springs.
Manganese steels (with up to 14% manganese) serve for making machine parts
subject to rapid wear because of impact and abrasion, for example, rock- crusher jaws,
power-shovel buckets, grinding-mill balls.
Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels, in addition to their high tensile
strength, are very resistant to rust and to the action of acids, at both ordinary and
elevated temperatures. Chromium-nickel steels are used to manufacture pick boxes and
strap links for cutter chains, gears for coalcutting machines, parts for pumps handling
acid waters, etc.
The alloying of carbon steel with tungsten, chroiniuni and vanadium produces
steels which do not change in microstructure and hardness when heated to temperature
as high as 6000 C.
Cutting tools made from these steels can work at extremely high cutting speeds
a characteristic which has given rise to their name: high-speed steels.
(The Mine Electrical Fitter by Y. Mikheyev and
I. Faibbovich — Peace Publisher, Moscow).
Vocabulary
alloy steel - baja paduan
desired - yang diinginkan
properties - sifat-sifat
carbon steel - baja zat arang; baja karbon
to be obtained - diperolch
solely - semata-mata
content - kadar
heat (hot) - kb. panasnya (ks. panas)
treatment - pengolahan; pengerjaan; perlakuan
though - walaupun; meskipun
to raise - naik; menaikan
tensile strength - kekuatan tarik
hardness - kekerasan
hard - ks. keras
an increase - kenaikan
to increase - naik; menaikan
simultaneously - bersama-sama; serempak
to reduce - mengurangi
54
plasticity - plastisitas; sifat dapat diremas
toughness - kekenyalan; kekuatan
tough - a. kenyal; kuat
heat treated cutting tools - perkakas potong yang dikerjakan dengan
panas
brittle - ks. rapuh
to withstand - tahan; menahan
impactloading - beban pukulan
to lose - kehilangan
edges - pinggiran
at high speeds - dengan kecepatan tinggi
rise - kenaikan
to rise - naik; terbit
moreover - lagi pula
to nist - berkarat; karatan
to be easily attacked - mudah diserang
acid - asam
bases - dasar; fondamen
mediums - bahan pengikat; bahan pelarut
on the other hand = reversely - sebaliknya
to be imparted to - diberi; ditanamkan pada
ordinary - biasa
by adding - dengan menambahkan
elements - unsur-unsur
such as - seperti
manganes - mangan
nickel - nikel
silicon - silikon
chromium - khrom
copper - tembaga
tungsten - wolfram
molybdenum - molibdenum
cobalt - kobal
etc. (et cetera) - dsb., dll.
to be classed - digolongkan
on the basis of - berdasarkan; atas dasar
predominant - ks. utama; berkuasa; menonjol
alloying element - unsur pemadu
elastic - ks. elastis
to find use - terpakai
in the manufacture - dalam pembuatan; untuk membuat
transformer - transformator
coil - kumparan; lilitan; gulungan
leafspring - per daun
to serve for making... - berguna (bermanfaat) untuk membuat…
machine part - suku-cadang mesin
subject to rapid wear - dapat lekas aus; menjadi lekas aus
impact - pengaruh kuat; tubrukan
abrasion - kb. lecet; kikisan; pengausan
to abrade - kb. lecet; mengikis
abrasive cloth - ampelas kertas
rock-crusher jaw - gigi penghancur batu
power-shovel buckets - ember penyendok dengan kekuatan
grinding - mill balls - bola-bola pengasah di pabrik
55
stainless steel - baja tahan karat; baja anti karat
in addition to - di samping itu; lagi pula
to be resistant to rust - tahan terhadap karat
ordinary tcmperature - temperatur biasa
elevated temperature - temperatur tinggi
to manufacture = to produce - membuat; menghasilkan
manufacturer = factory - pabrik
pick boxes - peti-peti pengunipul
strap links - sambungan sengkang
cutter chains - rantai pemotong
coal-cutting machine - mesin pemecah batu-bara
handling acid water - yang Inenangani air asam
vanadium - vanadium
extremely - sangat
characteristics - karakteristik; sifat-sifat
togivenseto - menaikkan
Answer the following questions in English
1. Can many desired combinations of the mechanical properties in carbon steels be
obtained by solely changing their carbon content or by heat treatment?
2. Does an increase in carbon content raise the tensile strength and hardness of steel?
3. Does an increase in carbon content also raise plasticity and toughness of steel?
4. What advantage and disadvantage do heat treated cutting tools have?
5. Are carbon steels resistant to corrosion?
6. What is “alloy steel”?
7. Tell us the elements known as alloying addition.
8. How do you class alloy steels?
9. Why are silicon steels widely used in the manufacture of electric machines,
transformers and also coil and leaf springs?
10. What type of steel is resistant to rust?
11. Which steels are pick boxes and strap links for cutter chains, gear for coal-cutting
machine, parts for pumps handling acid water made of?
12. How do you get steels which do not change in micro structure and hardness when
heated to temperatures as high as 600 C.
13. Why are cutting tools normally called high-speed steels?
56
GENERATION AND ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
From tune immemorial mankind has been using the energy of burning fuels, the wind
and falling water.
However, the extensive possibilities of utilising natural sources of energy
became available only during a relatively recent period—at the end of 19th century
when, as the result of a series of discoveries and inventions, it became possible to
convert the energy of fuels, the wind and falling water into electric power.
Electric power can be easily transmitted over considerable distance, converted
into mechanical, heat, light or chemical energy and supplied to any number of
consumers.
Electric power is generated in power stations. The principal machine for
producing electric power is the generator, a machine with a revolving rotor. To turn the
rotor, some kind of engine or turbine, or, as it is called in power engineering, a prime
mover is necessary.
Depending upon the kind of energy used by the prime mover, electric power
stations are classified as thermal, hydroelectric, and wind power stations.
Thermal and hydroelectric power stations are the largest in nuniber and have the
greatest industrial significance.
Among the thermal electric power plants, the most wide-spread are those in
which a steam turbine serves as the prime mover for rotating the generator; these are
called steam-turbine power stations.
Also to be considered in the thennal steam-turline class are the atomic electric
power stations which are requiring ever greater industrial significance and employ, in
place of conventional fuels, an atomic fuel from which the heat necessary for changing
the water into steam is obtained by utilisimig the energy released during splitting of
atomic nuclei.
Hydroelectric power stations have prime movers in the form of water turbines
and are for this reason called hydroturbine stations. The main generating unit in such
stations is a hydrogenerator or water-wheel type generator.
(Industrial Wiring by G. Polyakov and
A. Kovarsky — Progress Publisher, Moscow).
Vocabolary
generation - pembangkitan
to generate - generator; dinamo
electric power station - stasiun tenaga listrik
from time immemorial - dari zaman dahulu kala
mankind - umat manusia
energi - energi; tenaga
burning fuel - bahan baker pembakar
wind - angin
falling water - air terjun
however - namun; tetapi
extensive - luas
to extend - memperluas
extension - perluasan
possibility - kemungkinan
possible - mungkin
impossible - tidak mungkin
utilise - menggunakan; memanfaatkan
utility - penggunaan; pemanfaatan
57
natural resource - sumber daya alam
become available - menyediakan
relatively - relative; agak
recent (ly) - baru; baru-baru ini
century - abad
as the result of - sebagai akibat dari
a series of - suatu rentetan
discoveries - penemuan (benda)
to discover - menemukan
invention - penemuan ilmiah
to invent - menemukan
convert = chande = alter - mengubah
convertion - konversi; pengubahan
transmit - mengirimkan
considerable distance - jarak yang sangat jauh
supply - memasuk
consumers - konsumen
principal machine - mesin induk
for producing - untuk menghasilkan
revolving rotor - rotor yang berputar
turn the rotor - memutar rotor
turn = revolve = rotate - memutar; berputar
power engineering - rekayasa tenaga
prime mover - penggerak utama
depend upon - tergantung pada
thermal station - stasiun panas bumi
have the greatest industrial - mempunyai arti penting sangat besar pada
significance
significan = important - penting
power plant - pabrik tenaga; stasiun tenaga
the most wide spread - yang tersebar sangat luas
serve as the prime mover - berfungsi sebagai penggerak utama
for rotating - untuk memutar
steam turbine - turbin uap
condensing station - stasiun pengembun
also too be considered - juga harus dipertimbangkan
consider - mempertimbangkan
acquire = get = obtain = gain - memperoleh
ever greater - semakin besar
employ - memperkjakan
employee - karyawan
employer - majikan
in place of - sebagai ganti dari
conventional fuel - bahan baker konvensional
for changing - untuk merubah
be obtained - dapat diperoleh
released - dilepaskan
splitting - pemecahan
hydroelectric power station - stasiun tenaga hidroelektrik
in the form of - dalam bentuk
reason - alasan
reasonable - beralasan
reasonable price - harga murah
water-wheel type generator - generator tipe roda yang digerakkan
58
dengan air
Answer the following questions in good English
1. What energy has machine been used from time immemorial?
2. When did the extensive utility of natural source of energy become available?
3. Can electric power be easily transmitted over considerable distance?
4. Where is electric power generated?
5. What is a “generator”?
6. How docs a generator work?
7. How many classes of power stations do you know when seen from the energy used
by their prime movers?
8. What type of power stations is widely used by industries?
9. Tell us further the atomic electric power stations.
10. What is the main generating unit in hydroelectric power station?
59
HAMMER
There are many kinds of hammers, namely: a machinist’s hammer, a soft hammer, a
sledge hammer and a scalling hammer.
A machinist’s hammer is used for hammering hard place of metal, and a soft
hammer is used for hammering a finished surface.
A sledge hammer is used for. producing heavy blows and a scaling hammer is
for removing scales, paints, etc. from metal surfaces.
A soft hammer si usually made of plastic, rawhide, brass, or lead.
A sledge hammer usually weighs between 5 and 25 pounds. A scalling hammer
is also frequently called a chipping hammer. Its edges are slightly rounded.
Other hammers are wood hammer, curved claw hammer, ball peen hammer,
carpenter hammer and pneumatic chipping hammer.
Hold the end of the hammer’s handle tightly when hammering objects. Never hold the
handle close to the hammer’s head.
Most accident in using hammer is caused by loose heads of hammers. In order
to avoid accident, make sure your hands are dry of sweat, grease or oil. Oily handle and
face of the hammer is also the cause of accident, therefore clean the handle and face
before using it.
Vocabulary
hand tools - alat-alat tangan
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hammer - palu
machinist’s hammer - palu yang lazim digunakan oleh masinis
soft hammer - palu kecil, palu lunak
sledge hammer - godam, palu besar
scalling hammer = chipping - palu ketok, untuk mengupas karat-karat
hammer
to hammer - memukul dengan palu
hard place - tempat keras
to be used - digunakan
finished surface - permukaan yang sudah selesai
rawhide - kulit
to produce - menghasilkan
heavy blows - pukulan berat
to remove - menghilangkan, membuang
Scales - karat
Paints - cat
made of - dibuat dari
brass - kuningan
lead - timah hitam
to weigh - beratnya, menimbang
frequently - sering
to be called - disebut
edges - pinggir, ujung
slightly - sedikit
wooden hammer - palu dan kayu
curved claw hammer - palu yang giginya lekuk
ball peen hammer - palu yang kepalanya seperti bola
carpenter hammer - palu tukang kayu
pneumatic chipping hammer - palu ketok dengan angin
to hold - memegang
end - ujung
hammer’s handle - tangkai palu
tightly - erat-erat, kencang
close to - dekat
hammer’s head - kepala palu
tobe caused - disebabkan
loose heads - kepala yang kendor (goyah)
to make sure - memastikan, meyakinkan
dry of sweat - kering dan keringat
grease - gemuk
oily handle - tangkai yang berminyak
face - muka
cause - sebab
therefore - oleh karena itu
pound - pon (ukuran berat)
I. Answer the following questions
1. Tell us the use of: machinist’s hammer, sledge hammer, soft hammer and
scalling hammer.
2. How many pounds does a sledge hammer weigh?
3. Which materials is a soft hammer made of?
4. Must you hold the handle close to the hammer’s head when hammering
objects?
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5. Tell us how to avoid accidents when using a hammer.
II. Fill in the blank with correct words
1. A soft hammer is usually made … plastic.
2. A machinist’s hammer is used … hammering hard place … metal.
3. A sledge hammer usually weighs … 5 and 25 pounds.
4. You must hold the end the hammer’s handle tightly when hammering
objects.
5. Most accident in using hammers is caused loose heads of hammer.
III. Retell the above passage according to your own English.
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SCREWDRIVER
A screwdriver is used for tightening or loosening screws. There are several
types of screwdrivers, namely: an offset screwdriver, a ratchet screwdriver, a phillips
screwdriver, a machinist’s screwdriver, a stubby screwdriver and an electrician’s
screwdriver.
An offset screwdriver is used for screws located in inaccessible places, and a
phillips screwdriver is used for tightening or loosening phillip’s type screws (screws
cut with 4-way slots), whilst a ratchet screwdriver has the same function as a standard
screwdriver.
The tip or blade of the screwdriver is very hard to hold its shape and resists the
shearing action of the slot in the screw. The blade of the screwdriver must always be
sharp, and when grinding the blade, its edges must also be flat.
The electrician’s screwdriver is one commonly used by electricians. It is made
with insulated handle.
In an emergency, the handle of an ordinary screwdriver can be insulated by
wrapping it with electrician’s tape.
When using a screwdriver, please hold the objects firmly in a vise and not in
your other hand, because slips may cause severe hand injures.
Vocabulary
screw - skrup
to unscrew - membuka skrup
screwdriver - obeng
offset screwdriver - obeng ofset
ratchet screwdriver - obeng dengan roda bergerigi
phillip’s scredriver - obeng kembang, obeng bintang
machinist’s screwdriver - obeng ahli mesin
electrician’s screwdriver - obeng ahli listrik
stubby screwdriver - obeng bertangkai gemuk
to drive mendorong
to tighten - mengencangkan
to loosen - mengendorkan
Answer the undermentined sentences in English
1. How do you tighten or loosen screws?
2. Mention the types of screwdrivers!
3. Which screwdriver do you use if you want to tighten or loosen screws located in
inaccessible places?
4. Can you use an offset screwdriver to tighten or loosen phillip’s type crews?
5. Which screwdriver is commonly used by electricians?
Translate the following sentences into English
1. Apakah mereka sangat sibuk?
2. Apakah dia sedang memperbaiki mesin itu?
3. Kami tidak kecewa.
4. Bupati Kapuas sangat bahagia
5. Apakah obeng itu ada di atas meja?
63
PLIER
Pliers are mostly used for gripping and bending objects. There are many types
of pliers, viz, a slip join plier, a side cutting plier, a needle-nose plier, a round-nose
plier, an flat jaw plier, etc.
A slip join plier is also referred to as a combination plier.
A side cutting plier is used in electrical work to strip the insulation from the
wire, and a needle-nose plier is used in tight space or corners, where the ordinary types
of plier does not fit.
64
Vocabulary
Pliers - tang, sepit
a pair of pliers - sepasang tang
mostly - kebanyakan
to grip - memegang
to bend - membengkokan
slip join pliers - tang anti slip
needle-nose pliers - tang berujung runcing
side cutting pliers - tang dengan sisi untuk memotong
round-nose pliers - tang berhidung bundar
flat jaw pliers - tang bergigi datar
etc (etcetera) - dll
to strip - mengupas, menguliti
to insulate - menyekat
insulation - sekatan, isolasi
wire - kawat
tight space - ruang sempit
corner - sudut
does not fit - tidak cocok.
I. Answer the following questions in English:
1. Which plier do you use to grip and bend objects?
2. Give the synonym of a slip join plier.
3. Tell us the use of a side cutting plier.
4. Which plier do you use in tight spaces or corners when the ordinary types of
plier does not fit?
II. Fill up the blank with correct words
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1. Pliers are mostly used … gripping and bending objects.
2. There are many types … pliers.
3. A slip join plier is also referred … as a combination plier.
4. A side cutting plier is used … electrical work.
5. A needle-nose plier is used … spaces or corners when the ordinary types …
plier does not fit.
III. Translate into good English
1. Bagaimana anda mengencangkan skrup ini?
2. Dapatkah anda mengebor pelat ini?
3. Apa gunanya tang?
4. Mana tang anda, yang ini atau yang itu?
5. Di mana Amin menaruh obeng saya?
6. Dengan apa dia membuka sekatan kawat?
FILE
Single-cut files are used for cutting, smoothing, removing small amount of
metal, or sharpening tools. However, for quick removal of metal and rough work,
double-cut files must be used.
Files are distinguished as follows: a square file, a triangular file, a round file, a
half-round and a flat file.
When filing soft metal, do not rock .the file up and down like a see-saw. The
student or apprentice must know the correct position and method of holding the file.
Pressure must be given on the forward stroke only, since the teeth of the file or
the cutting edges are pointed towards the end of the file. No cutting action will be
produced on the return stroke, but it tends only to make the teeth dull.
Pins (smalls particles of the metal remaining between the file teeth) sticking too
hard may cause the file to scratch the metal that is being worked on. Use a file card or a
stiff brush to clean them out.
For safety purpose, never use a file without a handle. If you want to order a file,
you must mention the length, type and shape, for example: 12”, single- cut, smooth,
flat.
Vocabulary
66
file - kikir
to file - mengikir
single-cut file - kikir dengan pemotong tunggal
to cut - memotong
to smooth - menghaluskan
sharpening tool - alat untuk mengasah
rough - kasar
to distinguish - membedakan
square file - kikir persegi-empat
triangular file - kikir segi-tiga
flatfile - kikir datar
to rock - menggoyang
up and down - ke atas dan ke bawah, naik turun
see-saw - ungkitan
to hold - memegang
forward - depan
stroke - tekanan
since - karena
teeth - gigi-gigi
cutting edge - sisi pemotong
pointed - runcing
I toward - kearah
No cutting action will be - Pemotongan tidak akan dihasilkan pada
produced on the return stroke - langkah-balik.
to tend - cenderung
tendency - kecenderungan
dull - tumpul
pins - serbuk
particle - bagian terkecil, partikel
to remain - tinggal, tersisa
to stick - menempel.
to scratch - menggores
scratches - goresan
being worked out - yang sedang dikerjakan
File card - kertas kikir
stiff - keras, kaku
brush - sikat
to brush - menyikat
to clean - membersihkan
safety - keselamatan
purpose - maksud
handle - tangkai
to order - memesan
to mention - menyebut
length - panjangnya
shape - bentuk
to shape - membentuk
I. Answer the following sentences in English
1. What is the use of single-cut files?
2. Which file do you use for quick removal of metal and rough work?
3. How do you distinguish files?
4. Tell us the method in filing soft metal.
67
5. Explain the word ‘pins’.
6. How do you clean pins on the file teech?
7. May we use a file without a handle?
8. What must you mention when ordering a file?
II. Translate the following sentences into English
1. Dimana anda menemukan kikir yang hilang itu?
2. Apakah kikir itu masih bisa dipakai?
3. Periksalah tangkai kikir sebelum dipakai
4. Apakah dia montir di bengkel Imora?
5. Apakah sudah mengikir pipa yang baru saja dipotong?
6. Apa yang anda lakukan setelah mengikir pipa tsb.?
7. Kapan anda mulai bekerja di bengkel ini?
8. Siapa yang memerintah anda untuk mengikir pipa ini?
9. Apakah Anton menyimpan kikirnya pada tempat yang disediakan?
10. Kepada siapa anda pinjamkan kikir saya?
WRENCH
Wrenches are used for tightening or removing bolts, nuts, studs, etc. They also
can be used for gripping round material such as pipe, round rods and so on.
A chain pipe wrench which is known as a chain tong is used for holding pipes.
The types of wrenches are adjustable wrench, S-wrench, monkey wrench,
stillson wrench, offset wrench, T-hand wrench, socket wrench, spanner wrench,
crowfoot wrench, spark plug wrench, pipe wrench and so on.
There is a multipurpose tool which is called a handy seven way tool that can be
used as a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, a nail-puller, and a can bottle opener.
68
69
Vocabulary
wrench - kunci
to remove - memindahkan, membuang, membuka
bolt - baut
nut - murskrup
stud - sejenis paku
such as - seperti
to grip = to hold - memegang
chain - rantai
which is known - yang dikenal
adjustable wrench - sepit yang dapat distel (kunci Inggris)
to adjust - menyetel, mengatur
monkey wrench - kunci Inggris
offset wrench - sepit ofset
T-handle wrench - sepit mur dengan tangkai berbentuk T.
socket wrench - sepit lekuk, kunci dengan lobang mur
spanner wrench - kunci pas
crowfoot wrench - kunci krofut
spark plug wrench - kunci busi
chain pipe wrench - kunci pipa dengan rantai
ratchet socket wrench - kunci soket dengan roda bergigi
handy seven way tool - kunci praktis serba-guna
hammer - palu
screwdriver - obeng
nail-puller - pencabut paku, gegep
to pull - mencabut, menarik
can opener - pembuka kaleng
Answer the following questions in English
1. Tell us the use of a wrench.
2. Which wrench is usually used for holding pipes?
3. Tell us another name of a chain pipe.
4. How many types of wrenches do you know?
5. Mention a special tool having multipurpose use.
6. How do you tighten or loosen a spark plug?
7. Explain briefly a “spark plug”.
70
CHISEL
Chisels are classified according to the shapes of their points, viz, flat (cold),
cape, diamond point and round nose.
Flat (cold) chisels are used for cutting cold metal, and for all general chipping
operations. Cap chisels are used for facilitating work in removing considerable metal
from a flat surface. These later chisels are also used for cutting keyways and channels.
Diamond point chisels are used for cutting “V” grooves and inside sharp angles,
while round chisels are commonly used for cutting oil grooves in bearing.
A student or apprentice wishing to be a machinist must know how to hold the
chisel, and how to use the hammer properly.
Grasp the hammer near the end of the handle, and hold the chisel firmly with
the second and third fingers of your left hand.
If you are going to chip steel, lubricate the chisel point with oil in order to make
the chisel easier to drive.
Keep the chisel handle dry and clean to avoid slipping.
When chipping steel, you must always reset your chisel to its proper position after each
blow. Do not forget to use goggles in order to protect your eyes.
Vocabulary
chisel - pahat
to chisel - memahat
classification - klasifikasi, penggolongan
to classify - menggolongkan
shape - bentuk
to shape - membentuk
point - titik, tempat, hal
pointed - runcing
flat - datar, rata
cap - tudung, topi
diamond - intan
nose - hidung
to chip - mengiris, menarah
operation - pekerjaan
to operate - bekerja
71
facility - kemudahan
to facilitate - memudahkan
to remove - memindahkan, membuang
considerable - banyak
later - kemudian
keyway - jalan kunci
channel - alur
groove - alur, celah
inside = internal - sebelah dalam
sharp - tajam
angle - sudut
bearings - bantalan
apprentice - magang
properly - memegang (erat-erat dengan tangan)
handle - tangkai
to lubricate - melumasi
lubrication - pelumasan
lubricant - bahan lumas
to make easy - memudahkan
to drive - mendorong
to keep dry - menjaga agar tetap kering
to clean - mernbersihkan
cleanliness - kebersihan
to avoid - menghindarkan
to slip - meleset, terlepas, tergelincir
to reset - memasang kembali
position - posisi
to blow - memukul
blow - pukulan
goggles - kacamata penahan debu/panas
to protect - melindungi
protection - lindungan
Aswer the undermentioned questions in English
1. Tell us the classification of chisels.
2. Explain the use of flat (cold) chisels.
3. How do you remove considerable metal from a flat surface?
4. Which chisel do you use for cutting “V” grooves?
5. How do you grasp the hammer when it is used with the chisel?
6. Why 4o you use goggles when chipping steel?
7. How do you avoid slipping when using a chisel?
8. Explain the function of lubricant if you are chipping steel by using a chisel?
72
DRILL
Drills are generally used for drilling holes. There are many types of drill, viz. a
high-speed bench drill, a straight shank drill, a taper shank drill, a square shank drill,
and masonry drill.
Twist drills made of carbon steel are satisfactory for general work, & though
they may lose their hardness if heated too long.
Hand drills made of high-speed alloy steel, usually referred to as high- speed
drills are used for tough metal.
Some materials, when drilled, need a lubricant, such as tool steel and copper
need oil lubricant, soft steel and wrough iron needs oil or soda water lubricant, babbitt,
brass and cast iron need no lubricant. Glass, however, requires turpentine lubricant.
In the event the size number on the drill has been worn off, and in order to
know exactly the size of the drill, you may use a drill gauge. A drill gauge is a flat
73
piece of steel having a large number of holes in it. Each hole is marked with a size
number, and the drill is fitted to the suitable hole and the size noted.
Since to sharpen a drill by hand is an art which requires much practice,
apprentices in learning it must use some old or broken drills, and then test them out on
a piece of metal.
If you want to drill a large hole, you are advised to drill a smaller or pilot hole
which will guide the larger drill. When drilling iron or steel, never forget to use
lubricant.
Vocabulary
drill - bor
to drill - mengebor
twist drill - bor spiral, gerak spiral
high-speed - kecepatan tinggi
to speed up - mempercepat
to straighten - meluruskan
straight - lurus
shank - tangkai
taper - tirus, konis, lancip
to taper - meruncing
square - persegi empat
masonry - tukang batu
carbon steel - baja yang dapat disepuh
satisfactory - memuaskan
general work - pekerjaan umum
to lose - kehilangan
hardness - kekerasan
alloy - (logam) campuran
lubricant - pelumas (bahan)
copper - tembaga
brass - kuningan
cast iron - besi tuang
soft - lunak
to require - memerlukan
in the event - dalam hal, jika
size - ukuran
worn off - aus
to fit - mencocokan
since - karena
to sharpen - menajamkan
broken drill - bor rusak
pilot hole - lubang awal
to guide - memandu
Answer the undermentioned questions in English
1. What is the use of a drill?
2. Is hand drill suitable for tough metal?
3. What is alloy steel?
4. Why must some materials, when drilled, need lubricant?
5. Which material is a drill gauge made of?
6. What is the use of a pilot hole?
74
SCRAPER
The operation of correcting irregularities or high spots from flat surfaces so that
the finished surface can approach a plane surface is called scraping. And scraping can
be done by using a special tool called a scraper.
There are various types of scrapers, viz, a flat or straight scraper, a hook
scraper, a half-round scraper, a triangular or three-cornered scraper, and a two-handled
scraper.
The three-cornered scraper is commonly used for removing burrs or sharp
internal edges from soft bushing, etc.
Circular surfaces such as bearings can also be trued with a scraper.
If you want to scrape objects you must select a suitable scraper.
Scrapers must be ground on a grinding wheel and carefully honed on the
oilstone. Sometimes, discarded files can be turned into scrapers.
Vocabulary
scraper - alat pengikis cat, alat kerok
to scrape - mengikis cat, mengerok
irregularities - hal-hal yang tidak wajar
spots - bintik-bintik
flat surface - permukaan yang datar
so that - sehingga
finished surface - permukaan yang telah selesai dikerjakan
to approach - mendekati
plane - bidang, datar, rata
scraping - pengikisan
tool - alat
straight - lurus
hook - cintelan, kaitan
triangular - segitiga
three-cornered - bersudut tiga
two-handled scraper - alat kerok bertangkai dua
commonly - biasanya
burrs - duri-duri; benjolan
edges - pinggir
soft - lunak
bushing - lapisan dan metal yang dapat dilepas
bearing - bantalan
can be trued up - dapat dibetulkan seperti keadaan semula
objects - benda-benda
75
to select - memilih
suitable - cocok, sesuai
to grind-ground-ground - menggerinda
grinding wheel - gerinda
carefully honed - diasah dengan hati-hati
oilstone - batu asah
discarded - dibuang (karena tidak berguna)
to turn into - berubah menjadi
Answer the following questions in English
1. How do you correct irregularities or high spots on the finished surface?
2. Explain the word “scraping”.
3. Tell us some scrapers.
4. What is the use of a three cornered scraper?
5. Can a scraper be used for truing up bearings?
6. How do you grind a scraper?
7. Tell us another advantage of a discarded file.
76
PUNCH
There are several types of punches, viz, a centre punch, a prickle punch, and i
starting punch.
A centre punch is used for making a starting mark for a drill when you are
going to drill a metal.
A prickle punch is used for marking centres and lines in layout work, while a
starting punch which is also called a drift has the same function as a centre punch.
A starting punch may also be used for knocking out rivets after their heads have
been cut off, or for freeing pins or bolts from their holes.
Vocabulary
punch - derip,penenibus
Viz - yakni
centre punch - derip pusat
starting punch - derip duri
starting mark - tanda awal
drill - bor
to drill - mengebor
offshore drilling - pengeboran lepas pantai
to be going to - akan
lines - garis-garis
to have the function - berfungsi
to knock out - memukul ke luar
rivets - paku keling
head (of rivet) - kepala (paku keling)
have been cut off - telah dipotong hingga putus
to free - membebaskan
pin - pen
bolt - baut
holes - lubang-lubang
Answer the following questions in English
1. How many punches do you know?
2. Which punch do you use to drill a metal?
3. Give another name of a starting punch.
4. Tell us the use of a drift.
5. May a starting punch be used for knocking out rivets?
77
VISE
The bench is required by a machinist to perform technical work conveniently. It
must be strong and rigid, and be located at the place where there is plenty of light.
A vise is a clamping device usually attached to a workbench. It is used for
holding a piece of work firmly. It has usually two jaws which close with a screw or a
lever.
There are several classes of vises such as blacksmith’s vise, machinist’s vise,
plain vise, self-adjusting vise, quick-acting vise, combination pipe vise and swivel vise.
Quick-acting jaws and swivel action vise are suitable for a heavy and rough
work, whilst a combination vise is commonly used in shops for round stock and pipe
work.
The cross cuts on the face of vise jaws are aimed at gripping the work more
firmly.
A piece of finished work held in such jaws will cause a serious marr. However,
it can be prevented by using false jaws made of brass or babbitt metal, or by attaching
leather to the steel jaws.
Vocabulary
vise - catok
work bench - bangku kerja
to perform - melaksanakan, menjalankan
conveniently - menyenangkan, enak
rigid - tegar, kuat
to be located at - terletak di
plenty of light - banyak cahaya
clamping device - alat penjepit
to clamp - menjepit
to attach - memasang, menempelkan
to hold firmly - memegang erat-erat
a piece of - sepotong
jaw - gigi
lever - pengungkit
blacksmith - pandai besi
plain vise - catok rata
self adjusting - rnengatur/menyetel sendiri
to adjust - mengatur, nienyesuaikan
78
quick-acting - bekerja cepat
swivel vise - catok kili-kili
suitable for - sesuai untuk; cocok untuk
rough - kasar
whilst - sedangkan
shops - bengkel-bengkel
round stock - batang bundar
cross cut - dipotong menyilang
face - muka
to aim - mengarahkan
to grip - memegang
marr - memar
however - namun, tetapi
to prevent - mencegah
false - palsu
brass - kuningan
babbitt - babit (sebangsa logam)
leather - kulit
I. Answer the undermentioned questions in English
1. What is the function of a bench?
2. Where is the proper place of a bench?
3. To which is a vise usually attached?
4. What is the use of a vise?
5. Why can a vise hold a piece of work firmly?
6. How do you close two jaws of a vise?
7. Tell us the classes of vises.
8. Which vises are suitable for the following work:
a. heavy and rough work,
b. round stock and pipe work.
9. What is the function of cross cuts on the face of vise jaws?
10. May a piece of finished work be held in cross cut jaws?
11. Describe the function of false jaws.
12. Which materials are false jaws made of?
II. Retell the above passage in your English.
79
RIVET
Although rivets are not threaded, they are classified as metal fasteners.The
pressure of their heads, in lieu of thread, exercises the holding force.If you need
permanent fastening, rivets must be used.
Rivets holes are made by means of driling or punching. They must be properly
spaced and aimed.
In riveting thin metal sheets, tinner’s rivets are used. The heads of tinner’s rivets
are flat. They are made of soft iron or steel which are coated with tin as a protection
against corrosion.
Vocabulary
rivet - paku keling
to thread - membuat alur
to classify - menggolongkan
fastener - alat pengencang
to fasten - mengencangkan, mengikat
pressure - tekanan
in lieu of - sebagai ganti
to exercise - melakukan
holding force - gaya tenaga pegang
to need - membutuhkan
permanent fastening - pengikatan tetap
bymeansof - dengan cara
to punch - melobangi
to space - memberi spasi, menjarangkan
properly - dengan baik
to a line = to align - meluruskan
alinement = alignment - pelurusan, penjajaran
metal sheet - baja lembaran
tinner’s rivet - paku keling yang dilapisi dengan timah
flat - rata, datar
soft iron - besilunak
steel - baja
to coat - melapisi
tin - timah
protection - perlindungan
to protect - melindungi
against - terhadap
corrosion - korosi, karat
to corrode - berkarat
Answer the following questions in English
1. Are rivets threaded?
2. Are rivets classified as metal fasteners?
3. Why can a rivet exercise the holding force?
4. How do you make rivet holes?
5. Must the rivet holes be properly spaced and aimed?
6. Which rivet do you use for thin metal sheets?
7. Are the heads of tinner’s rivets round?
8. Which material are tinner’s rivets made o17
9. Why are tinner’s rivets coated with tin?
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THREADS
External or outside threads are threads cut on the outside of a piece of round
stock, whereas internal or inside threads are those cut on the inside of a cylindrical
hole.
Threads are made by using a die. Before threading a round stock its end must be
tapered or chamfered slightly with a file to enable the die to start cutting more easily. If
there is no file to tap, a grind is used.
Pitch is the distance measured from the top of one thread to the top of an
adjacent thread. It is commonly stated as the number of thread per inch.
If a die bears the marks 1/4 - 10, it indicates 1/4” diameter and 10 threads per
inch.
If you have any doubt as to the number of threads on a bolt, nut, screw, etc. you
may use a screw pitch gauge to check it.
When starting to thread, do not forget to press down firmly on the stock. When
the die catches, turn it to the right (clockwise) continuously.
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Vocabulary
thread - ulir
to thread - membuat ulir
external (outside) - luar
internal (inside) - dalam
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round - bundar
stock - batang
whereas - sedangkan
cylindrical hole - lubang berbentuk silinder
die - alat untuk membuat ulir
end - ujung
to taper - meruncingkan ujungnya
to chamfer - membuat alur
slightly - sedikit
tile - kikir
to tile - mengikir
pitch - celah
distance - jarak
to measure - mengukur
measurement - ukuran
adjacent - dekat
Commonly - lazimnya
to state - menyatakan
as - sebagai, seperti
to bear - membawa, menanggung
to indicate - menunjukkan
to press - menekan
firmly - dengan erat
the die catches - alat pembuat ulir menggigit
to turn - memutar
clockwise - arah jarum jam
continuously - terus-menerus
diameter - garis tengah
I. Answer the undermentioned questions in English
1. Explain the words “external or outside threads” and “internal or inside threads”.
2. How are threads made?
3. What initial work must you do before starting threading round stock?
4. Describe the word “pitch”.
5. Explain this figure: 1/4 — 10 marked on a die.
6. How do you ascertain the number of threads on a bolt, nut or screw.?
7. Where must the die be turned when it catches?
II. Change the following verb into noun
1. to describe
2. to explain
3. to start
4. to turn
5. to mark
6. to screw
7. to check
8. to press
9. to cut
10. to continue
83
GRINDING WHEEL AND BENCH GRINDER
The abrasive grains of grinding wheels are formed by holding together with
special bonds. The type of bonds determines the uses of the wheel, such as Shellac
bond wheels are used for sharpening tools and finish grinding.
The grades of grinding wheels are determined according to the softness and
hardness of the grains.
Because the grains of the soft wheels wear away rapidly which may cause the
wheel easily broken, you are advised to use the wheels at slower speeds, and medium-
hard and hard wheels are applied at higher speeds.
Fine-grain wheels are used for precision grinding. Bulcanite wheels are strong
and t ugh. These later wheels used for high speed grinding are bonded with rubber by
vulcanizing process. Whereas thin wheels are used to “cut-off” things.
There arc many types of grinders viz, hand grinder, an electric bench grinder.
One wheel of a bench grinder is usually coarse used for rough grinding, whilst the other
wheel is fine for sharpening tools and finishing the grinding.
Bench grinders must be provided with shields and guards for the safety of
mechanics. You must run all new grinding wheels at full operating speed for
84
at least one minute to ensure that everything is in order. If the wheel is chipped, or
uneven in any way, it must be put in order before you attempt to grind fine tools.
Clogging with metal, dirt, grease, etc. on the grinding wheels will take place
after the grinding wheels have been used for some time.
Grinding Wheel & Bench Grinder
grinding wheel - roda gerinda
bench grinder - gerinda bangku
to grind - menggerinda
abrasive - ampelas
grain - butir-butiran
to bold together - melekatkan bersama
bond - perekat
to determine - menentukan
grades - tingkatan
softness - kelunakan
soft - lunak
to wear away - menjadi aus
rapidly - dengan cepat
easily broken - mudah rusak
to apply - memakai
fine-grain wheel - roda bergigi halus
precision - presisi, ketelitian
vulcanite wheel - roda ebonit
to bond - menyambung dengan perekat
to vulcanize - mengerjakan dalam api
coarse - kasar
to provide with - melengkapi dengan
shield - perisai
85
guard - pelindung
safety - keselamatan
mechanics - mekanik, montir
operating speed - kecepatan kerja
at least - sedikit-dikitnya
to ensure - menjamin
to chip - memotong, meretakkan, memecah kecil
kecil
uneven - tidak rata
to put in order - membetulkan
to attempt - mencoba
to clog - menyumbat
dirt - kotoran
to take plase - terjadi
I. Answer the following questions in English
1. Why can grinding wheels sharpen tools?
2. How are abrasive grains held together?
3. How are the grades of grinding wheels determined?
4. Do the grains of soft wheels wear rapidly?
5. Why must you use the wheels at slower speeds?
6. When will you use fine-grain wheels?
7. What is the use of vulcanite wheels?
8. Which wheels must you use to “cut-off’ things?
9. Tell us the types of grinders!
10. How are mechanics protected when they are working on bench grinders?
11. How do you ensure that everything is in order for new grinding wheels?
12. What will happen to new grinding wheels after being used for some time?
II. Change the following words into adjectives
1. to sharpen
2. to abrade
3. to determine
4. to protect
5. to use
86
MEASURING TOOLS
Rules, calipers, dividers, protactors, gaugers are measuring tools. Rules can be
made of tempered steel or transparent substance. They arc available in various length.
Rules have different thickness, depending on their length.
A hook rule is suitable for taking. measurements from round corners, for
measuring through hubs of pulleys, etc.
For quick measurement on small rod or tubing, the caliper rule (sometimes
called slide-caliper rule) is commonly used.
Depth rule are used to measure the depth of holes, slots and other recesses.
Combination caliper rules are used to measure the diameter of a hole and a shaft, whilst
calipers arc used for measuring diameters and distances.
Calipers have three types, namely: outside caliper, inside caliper, and
hermaphrodite caliper.
If you want to measure outside dimension as, for example, the diameter of a
pipe, outside calipers are commonly used. But if you want to know the dimension of
the inside diameter of a hole, you may use inside calipers.
For scribing arcs and marking a layout work, hermaphrodite calipers are used.
Machinists wishing to measure distances between points or transferring distances
directly from a rule, or scribing circles, etc. are advised to use dividers.
87
88
Protactors are used in measuring or laying out angles. They arc made of a
transparent substance, such as celluloid.
A protactor is semi-circular, and divided into 180 equal parts. Each division
represent 10.
If you want to know exactly the cross section of wire or the thickness of metal
sheets you may use wire & sheet gauges. Before using these gauges, you are advisable
to remove all burrs from the material being measured.
Vocabulary
measuring tool - alat ukur
to measure - mengukur
measurement - ukuran
toolkits - tempat alat-alat
rule - mistar, jangka
caliper - jangka bundar, jangka bengkok
divider - jangka bagi, jangka tusuk
to divide - membagi
protactor - busur derajat
gauge - pengukur
tempered steel - baja muda
transparent - tembus cahaya
89
substances - bahan zat
available - tesedia
to depend on - tergantung pada
hook - kait
corner - sudut
hubs - leher poros
pulley - kerekan
rod - batang
tubing - benda geronggong
slide-caliper rule - mistar ingsut
depth - kedalaman, dalamnya
to deepen - memperdalam
slot - alur
recess - belah, retak
shaft-pins - pen poros
namely - yakni
hermaphrodite caliper - jangka hermaprodit
to scribe - menulis, membuat
arc - busur lingkaran
to mark - menandai
layout work - pekerjaan rancangan
points - titik, tempat, hal
to transfer - memindahkan
circle - lingkaran,
angle - sudut
celluioi - seluloid
semi-circle - setengah lingkaran
equal - sama
part - bagian
to represent - merupakan
exactly - dengan tepat, tepatnya
cross section - bagian melintang, penampang melintang
wire - kawat
metal sheet - lembaran baja
advisable - dinasehatkan
to remove - membuang, menghilangkan, memindahkan burr
- serbuk besi, serpihan
Answer the following questions in English
1. Tell us some measuring tools.
2. Which material can rules be made of?
3. Describe the suitable application of a hook rule.
4. Which caliper is commonly used for quick measurement on small rod or tubing?
5. How do you measure the depth of holes, slots and other recesses?
6. Tell us-the main function of combination caliper rules.
7. Mention the types of calipers.
8. How do you measures outside diameter of a pipe?
9. Which tool is needed by machinists for measuring distances between points or
transferring distances directly from a rule or scribing circles?
10. Tell us the function of protactors.
11. How many degress is a protactor divided into?
12. How do you know exactly the cross section of wire or the thickness of metal
sheets?
90
BOLTS, NUTS AND SCREWS
In general, bolts, nuts, screws, washers and rivets are used for fastening or
holding metal parts together.
Unlike rivets, specially used for permanent fastening, bolts, nuts and screws are
commonly suitable for holding pieces or parts together which on occasion must be
taken apart or removed. Therefore bolts must be used with suitable nuts.
Cap screws and machine screws are usually used without nuts, and that the
holes must be threaded to receive them.
Lag screws are for holding metal and wood together.
The types of bolts are carriage bolt, machine bolt, stovebolt, studbolt, hub- bolt,
etc.
Screws have also various types, viz, hexagonal head screw, cap point screw,
cone point screw, flat point screw, headless set screw, socket type set screw, round
head screw, oval head screw, etc.
Wing nuts are most suitable for objects which require repeated hand adjustment.
Machinists who wish to protect the pieces being fastened or to make tightening
up easier, sometimes put plain washers under the nuts or bolt heads. Whereas lock
washers have the function to keep a light bolt from turning or becoming loose on a nut.
Lock washers are made of spring steel.
Vocabulary
bolt - baut; besi pasak
nut - mur sekrup
screw - sekrup
in general = generally - pada umumnya
washer - cincin; ring
lock washer - cincin per
plain washer - cincin rata
rivet - paku keling
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to rivet - memaku dengan paku keling
devices - alat
to fasten - mengencangkan; mengikat
unlike - tidak seperti; berbeda
on occasion = sometimes - kadang-kadang
to take apart - memisahkan
therefore - oleh karena itu
cap screw - sekrup bertopi
machine screw - sekrup mesin
and that - karena itu
to thread - membuat ulir
carriage bolt - baut eretan mesin bubut
hub-bolt - baut nabe
etc. (et cetera) - dsb.; dll.
viz. - yakni; yaitu
stud bolt - baut-tap
various - bermacam-macam
variety - kata benda dan various
hexagonal head screw - sekrup berkepala segi enam
cone point screw - sekrup berkepala kerucut
flat point screw - sekrup rata (datar)
headless set screw - sekrup tanpa kepala
socket set screw - sekrup sok
oval head screw - sekrup lonjong
repeated - berulang-ulang
adjustment - pengaluran; penyetelan
to adjust - mengatur; menyetel
to require = to need - memerlukan; menyetel
requirement = need - kebutuhan
wing nut - mur bersayap; mur kupu-kupu
to wish - menginginkan; ingin
to protect - melindungi
to make fastening - mengencangkan
easier - lebih mudah
whereas - sedangkan
to have the function - berfungsi
to keep - menahan; menyimpan
light - ringan
turning - putaran
to turn - memutar; belok
to become loose - menjadi longgar
loose - longgar
to loosen - melonggarkan; mengendorkan
spring steel - baja per
Answer the undermentioned questions in English
1. Tell us the devices generally used for fastening or holding metal parts together.
2. What is the main function of a rivet?
3. Are cap screws and machine screws usually used with nuts?
4. Describe the use of lag screws.
5. Explain the types of bolts, screws and nuts.
6. What is the wing nut used for?
7. Describe the use of: plain washers and lock washers!
92
8. Which material is a lock washer made of?
Give the noun form of:
1. to use
2. to remove
3. to thread
4. to bold
5. various
6. headless
7. to repeat
8. to adjust
9. to require
10. to wish
11. to protect
12. easy
13. to function
14. to turn
15. to receive
16. to explain
17. to describe
18. to rivet
19. to lock
20. to weld
GASOLINE
A great part of internal combustion engines, such as automobiles use gasoline as
their fuel.
Gasoline is a clear and clean liquid consisting of the composition of hydrogen
and carbon which quickly vaporizes and ignites terribly if burned. Essentially, liquid
gasoline does not cause fire, although most people think so. In fact, the cause of a
gasoline fire is a spark or other minor sources of ignition.
Therefore, you must store gasoline in closed places in order to reduce
vaporization because it is the main basis in the supervision of fire hazard.
Since gasoline contains Tetra Ethyl Lead which is extremely toxic and harmful
to health, it is advisable that you may not suck gasoline through a hose.
When you pour gasoline from one container into another, avoid breathing the
vapours, because this produces drowsiness and headaches.
After handling gasoline, please never take food with your fingers until they are
completely dry.
Vocabulary
gasolie - bensin
a great part - sebagian besar
internal = inside - dalam; sebelah dalam
combustion engine - motor bakar
fuel - bahan bakar
Essentially - hakekatnya
composition - komposisi
hydrogen - hidrogen
carbon - karbon
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to vaporize - menguap
to ignite - menyala
ignition - penyalaan; pengapian
terribly - menakutkan:
if burned - jika dibakar
to burn - membakar
to cause - menyebabkan; mengakibatkan
fire - kebakaran
although - walaupun
most people - kebanyakan orang
think so - berpikir demikian
in fact - sebenarnya; kenyataannya
the cause - sebab
spark - bunga api
minor source - sumber kecil
therefore - karena itu
to store - menyimpan
closed places - tempat-tempat tertutup
to reduce - mengurangi
vaporization - penguapan
main basis - dasar utama; dasar pokok
supervision - pengawasan
to supervise - mengawasi
supervisor - pengawas
fire hazard - bahaya kebakaran
since - karena
to contain - berisi; mengandung
tetra ethyl - tetra etil
lead - timah hitam
extremely toxic - sangat beracun
harmful to health - merugikan terhadap kesehatan
advisable - dinasihatkan
that - bahwa
to suck - menghirup
through - melalui
hose - slang karet
to pour - menuang
container - wadah; tempat
another - yang lain
to avoid - menghindarkan
to breath - bernafas; menarik nafas; menghirup
vapours - uap
to produce - menghasilkan; menimbulkan
drowsiness - kantuk
headaches - pusing; sakit kepala
to handle - menangani
please - harap
never - jangan; tak pernah
to take food - mengambil makanan
fingers - jari-jari
completely dry - benar-benar kering
Answer the following questions in English
94
1. Is gasoline mostly used for automobile?
2. Explain the composition of gasoline.
3. What does gasoline contain?
4. What is the cause of a gasoline fire?
5. What will you avoid in pouring gasoline from one container to another?
6. Why is breathing the vapours of gasoline considered dangerous?
7. What must you do after handling gasoline?
INSPECTING UNDERWATER HULL
After cleaning the hull, then inspection is made to assess the extent and
character of the repair work to be done.
Usually the inspection is carried out by a team consisting of representative of
the ship, the classification and the owner of the ship.
The inspection should cover the following:
parts affected by corrosion,
craks in the shell plating and elements of framing,
deformations and dents in plating and framing,
actual thickness of shell plating and framing members.
The repair work to be executed on the underwater hull arc as follows:
replacement of shell plates and structural elements of the double- bottom and
framing,
levelling of dents and straightening of framing,
elimination of cracks and leaks,
repair of rudder, stern tube, and appendages.
If side plating must be repaired or replaced, it is necessary to use staging placed round
the hull.
Wooden staging with several tiers needs a lot of sawn timber, and the
preparation of wooden staging is indeed Ii me-consuming.
Vocabulary
to clean - membersihkan
hull - badan kapal
inspection - inspeksi; pemeriksaan
to inspect - memeriksa
inspector - inspektur; pemeriksa
to assess - menilai
assessment - penilaian
the extent of the repair - besarnya perbaikan
character - sifat
tobedone - yang harus dikerjakan
the inspection is carried out - pemeriksaan dilakukan
consisting of - yang terdiri dari
representative - wakil
classification - klasifikasi (maksudnya Biro Klasifikasi)
owner - pemilik
95
to cover - mencakup; meliputi
the following - yang berikut
parts - bagian; suku cadang
shell plating - pelat lambung
elements - unsur-unsur
framing - kerangka kapal
actual thickness - tebal yang sebenarnya
framing member - penguat kerangka
to be executed - yang harus dilaksanakan
underwater hull - badan kapal yang ada di bawah air
replacement - penggantian
to replace - mengganti
double-bottom - alas-gana; dasar-ganda
levelling of dents - meratakan penyok-penyok
straightening of framing - meluruskan kerangka
the plate is dented - pelat itu penyok
to level - meratakan
to straighten - meluruskan
elimination of cracks and - menghilangkan retak dan bocor
leaks
to eliminate - menghilangkan
to leak - bocor
to be leaky - bocor
leakage - kb. bocornya
rudder - kemudi
stern tube - bumbung poros baling-baling
appendage - pemasangan kulit kapal
side plating - pelat samping
must he repaired or replaced - harus diperbaiki alau diganti
it is necessary to use staging - perlu menggunakan peranca
round - sekeliling
wooden staging - peranca dan kayu
wood - kayu
tiers - tumpukan; susunan
to need - memerlukan; membutuhkan
sawn timber - kayu gergajian
preparation - persiapan; pembuatan
to prepare - mempersiapkan; membuat
indeed - benar-benar; sungguh-sungguh
time-consuming - memakan waktu; menghabiskan waktu
Answer the following questions in English
1. Explain the word “underwater hull”.
2. Why must inspection be made after cleaning the hull?
3. Who will usually carry out inspection?
4. What areas should be covered in the inspection?
5. What do you require if side plating has to be repaired or replaced?
6. Which material is wooden staging made of?
96
CAUSES OF WEAR AND DAMAGE OF SHIPS
Long use of ships in service may lose, wholly or partly, parts of engines, machinery
and installations.
This will, of course, disturb their operation, and repair must be carried out as
soon as possible.
The loss of original qualities may be caused by frictional wear, corrosion,
erosion, metal fatique heating of parts to high temperatures, change in metal structure,
inadequate repairs, break-downs, etc.
The original dimension and shapes of the rubbing parts can be changed because
of the wearing process. The cylindrical parts can become elliptical, conical, or barred
shape. The wearing process may also affect oil clearances.
Corrosion and erosion may cause a reduction in dimension and the formation of
cracks. Cracks are formed due to metal fatique which can lead to fracture of the parts.
Heating to high temperature may happen due to direct contact with hot gases or
flames. This may result in warping of the parts, structure of the metal is changed,
cracks appear and serious damage may occur.
Abrasion, corrosion and erosion may cause wear and damage. These are
difficult to eradicate in parts of marine engines, machinery, and installations.
In order to reduce wear and damage and to increase the service life of ships and
engine parts, the service instruction must be strictly observed.
Vocabulary
to cause - menyebahkan
causes - sebab-sebab
wear - keausan
damage - kerusakan
long use - pemakaian yang lama
in service - dalam dinas
lose - melonggarkan; menghilangkan
wholly or partly - seluruhnya atau sebagian
parts of engines - bagian (suku cadang) mesin
machinery - permesinan
installation - instalasi; bangunan
to install - memasang
to disturb - mengganggu
disturbance - gangguan
operation - operasi; pekerjaan
repair - perbaikan
to repair - memperbaiki
to carry out - melaksanakan
must be carried out - harus dilaksanakan
to carry out
to implement - melaksanakan; melakukan
to execute
to do
the loss of original qualities - hilangnya mutu asli
frictional wear - keausan karena gesekan
friction - gesekan
corrosion - korosi
erosion - erosi; kikisan
97
fatique - kelelahan; kepenatan
heating of parts - pemanasan dan bagian-bagian
(sukucadang)
change - perubahan
structure - struktur
inadequate - ks. kurang
inadequacy - kb. kurangnya
break-down - kerusakan
dimension - ukuran
shape - bentuk
rubbing parts - bagian-bagian yang menggosok
to rub - menggosok
wearing process - proses keausan
cylindrical - seperti silinder
elliptical - eliptis; bulat-telur
conical - konis
barred shape - bentuk batang-lurus
to affect - mempengaruhi
oil clearance - kerenggangan; lubang minyak
reduction - pengurangan
to reduce - mengurangi
formation of cracks - pembentukan retak
to be formed - dibentuk
due to - karena
to lead to - menuju pada; mengarah pada
fracture - pecahnya; patahnya
direct contact - hubungan langsung
gases - gas
flames - nyala api
to result - berakibat
warping - bengkoknya
cracks - retak-retak
to crack - meretak
to appear - tampak; kelihatan
serious damage - kerusakan besar; kerusakan berat
may occur - dapat terjadi
to occur
to happener - terjadi
to take place
abrasion, corrosion and - abrasi, korosi dan erosi
erosion
to eradicate - memberantas; membasmi
eradication - pemberantasan; pembasmian
marine engine - mesin laut (mesin kapal)
in order to - agar supaya
to increase - menambah
service life of ships - umur kapal
service instruction - petunjuk servis
must be strictly observed - harus benar-benar dipatuhi
98
Answer the following questions in English
1. What are the causes of loss of original qualities of ship’s parts?
2. What may cause the change of the original dimensions and shapes of the rubbing
parts?
3. Tell us some examples of the parts subject to changes.
4. May the wearing process also affect oil clearance?
5. Define the word “clearance”.
6. What will corrosion and erosion cause?
7. What may cause a crack?
8. Explain the method to increase the service life of ships amid engine parts.
99
PIPE FITTlNGS
Flanges, elbows, tees, crosses, bushings, couplings, unions, Y- bends, caps, plugs,
nipples etc. are parts of pipe fittings. They are used for joining lengths of pipes, making
turns, or connections, etc.
Elbow or bend fittings are used for changing the direction of pipe line. The bend
is expressed in degree e.g. 900 bend. The standard bands, however, are 90°, 45°, 22
1/2°, 111/4°, and 5 5/8°.
If someone wants to change the diameter of the pipe line, the reducing
I elbow is used. And Y-branch is used to join a branch pipe to main pipe line, I
whereas for the branch of 90° Tee is used. Tee is also called three-way
branch.
Cross or four way branch is used where the two branches leave the main pipe
line at right angles and on either side.
Coupling and nipples are used for connecting two straight pipes. There are short
and long nipples. Nipples threaded on the entire length are named close nipples, if not
they are called short or long nipples.
Another type is a union which is used to connect pipes needing frequent
disconnection for the purpose of making repairs.
If you want to close an opening with fitting you may use a plug. A cap has the
same function as a plug, but it is screwed on the end of a pipe to close it.
Vocabulary
fittings - kelengkapan
flanges - flensa
elbow - siku
tee - T
cross - samubungan empat arah
bushing - tabung penyambung
coupling - kopeling
union - union
plug - sumbat
nipple - nipel
parts - bagian-bagian
to join - menyambung; menghubungkan
length - panjangnya
to make turns - membelokkan
connection (to connect) - hubungan (menghubungkan)
to change - menukar; merubah
to direct - mengarahkan
direction - arah
pipeline - saluran pipa;lin pipa
to express - menyatakan
degree - derajat; tingkat
bend - bengkokan; lekukan
to reduce - mengurangi
branch - cabang
main pipe - pipa induk
whereas - sedangkan
to leave - meninggalkan
at right angle - dengan sudut 900
oil either side - pada kedua sisi
straight - lurus
100
to straighten - meluruskan
close nipple - nipel penutup
frequent - sering
to need - membutuhkan
to disconnect - melepas; membuka; memutus (hubungan)
disconnection - pemutusan; pelepasan
to make repairs = to repair - memperbaiki
to close - menutup
plug - sumbat
cap - sumbat berbentuk topi
function - fungsi
to have the function = to - berfungsi
function
as - seperti
screwed - berulir
end - ujung
Answer the undermentioned questions in good English
1. Tell us the use of: flanges, elbows, crosses and plugs.
2. What is the general use of the fittings?
3. What kind of fittings do you use to change the direction of pipe line?
4. How do you express the bend?
5. Explain the standard bends.
6. Explain the use of: coupling and nipples.
7. What fittings do you use if an opening must be closed?
8. What is the function of a cap?
101
ENGINE PARTS
Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. is the manufacturer of steel cylinder liners, piston, piston
rings, piston pins and connecting rods. All these parts are of high quality and precision
made.
Those parts are capable to withstand friction, heat and corrosion. Besides, they
have high heat conductivity and extraordinary tensile strength and elasticity.
The uniform thickness of cylinder walls will guarantee longer and smother
operation.
Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. which was established in 1970 is currently
employing 800 experienced workers. The company produces 600,000 rings, 20,000
rods and 20,000 liners every month.
Vocabulary
parts - bagian;suku cadang
liners - lapisan; baja pengisi
piston - seher
piston ring - cincin seher
piston pins - pen seher
connecting rod - lengan pengungkit; tongkat pcngisap
precision made - dibuat secara teliti
to be capable to - mampu; dapat
to withstand - menahan
friction - gesekan
heat - panas
corrosion - korosi; karat
besides - disamping itu
conductivity - daya hantar
extra ordinary - luar biasa
tensile strength - kekuatan tarik; sifat tahan tarik
elasticity - elastisitas; kekenyalan; gaya pegas
to be elastic - kenyal; elastis
to guarantee - menjamin
uniform - seragam; sama
thickness - ketebalan; tebalnya
for longer operation - untuk bekerja lebih lama
smoother - lebih halus
was established - didirikan
currently - sekarang
company - perusahaan
to employ - mempekerjakan
employer - majikan
employee = worker - karyawan
employment - pekerjaan
experienced - berpengalaman
to experience - mengalami
experience - pengalaman
102
Answer the undermentioned questions in English
1. What does Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. manufacture?
2. How is the quality of the parts?
3. Are the parts capable to withstand friction, heat and corrosion?
4. How are the cylinder walls?
5. When was Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. established?
6. Tell us the number of rings, rods and liners produced by Roro Eva Engineering
every month?
103
DIESEL ENGINE
Most internal combustion engines either diesel engine or gasoline engine burn their fuel
inside the cylinder.
In the diesel engine, fuel is injected into each cylinder and is ignited by hot
compressed air. In the gasoline engine, however, fuel and air are mixed in a carburetor
and are ignited by a spark inside he cylinder.
In the diesel engine, the fuel used is economical, compact, convenient to handle,
and easily stored. The diesel fuel has less fire hazard than the more volatile fuels, like
gasoline generally used in automobile engines. Diesel exhaust in non-poisonous.
No high voltage ignition system is necessary to operate a diesel engine. This
engine also has no carburetor which may reduce potential source of trouble.
Diesel engines have proven themselves to be the ideal engines for yacht or boat,
fishing craft or tug. Push-button starting gives you instant power when you want it.
Diesel engines are also widely used in oil field, industries, lumbering, mining,
pumping, construction and auxiliary power.
Vocabulary
most - kebanyakan
combustion to bum - pembakaran
either or - baik…. Maupun….
gasolinne = petrol - bensin
fuel - bahan bakar
inside = internal - di dalam; sebelah dalam
to inject - menyemprot; menyuntik
injection - penyemprotan; penyuntikan
injector - injektor; penyemprot
to ignite - menyalakan
ignited by compressed air - dinyalakan dengan udara yang dipampat
ignition - penyalaan; pengapian
however - tetapi; namun
spark - bunga api
spark plug - busi
economical - hemat
compact - padat; ringan
convenient to handle - enak dijalankan
easily stored - mudah disimpan
to store - menyimpan
less - kurang
fire hazard - bahaya kebakaran
volatile - mudah menguap
to volatilize - menyebabkan menguap
exhaust - asap buangan
non-poisonous - tidak beracun
to operate - bekerja; menjalankan
operation - bckerjanya
to reduce - mengurangi; berkurang
a reduce - pengurangan
source of trouble - sumber kesulitan; sumber kerusakan
to prove - membuktikan
ideal - ideal; baik
104
jahct - kapal pesiar
boat - kapal
fishing craft - kapal penangkap ikan
tug - kapal tunda
push-button - kenop-tekan; tombol-tekan
to push - mendorong; menekan
instant power - tenaga baru
widely used - dipakai secara luas
lumbering - perkayuan
mining - pertambangan
pumping - pemompaan
construction - bangunan
to construct = to build - membangun
constructor - pembangun; pembuat
auxiliary power - tenaga Bantu
Answer the following questions in English
1. Where does diesel engine and gasoline engine burn their fuel?
2. How is the fuel in the diesel engine injected?
3. How are the fuel and air in the gasoline engine ignited?
4. Has the diesel fuel less fire hazard than the more volatile fuel?
5. How is the diesel exhaust?
6. Is high voltage ignition required in a diesel engine?
7. What is the function of a carburetor in the diesel engine?
8. Tell us the starting system of the diesel engine.
9. Are diesel engines ideal for jacht or boat, fishing craft or tug?
10. Where are diesel engines widely used?
WELDING MACHINE
Welding machine is the most important component of the equipment. It provides
electric power of the current and voltage sufficient to maintain a welding arc. Welding
machine utilizes either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
105
Straight polarity (negative electrode) or reverse polarity (positive electrode) can
be used in direct current.
The welding circuit consists of insulated cables and connectors. The function of
connectors is to conduct the current from the welding machine to the arc.
The electrode cable runs from the electrode terminal on the welding machine to
the electrode holder. The work lead runs from the work terminal on the welding
machine to the work or to the table on which the work is placed.
The welding cable is usually made of multiple strands of spiral copper wire or
aluminum. The cable is covered by rubber or neoprene insulation.
In welding an object, the weldor requires the covered electrodes and electrode
holders.
The covered electrode is the source of the weld metal, whilst the electrode
holder has the function to firmly grip the electrode and carries the welding current to it.
Electrode holders also guide the electrode in making the weld.
The function of the covered electrodes is:
a. producing an inert gas which protects the arc and weld formation from the
surrounding atmosphere;
b. producing deoxidizers which purify the deposited weld metal;
c. forming a slag which protects the weld metal from oxidation;
d. providing ionizing elements making the electrode operate more smoothly;
e. supplying allying elements which provides higher strength to the deposited metal;
f. providing iron powder to improve the productivity of the electrode.
Vocabulary
welding machine - mesin las
to weld - mengelas
weldor = welding operator - juru las
most important - sangat penting
component - komponen; bagian
equipment - peralatan
to equip - melengkapi
to provide - memberi; menyediakan
electric power - tenaga listrik
voltage - voltase
current - arus
sufficient - cukup
to maintain - memelihara; menjaga
maintenance - pemeliharaan
welding arc - lengkung listrik las
to utilize = to use - memakai; menggunakan
alternating current (AC) - arus bolak-balik
direct current (DC) - arus searah
straight polarity - polaritas langsung (elektroda negatif)
reverse polarity - polaritas terbalik (elektroda positif)
welding circuit - rangkaian las
insulated cable - kabel yang diisolasi
connectors - penyambung
to connect - menyambung
connection - sambungan
function - fungsi; tugas; gunanya
to function = to have the - berfungsi
106
function
to conduct - menghantar; membawa
conductor - konduktor; penghantar
conductivity - daya hantar
arc - lengkung listrik
electrode cable - kabel elektroda
terminal - terminal
electrode holder - penjepit elektroda
work lead - saluran kepekerjaan
on which - di atas mana
the work is placed - pekerjaan terletak
object - benda
to require - memerlukan
whilst - sedangkan
multiple - ganda; banyak
strands - pintal; unting
spiral copper wire - kawat tembaga spiral
to be covered by - dibungkus dengan
rubber - karet
neoprene - neopren
insulation - sekatan; isolasi
to insulate - menyekat; mengisolasi
covered electrode - elektroda terbungkus
source - sumber
weld metal - logam las
to produce - menghasilkan
inert gas - gas lembaran
to protect - melindungi
weld formation - pembentukan las
to form - membentuk
surrounding - sekeliling
deoxidizer - zat penyerap oksigen
to purify - membersihkan
purification - pembersihan
deposited weld - metal logam las yang diendapkan
slag - terak
oxidation - oksidasi
ionizing element - unsur ionisasi
more smoothly - lebih lancar
to operate - bekerja; menjalankan
to supply = to provide - memberi
alloying elements - unsur-unsur penyampur
to provide higher strength - memberi kekuatan yang lebih tinggi; lebih
menguatkan
iron powder - serbuk bubuk) besi
to improve - meningkatkan; memperbaiki
improvement - peningkatan; perbaikan
productivity - produktivitas
product - produk (barang yang dihasilkan)
to produce - mcnghasilkan
firmly - dengan kokoh; dengan kuat
to grip = to hold - memegang
to guide - mcnggerakkan; membimbing; menuntun
guidance - bimbingan; tuntunan
107
to carry the welding current - mengantarkan amrus listrik las
to make the weld - mengelas
Answer the following questions In good English
1. Why Is a welding machine considered the most important component of the
equipment?
2. What currents does a welding machine utilize?
3. What does a welding circuit consist of’?
4. Tell us the function of a connector!
5 Where does an electrode cable run from?
6. Where does a work lead run from?
7. What material is a welding cable made of?
8. Describe the insulation of a welding cable.
9. What does a welding operator need in welding an object?
10. What is a “covered electrode”?
11. Mention the function of an electrode holder.
12 Tell us the function of a covered electrode.
108
REFERENCE
Alexander, L.G. 1978 Practice and Progress Yogjakarta: Kanisius.
Mas’ud Fuad. 1992 Essentials Of English Grammar BPFE Yogyakarta:
Azhar Arsyad, 1992 Improve your english structure Jakarta: PT Al-Qushwa
Echol Jhon and Shadily Hasan, Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia
Azhar Arsyad, Your Basic Vocabulary. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Abbott Gerry. Greenwood Jhon, Douglas McKeating Wingard Peter i985 The
teaching of English as an International Language Great Britain: Biddles Ltd.
Guilford.
Krohn, Robert. 1975l. English Sentences Structur. Michigan University of Michigan
Press.
Subandi, 1994 Bahasa Inggris untuk engineer mekanik Jakarta: Arcan
109
LIST OF CONTENT
UNIT I APA COCOK DENGAN APA? 1
UNIT II DO AUXIALIARY 6
UNIT III TO HAVE 9
UNIT IV MODAL AUXILIARY 13
ATURAN TEORI KUNCI PERTANYAAN
BAHASA INGGRIS 21
UNIT V QUESTION TAG 23
UNIT VI MISCELLANEOUS EXPRESSIONS
(SERBA ANEKA UNGKAPAN) 26
UNIT VII ADVERBS 32
UNIT VIII P H A R A S E 34
UNIT X VARIOUS EQUIPMENT IN THE WORKSHOP
SAWING MACHINE 43
- Dry dock 45
- Corrosion of metal 49
- Carbon steels 51
- Alloy steels 53
- Generation and electric power stations 56
- Hammer 59
- Screwdriver 62
- Pliers 63
- File 65
- Wrench 67
- Chisel 70
- Drill 72
- Scraper 74
- Punch 76
- Vise 77
- Rivet 79
- Threads 80
- Grinding wheel and bench grinder 83
- Measuring tools 86
- Bolts, nuts and screws 90
- Gasoline 92
- Inspecting underwater hull 94
- Causes of wear and damage of ships 96
- Causes of wear and damage of ships 99
- Engine parts 101
- Diesel engine 102
- Welding machine 104
REFERENCE 107
110
111
ENGLISH FOR ENGINEER MECHANIC
By
Hengki,S.S., M.Pd
THE EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION
OF HASNUR CENTER
2011
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