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indones.j.urban.environ.technol. Vol. 4 No. 1 pp. 1 - 108 Jakarta October 2020
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Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, And Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020
p-ISSN 2579-9150 e-ISSN 2579-9207
Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology
Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering (FALTL) Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia In associated with Ikatan Ahli Teknik Penyehatan dan Teknik Lingkungan Indonesia (IATPI)
Indonesian Journal of
Urban and Environmental Technology
p-ISSN 2579 - 9150 e-ISSN 2579 - 9207 Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020
EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Astri Rinanti Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
MEMBER OF EDITORS Melati Ferianita Fachrul Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Khalida Muda Department of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Irina Safitri Zen Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Oki Muraza King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KHUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Sastia Prama Putri Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Japan Edwan Kardena Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia I.D.A.A. Warmadewanthi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November, Surabaya, Indonesia Rositayanti Hadisoebroto Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Riana Ayu Kusumadewi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
PEER REVIEWERS Prayatni Soewondo Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Qomarudin Helmy Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Emenda Sembiring Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Kania Dewi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Anindrya Nastiti Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Yonik Meilawati Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia Evi Afiatun Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia Reni Suryanita Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
Indonesian Journal of
Urban and Environmental Technology
p-ISSN 2579 - 9150 e-ISSN 2579 - 9207 Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020
Nurul Hana Mokhtar Kamal School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Gatut Sudarjanto University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Bagus Putra Muljadi University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Musthapa Muhd Lawan Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil,
Nigeria R. Dwi Susanto University of Maryland, College Park, United State Yusnani Mohd. Yusof Kozlowski Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam Agus Jatnika Efffendi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Marisa Handajani Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia I Made Wahyu Widyarsana Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Yureana Wijayanti Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Bina Nusantara, Indonesia Fadjari Lucia Nugroho Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia
PUBLISHER Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Arsitektur Lanskap dan Teknologi Lingkungan, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia in associated with Ikatan Ahli Teknik Penyehatan dan Teknik Lingkungan Indonesia (IATPI).
ABOUT JOURNAL Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology, formerly name is Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan (indones.j.urban.environ.technol/urbanenvirotech) has been published since 2004 by Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Arsitektur Lanskap dan Teknologi Lingkungan, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia. This journal is an ideal academic platform to link researchers, scientists, engineers and practicioners with common interest. It aims to provide media for sharing and publishing the latest research results, ideas, development and applications in the Urban and Environmental Technology areas. This Journal is consistently published two times a year in April and October.
SCOPE OF JOURNAL The scope of the journal emphasis but not limited to Urban Environmental Management and Environmental Technology. Urban Environmental Management: environmental modeling, cleaner production, waste minimization and management, energy management and policies, water resources management, water supply and sanitation, industrial safety and health, water recovery and management, urban environmental pollution-diseases and health status, eco-drainage, flood risk management, risk mitigation, climate change and water resources adaptation.
Indonesian Journal of
Urban and Environmental Technology
p-ISSN 2579 - 9150 e-ISSN 2579 - 9207 Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020
Environmental Technology: energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies (bio-energy), environmental biotechnology, pollution control technologies (wastewater treatment and technology), water treatment and technology, indigenous technology for climate change mitigation and adaptation, solid waste treatment and technology.
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Indonesian Journal of
Urban and Environmental Technology
p-ISSN 2579 - 9150 e-ISSN 2579 - 9207 Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020
TABLE OF CONTENT Decolorization of Distillery Effluent Waste by Microbial Consortium Gauri Singh, Ashok Kumar Singh
1 - 10
Comparative Study of Electrolysis-enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Three Soluble Solid Wastes for Biogas Production Adewumi A, Lasisi K. H, Akinmusere O. K, Ojo A. O, Babatola, J. O
11 - 28
Assessment of Concentration Status of some Heavy Metals in Water along River Dilimi, Jos North, Plateau State-Nigeria Oiganji Ezekiel, K. I. Dikam
29 - 44
Urban Façade Geometry on Outdoor Comfort Condition : A Review Elahe Mirabi, Nazanin Nasrollahi
45 - 59
Environmental and Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) Approaches in the Strategic Environmental Risk Assessment (SEA) : A Meta-Analysis Anindrya Nastiti, Siska Widya D Kusumah, Mariana Marselina, Karina Nursyafira, Astrid Monica, and Dharmawan Phanjaya
60 - 79
Analysis of Sustainable Water Resources Management based on the Potential Water Availability in the Semi-arid Area of Kupang, Indonesia Marlin A. Koan, Jakobis Johanis Messakh, Soetedjo IN. P
80 - 96
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment Muhammad Burhannudinnur, Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, Astri Rinanti
97 - 108
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
97
THE EFFECT OF HARMFUL AND FAVORABLE GAS AND CHEMICAL CONTENT EMITTED BY MUD VOLCANO TO ENVIRONMENT
Muhammad Burhannudinnur1, Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni1*, Astri Rinanti2 1Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Technology and Energy, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia *Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The recent eruption of Kesongo mud volcano (MV) that occurred in 28 August 2020 in Blora, Central Java was a common natural phenomenon. MV eruption occurred periodically depending on the recharge fluid system that interconnected to a geothermal system and hydrocarbon reservoir. During the eruption, methane and CO2 gas were emitted to the atmosphere together with rocks, muds and fluids flowing from the fracture and fault system of MV. The extruded materials could be harmful and beneficial for the affected ecosystem. Aims: This study aimed to address the potential impact of the extruded mud volcano materials to the environment. Methodology and Results: An attempt was carried out by investigating gas and fluid content of every mud volcano morphology in the selected 11 areas of Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java. The pristine fluids and gas of MV were sampled for chemical and toxic compound observation. Gas composition and type was observed using gas chromatography. The result shows that methane gas content ranges from 0.06 to 67.6 mol%., while the CO2 content ranges from 0.21 to 79.9 mol%. Methane gas exhibits thermogenic gas that associated with hydrocarbon generation. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The chemical compound of fluids indicates high Boron (B) content above 0.5 ppm which has harmful effect for crops and human health, but some compounds of Ca, Na, K, Mg present as essential elements for soil nutrient. According to the methane flux and chemical compound emitted by mud volcano, this study contributes to a management practice to restore and conserve the global ecosystem.
MANUSCRIPT HISTORY
Received July 2020
Revised August 2020
Accepted September 2020
Available online October 2020
KEYWORDS
Boron
Greenhouse gas
Methane
Mud volcano
Soil nutrient
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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1. INTRODUCTION An active mud volcano has periodical mud eruption, depending on the subsurface recharge
materials. Mud volcano exhibits volcano-like feature with mud erupted from the centre of
extrusion together with rocks, hot water, methane gas, oil and many more. Their existence
might be worried by local communities who are living in a nearby mud volcano. It is because
methane gas which is released to the atmosphere may also contain poisonous gas and
attenuate the ozone layer. Similarly, the presence of metal element has also contaminated the
groundwater and surface water quality. Meanwhile, some chemical compound might be
favorable as soil nutrient for local farming. Apart from this concern investigation of gas content
and chemical substance including metals were carried out to minimize the possible effect of
harmful materials to the environment and conserve some beneficial substances for landscape
preservation. Therefore, a research study has been carried out to investigate the effect of gas
and chemical content emitted by mud volcano for the surrounding environment. The study area
is administratively located in the Kradenan, Purwodadi and Grobogan, Central Java that belong
to Rembang zone as well as Sidoarjo and Gresik areas, East Java that belong to the Kendeng
zone (Figure 1). The objective of this study is to assess mud volcano properties and the impact
of its emitted materials to atmosphere, ground and surface water, as well as soil properties that
might be neither harmful nor beneficial for the affected ecosystem in nearby mud volcano
areas. Therefore, the significance of this study is to provide valuable management options to
restore the affected areas of mud eruption.
Figure 1 a) Physiography of the studied mud volcano which is situated in the Rembang and Kendeng zone, b) The study area of mud volcano phenomenon in East Java basin is illustrated in the elevation map
a) b)
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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1.1 Mud Volcano in East Java
The occurrence of mud volcano is first documented by Goad in 1816 and described the
occurrence of a flat dome in Grobogan. The top of the dome extruded gas and saline water in
different phase with mud materials, and this eruption has occurred for more than 150 years.
MV phenomenon in East Java basin is suspected has a relationship with hydrocarbon
generation. It is because most the of mud volcano system in this basin was situated adjacent to
oil and gas fields (Burhannudinnur et al. 2019). Moreover, diapirism is directly related to the
accumulation of hydrocarbon and source rock maturation. The gas which is associated with
hydrocarbon were commonly observed in Cangkringan, Crewek, Banjarlor, Medang,
Gununganyar, Kalanganyar and Wringinanom MV Figure 2.
LUSI mud volcano presents as one of the extraordinary features of mud eruption that
occurred in Mei 2006 in Sidoarjo, East Java Province. The fluid comprises of mixture gas, mud
and hot water that extruded from 200m of Banjarpanji well (BJP-1). A high volume of mud
reached 180,000 m3 per day, and it is derived from diagenetic rocks of Kalibeng formation
(Mazzini et al. 2007). Mazzini also mentioned that a high geothermal gradient in LUSI is caused
by the interaction of the basin with magmatism complex. His following project confirmed the
interpretation that LUSI MV is affected by volcanic activity since helium gas were detected from
the mud samples (Mazzini, Etiope, and Svensen, 2012). He assumed that the over pressured
fluids derived from the Upper Kalibeng, from the depth of 1,323-1,871 m. Supporting this
statement, Istadi et al., (2009) stated that the fluid source came from porous and permeable
Kujung Formation, while the mud source derived from Kalibeng Formation.
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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Figure 2 a) A gentle dome of Cangkringan where many pies comprised of mud, fluids and gas, b) Illustration map of mud eruption distribution, c) Gryphon morphology was commonly observed in the outer dome, d) pie morphology in the small dome, with a diameter of 2 m, e) Vertical section of Cangkringan MV.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In order to observe and record the manifestation of mud volcano, a satellite image of Quickbird
with resolution up to 1 m was used for the regional study. Data for this satellite image was
compiled from commercial and non- commercial source. Most of the non- commercial imagery
data were collected from Google Earth which has similar resolution with image data from a
commercial source. A follow up field investigation was carried out to investigate detail
morphology characteristics of a mud volcano and sampling process. Eleven mud volcano areas
have been investigated in Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java.
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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2.1 Gas and Fluid Sampling Method
Fluid and gas samples were collected from the studied mud volcano location and were
distinguished based on morphologies of salsa and pond, which contain more fluids. For fluid
sampling, the temperature should be checked first. Afterwards, a small channel was made to
accommodate the water flow from a big pie and gryphon morphology. The water sample was
then collected from this channel by sinking the bottles fully into the pond and tightly closed. A
clamping tool is used for sampling technique in hot water. Volume capacity of the bottles is 1 –
1.5 liter. There were 14 fluid samples taken from every morphology spot site, such as from pie,
gryphon and gas venting, old well, big/small pools, salsa and pods.
Gas sampling was carefully packed into the gas storage. For this purpose, a funnel-shaped
tool was connected with long and short hoses made of plastic. The long hose has 4 m long and 1
cm in diameter, while the short one has 100 cm long. The end-point of the hose is loaded into
the bucket which contains saline water and cold water. Additional storage is used to preserve
the collected gas samples. To anticipate any leakage, bottles were packed tightly during its
upside-down position. A simple design of equipment used for gas sampling is displayed at figure
3. Ten samples of seepage gas were collected from the mud volcano in Purwodadi, Central Java,
East Java and Madura.
Figure 3 a) A simple schematic equipment design for gas, and b) sample collection procedure
2.2 Laboratory Analysis
Gas composition and C-isotope analyses were carried out in R&D Centre of LEMIGAS. The gas
composition and Carbon- isotope were analyzed using gas chromatography. About nine (9) gas
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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samples were analyzed using C- isotope in order to know their composition and gas type in
general (biogenic or thermogenic gas type). During gas chromatogram analysis, standard
samples were injected into the gas chromatogram that also equipped with a capillary column.
The equipment was run under isothermal 40oC for 5 minutes before the temperature was
increased into 180oC for 20 minutes. High purity of helium gas is used as a carrier gas. The
isotope composition was measured relative to the reference CO2 gas of certain δ13C which was
then injected to the mass spectrometer. This Carbon isotope data is used to understand the
origin of a particular gas. The information of gas composition will be compared with seepage
gas composition from well data. Meanwhile, fluid samples are used to reveal the existence of
metal and other chemical compounds. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory of
Environmental, ITB. Fluid samples were analyzed for ten elements such as Boron (B), Calcium
(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Kalium (K), Natrium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Lithium (Li),
Strontium (Sr) and Barium (Ba).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Gas Compound
Mud volcano in East Java has intermittently erupted with a various height of eruption.
According to the gas chromatograph analysis, gas content consists of methane (C1), ethane
(C2), Propane (C3), butane (B4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most of the mud volcano emitted
higher level of methane gas and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The relative amount of
CO2 and methane gas depending on MV dimension, depth and gas dissolution models (Etiope
2005). The released methane gas from thirteen observed mud volcano is 244.36 mol%.
Methane was emitted from MV manifestation, such as craters, bubbling pools, salses and
gryphons. This gas also diffused by soil or known as micro-seepage. The recorded CO2 gas is
around while the emitted CO2 gas is around 401.24 mol%. This gas dominates the other gas
type. The CO2 gas is susceptible to any contamination and degradation in the surface condition.
This gas content has also indicated the existence of hydrocarbon compound varies from
0.06-77.9 mol%. Carbon isotope analysis reveals the isotope ratio of hydrocarbon gas (C1 to
C5) in Kendensari and LUSI MV equivalent to late oil generation. From the isotope ratio of
methane gas, there are two gas groups with different thermal maturation. First, gas content in
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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Kalanganyar, Gununganyar and Kesongo MV belongs to biogenic gas with low thermal maturity.
Second, the emitted gas from Pangleblengan and Kesongo MV have a higher maturity level
which is equal to hydrocarbon generation. The equivalence level with hydrocarbon generation
indicates that this methane is thermogenic gas. Thermogenic gas is found in association with oil
to dry gas condensate. Anomaly results occur in the gas samples from Gununganyar and
Kalanganyar, in which methane gas present as a mixture compound of biogenic and
thermogenic. This mixture occurred due to migration of thermogenic gas to the shallower
biogenic gas.
The higher level of CO2 and methane gas is found associated with the type of thermogenic
gas. Methane gas is trapped can be assumed that micro-seepage and even greater venting
system of mud volcano serve as the main pathways for gas degassing to the atmosphere
(Charlou et al., 2003).
Table 1 Analysis results of gas composition
Sample location Gas Composition (mol%)
CO2 O2 N2 C1 C2 C3 C4
Pengeblengan Sangiran 0.86 17.4 61.1 20.6 0 - -
Kendensari 30.9 1.66 8.86 54.2 2.5 1.2 0.3
Gununganyar 11.1 3.49 17.7 67.6 0.1 0 -
Kalanganyar 1.07 19.6 65.1 14.3 0 - -
Banjarlor 71.8 6.56 15.5 6.1 - - -
Cangkringan 15.5 19 65.2 0.32 - - -
Kuwu 79.9 4.58 13 2.51 0 - -
Crewek 27.1 25.1 47.7 0.06 - - -
Medang 63.9 8.93 26.5 0.65 0 0 -
Medang 54.3 11.3 28.5 5.63 0.2 0.1 -
Kesongo 22.3 17.2 58.1 2.39 0.1 - -
Anak Kesongo 0.21 18.6 65.7 15.4 0.1 0 -
3.2 Chemical Content
Overall, geochemical data of mud volcano fluids taken from the studied area has a similar trend
to other geochemical data from around the world. The trend confirmed that the collected
samples belong to the mud volcano manifestation. The result of chemical data is summarized in
Table 1. From the table, about 11 samples out of 14, has a high concentration of Boron (above 1
ppm). The elevated amount of Boron is attributed to the natural sources of geothermal activity
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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and seawater intrusion. Interestingly, fluid samples taken from the mud volcano in Rembang
zone, such as in Kuwu, Cangkringan, Kesongo, Pangeblengan, Crewek, exhibit higher
concentration of Boron (Table 1). This element presents as a toxic for plants and may also
dangerous to humans. A recommended standard of 0.5 ppm Boron contain in drinking water
source was set by WHO (Dotsika et al., 2006) thus, mud volcano fluids which contains this
excessive element may contaminate either ground- and surface water. Although the water used
for irrigation, it also harms the crops and threatens the human who consumes the crops.
The other detected of metal, in the forms of Lithium (Li), present in extremely high
concentration, such as 40.4 ppm in Cangkringan, 29.4 ppm in Banjarlor and 141.4 ppm in Kuwu.
The discharge of this metal into surface water will be absorbed by vegetation and/or
accumulated in animals if the water used for irrigation or cultivation of aquatic fauna. There are
some biotas which are sensitive to high metal content, such as Crustacea and zooplankton
(Herawati, 2007). The worst effect of excessive Li content to human is problems of kidney
function. Despite its damaging effect, suggested amount of Li (below 11.6 ppm) is suitable for
mental health, particularly for a patient with the symptom of bipolar disorder (Kessing et al.,
2017). Scientist believes that adding Li into drinking water will prevent the case of suicide
(Kabacs et al., 2011; Kapusta et al., 2011).
Most of MV fluid samples contain Strontium (Sr) element, ranges from 1.1-381.1 ppm. The
acceptable limit of Sr for drinking water is 1.5 ppm (Figure 4). Therefore, the only two samples
from Gunungnyar and Wringinanom that contain a low concentration of Sr. The long- term
effect of excessive Sr intake is related to the carcinogenic mechanism (Zhang et al., 2018).
The high amount of some metals elucidates the relationship of organic carbon content and
metal enrichment. Metal is easily adsorbed on the carbon surface; thus, the higher composition
of organic carbon in mud, the higher metal concentration will be. In order to see how safe the
water used for drinking water, a histogram comparison was created in Figure 4. Elements that
present above the detection limit may cause harmful effect to human and ecosystem.
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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Table 2 Summary of the chemical content from mud volcano fluid samples
Location Morphology ppm
B Ca K Li Mg Na Sr Cl SO4
Cangkringan Pie 29.5 79.2 136.9 40.4 73.6 15,932 72.2 32,630 193.9 Kesongo Gryphon, gas
venting 11.7 19.5 75.6 7.1 226.4 8,025.6 20.9 5,933 319.9
Kesongo Small pie 17.4 76.7 77.1 0.0 220.9 11,393 47.6 9.295 68.7 Gabusan Old well 1.7 42.3 32.6 0.3 102.3 7,976 17 5,834 21.2 Pengeblengan Small pools,
gas venting 10.9 281.2 43.5 0.1 161.1 7,604 17.5 6,724 6.1
Pengeblengan 17.4 251.4 35.2 0.1 149.5 6,478.4 18.5 5,933 43.2 Banjarlor Salsa 6.2 82.1 225.1 29.4 173 20,446 69.5 23,039 8.6 Crewek Pods 12.5 226.4 159 34.6 113.9 17,647 88.4 21,061 25.1 Kuwu Pie 70.8 19.5 524.4 141.4 805.6 48.752 381.1 106,593 27.9
Gununganyar Small pools, gas venting
0.1 61.2 185.2 2 91 1,609.6 1.1 4,939.5 25.1
Gununganyar Salsa 22.5 71.7 43.1 0.3 134.6 18,804 85.7 22,050 26 Kalanganyar Pools 5.4 160.4 65 0.3 222.3 10,906 26.2 14,140 9.9 LUSI Big pool 7.7 52.8 73.1 1 83 10.138 65.2 11,173 2.1 Wringinanom Old well 0 47.7 28.2 0 126.2 607.2 1.4 2,863 178.7
The presence of anhydrite (CaSO4) and halide (NaCl) minerals in some mud volcano
manifestation, such as in Kalanganyar contributes to the soil encrustation that inhibits water
infiltration and root penetration. The existence of this mineral is linear with the concentration
value of Ca, Na and Cl content found in Cangkringan, Kuwu, Kesongo, Kalanganyar,
Gununganyar and LUSI. Despite inhibiting water infiltration, the minerals are easily dissolved
and have seasonal occurrence. Thus, the cations of Ca, Na and other dissolved cations of K and
Mg will enrich the soil in the longer term. The diverse concentration of these elements is mainly
controlled by lithology, alteration and pH fluid that affect the solubility of the elements into the
fluids.
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
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106
Figure 4 Comparison of the chemical composition of mud volcano fluids and average norm of drinking water (modify from Baloglanov, Abbasov, and Akhundov, 2018).
4. CONCLUSION
The outgassing methane and carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere, contribute to the
increasing level of greenhouse gas. The total amount of CO2 and methane gases from the
observed mud volcanoes is 645.6 mol%. The accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere
DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
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107
impedes the reflection of solar radiation to space. As a consequence, the earth undergoes
global climate changes. MV fluids exhibit chemical compound which is neither beneficial nor
harmful for human and ecosystem. The presence of Li elements below the average norm for
drinking water is beneficial to alleviate mental disorder, including bipolar symptom and suicide
practice. Despite its beneficial function, the excessive Li, the element has a negative effect on
the kidney. Similar to this, Boron (B) and Strontium were mostly detected above the average
norm and indicated that contamination of this fluid might cause severe health problems to
human and the worst symptom to crops. Nonetheless, some cation elements of Na, Ca, K and
Mg As are an essential source for soil nutrient. That is why the local farming in Medang MV is
entirely overgrown by paddy. As a recommendation, management practices should be carried
out by disrupting or relocating the encrustation of anhydrite and halide minerals from soils to
enable water infiltration and root penetration to the soil, particularly when the thickness less
than 2 cm. Secondly, crops selection should be carried out by planting more tolerant vegetation
to saline water.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to send gratitude to all colleagues in Department of Geological
Engineering for valuable support and encouragement during this article publication. There were
many discussion and feedback received along this manuscript drafting.
REFERENCES
Baloglanov, E., E., O., R. Abbasov, and R., Akhundov. 2018. Mud Volcanoes of the World : Classifications, Activities and Environmental Hazard (Informational-Analytical Review). European Journal of Natural History. 5(November): 12-26.
Burhannudinnur, Muhammad, Dardji Noeradi, Benyamin Sapiie, and Doddy Abdassah. 2019. Karakter Mud Volcano di Jawa Timur (Character of Mud Volcanoes in East Java). Proceedings PIT IAGI Yogyakarta the 41st IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition (May).
Charlou, J., L., J., P., Donval, T., Zitter, N., Roy, P., Jean-Baptiste, J., P., Foucher, and J. Woodside. 2003. Evidence of Methane Venting and Geochemistry of Brines on Mud Volcanoes of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers.
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The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from
October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023
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Deville, E., A., Battani, R., Griboulard, S., Guerlais, J., P., Herbin, J., P., Houzay, C., Muller, and A., Prinzhofer. 2003. The Origin and Processes of Mud Volcanism: New Insights from Trinidad. Geological Society Special Publication. 216: 475-90.
Dotsika, E., D., Poutoukis, J., L., Michelot, and W., Kloppmann. 2006. Stable Isotope and Chloride, Boron Study for Tracing Sources of Boron Contamination in Groundwater: Boron Contents in Fresh and Thermal Water in Different Areas in Greece. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.
Etiope, Giuseppe. 2005. Mud Volcanoes and Microseepage: The Forgotten Geophysical Components of Atmospheric Methane Budget. Annals of Geophysics.
Herawati, Niniek. Analisis Risiko Lingkungan Aliran Air Lumpur Lapindo Ke Badan Air. Thesis Magister of Environmental, Universitas Diponegoro 81, 2007.
Istadi, Bambang P., Gatot H. Pramono, Prihadi Sumintadireja, and Syamsu Alam. 2009. Modeling Study of Growth and Potential Geohazard for LUSI Mud Volcano: East Java, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology.
Kabacs, Nikolett, Anjum Memon, Thom Obinwa, Jan Stochl, and Jesus Perez. 2011. “Lithium in Drinking Water and Suicide Rates across the East of England.” British Journal of Psychiatry.
Kapusta, Nestor D., Nilufar Mossaheb, Elmar Etzersdorfer, Gerald Hlavin, Kenneth Thau, Matthäus Willeit, Nicole Praschak-Rieder, Gernot Sonneck, and Katharina Leithner-Dziubas. 2011. Lithium in Drinking Water and Suicide Mortality. British Journal of Psychiatry.
Kessing, Lars V., Thomas A. Gerds, Nikoline N. Knudsen, Lisbeth F. Jørgensen, Søren M. Kristiansen, Denitza Voutchkova, Vibeke Ernstsen, Jörg Schullehner, Birgitte Hansen, Per K. Andersen, and Annette K. Ersbøll. 2017. Lithium in Drinking Water and the Incidence of Bipolar Disorder: A Nation-Wide Population-Based Study. Bipolar Disorders.
Mazzini, A., H., Svensen, G., G., Akhmanov, G., Aloisi, S., Planke, A., Malthe-Sørenssen, and B., Istadi. 2007. Triggering and Dynamic Evolution of the LUSI Mud Volcano, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
Mazzini, Adriano, Giuseppe Etiope, and Henrik Svensen. 2012. A New Hydrothermal Scenario for the 2006 Lusi Eruption, Indonesia. Insights from Gas Geochemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
Zhang Hui, Xue Zhou, Luobin Wang, Wendong Wang, and Jinlan Xu. 2018. Concentrations and Potential Health Risks of Strontium in Drinking Water from Xi’an, Northwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.
THE EFFECT OF HARMFULAND FAVORABLE GAS AND
CHEMICAL CONTENTEMITTED BY MUD VOLCANO
TO ENVIRONMENTby Muhammad Burhannudinnur
Submission date: 29-Oct-2020 11:24PM (UTC+0700)Submission ID: 1430262647File name: 8001-24265-1-PB.pdf (1.29M)Word count: 4567Character count: 23429
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
by Mu d Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti
p-lSSN 2579-9150; �ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page97-108, October 2020
Accre d i te dSINTA 2 by Ministry of Rese arch, Technology, and
High er Educati on of Th e Repu blic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on A ug ust B", 2019 from
October 1", 2018 to September 30", 2023
Indonesian Journal of
Urban and Environmental Technology urbanenvirotec�http://www.trij u rnal. le mlit.trisa kti.ac. id/index.php/ u rbanenvirotech
THE EFFECT OF HARMFUL AND FAVORABLE GAS AND CHEMICAL CONTENT
EMITTED BY MUD VOLCANO T O ENVIRONMENT
Muhammad Burhannudinnur1, Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni1*, Ast ri Rinanti2
'Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Technology and Energy, Universitas Trisakti,
Jakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental
Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
• Corresponding author: rosma lia .d [email protected]. id
ABSTRACT
The recent eruption of Kesongo mud volcano (MV) that occurred in 28
August 2020 in Blora, Central Java was a common natural phenomenon.
MV eruption occurred periodically depending on the recharge fluid system
that interconnected to a geothermal system and hydrocarbon reservoir.
During the eruption, methane and CO2 gas were emitted to the
atmosphere together with rocks, muds and fluids flowing from the fracture
and fault system of MV. The extruded materials could be harmful and
beneficial for the affected ecosystem. Aims: This study aimed to address
the potential impact of the extruded mud volcano materials to the
environment. Methodology and Results: An attempt was carried out by
investigating gas and fluid content of every mud volcano morphology in the
MANUSCRIPT HISTORY
• Received
July 2020
. Revised
August 2020
• Accepted
September 2020
• Available online
October 2020
selected 11 areas of Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java. The KEYWORDS pristine fluids and gas of MV were sampled for chemical and toxic
compound observation. Gas composition and type was observed using gas
chromatography. The result shows that methane gas content ranges from
0.06 to 67.6 mol%., while the CO2 content ranges from 0.21 to 79.9 mol%.
Methane gas exhibits thermogenic gas that associated with hydrocarbon
generation. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The chemical
compound of fluids indicates high Boron (B) content above 0.5 ppm which
has harmful effect for crops and human health, but some compounds of
Ca, Na, K, Mg present as essential elements for soil nutrient. According to
the methane flux and chemical compound emitted by mud volcano, this
study contributes to a management practice to restore and conserve the
global ecosystem.
DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech. v4i 1.8001 97
• Boron
• Greenhouse gas
• Methane
• Mud volcano
• Soil nutrient
1. INTRODUCTION
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti
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Octobe r 1", 2018 to September JO", 2023
An active mud volcano has periodical mud eruption, depending on the subsurface recharge
materials. Mud volcano exhibits volcano-like feature with mud erupted from the centre of
extrusion together with rocks, hot water, methane gas, oil and many more. Their existence
might be worried by local communities who are living in a nearby mud volcano. It is because
methane gas which is released to the atmosphere may also contain poisonous gas and
attenuate the ozone layer. Similarly, the presence of metal element has also contaminated the
groundwater and surface water quality. Meanwhile, some chemical compound might be
favorable as soil nutrient for local farming. Apart from this concern investigation of gas content
and chemical substance including metals were carried out to minimize the possible effect of
harmful materials to the environment and conserve some beneficial substances for landscape fJ
preservation. Therefore, a research study has been carried out to investigate the effect of gas
and chemical content emitted by mud volcano for the surrounding environment. The study area
is administratively located in the Kradenan, Purwodadi and Grobogan, Central Java that belong
to Rembang zone as well as Sidoarjo and Gresik areas, East Java that belong to the Kendeng
zone (Figure 1). The objective of this study is to assess mud volcano properties and the impact
of its emitted materials to atmosphere, ground and surface water, as well as soil pSerties that
might be neither harmful nor beneficial for the affected ecosystem in nearby mud volcano
areas. Therefore, the significance of this study is to provide valuable management options to
restore the affected areas of mud eruption.
Figure 1 a) Physiography of the stud ied mud volcano which is situated in the Rembang and Kendengzone, b) The study area of mud volcano phenomenon in East Java basin is illu strated in the elevation map
DOI . 10.25105/urbanenvirotech. v4i 1.8001 98
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
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Accredi te dSINTA 2b y Ministry of Research, T echnology, and
High er Educati on of The Republic of Indonesi a No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8", 2019 from
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1.1 Mud Volcano in East Java
The occurrence of mud volcano is first documented by Goad in 1816 and described the
occurrence of a flat dome in Grobogan. The top of the dome extruded gas and saline water in
different phase with mud materials, and this eruption has occurred for more than 150 years.
MV phenomenon in East Java basin is suspected has a relationship with hydrocarbon
generation . It is because most the of mud volcano system in this basin was situated adjacent to
oil and gas fields (Burhannudinnur et al. 2019). Moreover, diapirism is directly related to the
accumulation of hydrocarbon and source rock maturation. The gas which is associated with
hydrocarbon were commonly observed in Cangkringan, Crewek, Banjarlor, Medang,
Gununganyar, Kalanganyar and Wringinanom MV Figure 2.
LUSI mud volcano presents as one of the extraordinary features of mud eruption that
occurred in Mei 2006 in Sidoarjo, East Java Province. The fluid comprises of mixture gas, mud
and hot water that extruded from 200m of Banjarpanji well (BJP-1). A high volume of mud
reached 180,000 m3 per day, and it is derived from diagenetic rocks of Kalibeng formation
(Mazzini et al. 2007). Mazzini also mentioned that a high geothermal gradient in LUSI is caused
by the interaction of the basin with magmatism complex. His following project confirmed the
interpretation that LUSI MV is affected by volcanic activity since helium gas were detected from
the mud samples (Mazzini, Etiope, and Svensen, 2012). He assumed that the over pressured
fluids derived from the Upper Kalibeng, from the depth of 1,32 3-1,871 m. Supporting this
statement, lstadi et al., (2009) stated that the fluid source came from porous and permeable
Kujung Formation, while the mud source derived from Kalibeng Formation.
DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 99
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
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Figure 2 a) A gentle dome of Cangkringan where many pies comprised of mud,
fluids and gas, b) Illustration map of mud eruption d istribution, c) Gryphon
morphology was commonly observed in t he outer dome, d) pie morphology in the
small dome, with a diameter of 2 m, e) Vertical section of Cangkringan MV.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to observe and record the manifestation of mud volcano, a satellite image of Quickbird
with resolution up to 1 m was used for the regional study. Data for t his satellite image was
compiled from commercial and non- commercial source. Most of the non- commercial imagery
data were collected from Google Earth which has similar resolution with image data from a
commercial source. A follow up f ield investigation was carried out to investigate detail
morphology characteristics of a mud volcano and sampling process. Eleven mud volcano areas
have been investigated in Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java.
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The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
by Mud Volcano to Environment
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p-lSSN 2S 79-91S0; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accred itedSINTA 2by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8", 2019 from
October 1", 2018 to September JO", 2023
2.1 Gas and Fluid Sampling Method
Fluid and gas samples were collected from the studied mud volcano location and were
distinguished based on morphologies of salsa and pond, which contain more fluids. For fluid
sampling, the temperature should be checked first Afterwards, a small channel was made to
accommodate the water flow from a big pie and gryphon morphology. The water sample was
then collected from this channel by sinking the bottles fully into the pond and tightly closed. A
clamping tool is used for sampling technique in hot water. Volume capacity of the bottles is 1 -
1.5 liter. There were 14 fluid samples taken from every morphology spot site, such as from pie,
gryphon and gas venti ng, old well, big/small pools, salsa and pods.
Gas sampling was carefully packed into the gas storage. For this purpose, a funnel-shaped
tool was connected with long and short hoses made of plastic. The long hose has 4 m long and 1
cm in diameter, while the short one has 100 cm long. The end-point of the hose is loaded into
the bucket which contains saline water and cold water. Additional storage is used to preserve
the collected gas samples. To anticipate any leakage, bottles were packed tightly during its
upside-down position. A simple design of equipment used for gas sampling is displayed at figure
3. Ten samples of seepage gas were collected from the mud volcano in Purwodadi, Central Java,
East Java and Madura.
1 Buc:k�M
2 Sucket-2
!I funntl
4 Hose--1
S Host-,2
6 S■mple 9ottle 7 fln■I S.mple Bottle-
Figure 3 a) A simple schematic equipment design for gas, and b) sample collection pro cedure
2.2 Laboratory Analysis
Gas composition and C-isotope analyses were carried out in R&D Centre of LEMIGAS. The gas
composition and Carbon- isotope were analyzed using gas chromatography. About nine (9) gas
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samples were analyzed using C- isotope in order to know their composition and gas type in
general (biogenic or thermogenic gas type). During gas chromatogram analysis, standard
samples were injected into the gas chromatogram that also equipped with a capillary column.
The equipment was run under isothermal 40°C for 5 minutes before the temperature was
increased into 180°C for 20 minutes. High purity of helium gas is used as a carrier gas. The
isotope composition was measured relative to the reference CO2 gas of certain o 11C which was
then injected to the mass spectrometer. This Carbon isotope data is used to understand the
origin of a particular gas. The information of gas composition will be compared with seepage
gas composition from well data. Meanwhile, fluid samples are used to reveal the existence of
metal and other chemical compounds. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory of
Environmental, 1TB. Fluid samples were analyzed for ten elements such as Boron (B), Calcium
(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Kalium (K), Natrium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Lithium (Li),
Strontium (Sr) and Barium (Ba).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Gas Compound
Mud volcano in East Java has intermittently erupted with a various height of eruption.
According to the gas chromatograph analysis, gas content consists of methane (Cl), ethane
(C2), Propane (C3}, butane (B4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most of the mud volcano emitted
higher level of methane gas and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The relative amount of
CO2 and methane gas depending on MV dimension, depth and gas dissolution models (Etiope
2005). The released methane gas from thirteen observed mud volcano is 244.36 mol%.
Methane was emitted from MV manifestation, such as craters, bubbling pools, salses and
gryphons. This gas also diffused by soil or known as micro-seepage. The recorded CO2 gas is
around while the emitted CO2 gas is around 401.24 mol%. This gas dominates the other gas
type. The CO2 gas is susceptible to any contamination and degradation in the surface condition.
This gas content has also indicated the existence of hydrocarbon compound varies from
0.06-77.9 mol%. Carbon isotope analysis reveals the isotope ratio of hydrocarbon gas (Cl to
CS) in Kendensari and LUSI MV equivalent to late oil generation. From the isotope ratio of
methane gas, there are two gas groups with different thermal maturation. First, gas content in
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The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
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Kalanganyar, Gununganyar and Kesongo MV belongs to biogenic gas with low thermal maturity.
Second, the emitted gas from Pangleblengan and Kesongo MV have a higher maturity level
which is equal to hydrocarbon generation. The equivalence level with hydrocarbon generation
indicates that this methane is thermogenic gas. Thermogenic gas is found in association with oil
to dry gas condensate. Anomaly results occur in the gas samples from Gununganyar and
Kalanganyar, in which methane gas present as a mixture compound of biogenic and
thermogenic. This mixture occurred due to migration of thermogenic gas to the shallower
biogenic gas.
The higher level of CO2 and methane gas is found associated with the type of thermogenic
gas. Methane gas is trapped can be assumed that micro-seepage and even greater venting
system of mud volcano serve as the main pathways for gas degassing to the atmosphere
(Charlou et al., 2003).
Table 1 Analysis results of gas composition
Sample location Gas Composition (mol%)
CO2 02 N2 Cl C2 C3 C4
Pengeblengan Sangiran 0.86 17.4 61.1 20.6 0
Kendensari 30.9 1.66 8.86 54.2 2.5 1.2 0.3
Gununganyar 11.1 3.49 17.7 67.6 0.1 0
Kalanganyar 1.07 19.6 65.1 14.3 0
Banjarlor 71.8 6.56 15.5 6.1
Cangkringan 15.5 19 65.2 0.32
Kuwu 79.9 4.58 13 2.51 0
Crewek 27.1 25.1 47.7 0.06
Medang 63.9 8.93 26.5 0.65 0 0
Medang 54.3 11.3 28.5 5.63 0.2 0.1
Kesongo 22.3 17.2 58.1 2.39 0.1
Anak Kesongo 0.21 18.6 65.7 15.4 0.1 0
3.2 Chemical Content
Overall, geochemical data of mud volcano fluids taken from the studied area has a similar trend
to other geochemical data from around the world. The trend confirmed that the collected
samples belong to the mud volcano manifestation. The result of chemical data is summarized in
Table 1. From the table, about 11 samples out of 14, has a high concentration of Boron (above 1
ppm). The elevated amount of Boron is attributed to the natural sources of geothermal activity
DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 103
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
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and seawater intrusion. Interestingly, fluid samples taken from the mud volcano in Rembang
zone, such as in Kuwu, Cangkringan, Kesongo, Pangeblengan, Crewek, exhibit higher
concentration of Boron (Table 1). This element presents as a toxic for plants and may also
dangerous to humans. A recommended standard of 0.5 ppm Boron contain in drinking water
source was set by WHO (Dotsika et al., 2006) thus, mud volcano fluids which contains this
excessive element may contaminate either ground- and surface water. Although the water used
for irrigation, it also harms the crops and threatens the human who consumes the crops.
The other detected of metal, in the forms of Lithium (Li), present in extremely high
concentration, such as 40.4 ppm in Cangkringan, 29.4 ppm in Banjarlor and 141.4 ppm in Kuwu.
The discharge of this metal into surface water will be absorbed by vegetation and/or
accumulated in animals if the water used for irrigation or cultivation of aquatic fauna. There are
some biotas which are sensitive to high metal content, such as Crustacea and zooplankton
(Herawati, 2007). The worst effect of excessive Li content to human is problems of kidney
function. Despite its damaging effect, suggested amount of Li (below 11.6 ppm) is suitable for
mental health, particularly for a patient with the symptom of bipolar disorder (Kessing et al.,
2017). Scientist believes that adding Li into drinking water will prevent the case of suicide
(Kaba cs et al., 2011; Kapusta et al., 2011).
Most of MV fluid samples contain Strontium (Sr) element, ranges from 1.1-381.1 ppm. The
acceptable limit of Sr for drinking water is 1.5 ppm (Figure 4). Therefore, the only two samples
from Gunungnyar and Wringinanom that contain a low concentration of Sr. The long- term
effect of excessive Sr intake is related to the carcinogenic mechanism (Zhang et al., 2018).
The high amount of some metals elucidates the relationship of organic carbon content and
metal enrichment. Metal is easily adsorbed on the carbon surface; thus, the higher composition
of organic carbon in mud, the higher metal concentration will be. In order to see how safe the
water used for drinking water, a histogram comparison was created in Figure 4. Elements that
present above the detection limit may cause harmful effect to human and ecosystem.
DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 104
Location
Cangkringan
Kesongo
Kesongo
Gabusan
Pengeblengan
Pengeblengan
Banjarlor
Crewek
Kuwu
Gununganyar
Gununganyar
Kalanganyar
LUSI
Wringinanom
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
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October 1", 2018 to September 30", 2023
Table 2 Summary of the chemical content from mud volcano fluid samples
Morphology
Pie
Gryphon, ga s
venting
Small pie
Old well
Small pools,
ga s venting
Salsa
Pods
Pie
Small pools,
ga s venting
Salsa
Pools
Big pool
Old well
ppm
B
29.5
11.7
17.4
1.7
10.9
17.4
6.2
12.5
70.8
0.1
22.5
5.4
7.7
0
Ca
79.2
19.5
76.7
42.3
281.2
251.4
82.1
226.4
19.5
61.2
71.7
160.4
52.8
47.7
K
136.9
75.6
77.1
32.6
43.5
35.2
225.1
159
524.4
185.2
43.1
65
73.1
28.2
Li
40.4
7.1
0 0
0.3
0.1
0.1
29.4
34.6
141.4
2
0.3
0.3
1
0
Mg
73.6
226.4
220.9
102.3
161.1
149.5
173
113.9
805.6
91
134.6
222.3
83
126.2
Na
15,932
8,025.6
11,393
7,976
7,604
6,478.4
20,446
17,647
48.752
1,609.6
18,804
10,906
10.138
607.2
Sr Cl
72.2 32,630
20.9 5,933
47.6 9.295
17 5,834
17.5 6,724
18.5 5,933
69.5 23,039
88.4 21,061
381.1 106,593
1.1 4,939.5
85.7 22,050
26.2 14,140
65.2 11,173
1.4 2,863
so.
193.9
319.9
68.7
21.2
6.1
43.2
8.6
25.1
27.9
25.1
26
9.9
2.1
178.7
The presence of anhydrite (CaSQ4) and halide (NaCl) minerals in some mud volcano
manifestation, such as in Kalanganyar contributes to the soil encrustation that inhibits water
infiltration and root penetration. The existence of this mineral is linear with the concentration
value of Ca, Na and Cl content found in Cangkringan, Kuwu, Kesongo, Kalanganyar,
Gununganyar and LUSI. Despite inhibiting water infiltration, the minerals are easily dissolved
and have seasonal occurrence. Thus, the cations of Ca, Na and other dissolved cations of K and
Mg will enrich the soil in the longer term. The diverse concentration of these elements is mainly
controlled by lithology, alteration and pH fluid that affect the solubility of the elements into the
fluids .
DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 105
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti
p-lSSN 2S 79-91S0; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020
Accred itedSINTA 2by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8", 2019 from
October 1", 2018 to September JO", 2023
Boron [BJ
�--•--"::'"";::-...-- - ":;"'°";.:'"w;.- - -::--: •-· l'l.lo 11.1 I" U lt.9 10 fl IU H l,r • U
Ktlillffl00
'":""-----�'"::'•...,<t- - --=--=-v
;:-- iw -=:.--==: u_.,. uu "A PP.I NJ, •u M,11 lit I ltt W',1 MU 0,1 H Pll lU IJ
----·::;3:-.:::::::...._ - --+----------------�====-----
5n1111Mill111(tl!
---�L-==--- +-' ---------------
-= ==--== ::: ;::---
--c-:-----==�- -��--=--=
•-llol PU ..... 0� " UJ, n.• "" ... _,, oo •\.! .,_, ..... .... U
-..------ ------------------.:::::::==-----==-----=----------
-":----�"":'-----::.""--::"''-:---=-=
•(-lt<I l'U l•..J "-' QJ .MIi.i ti.) ♦LI 11.1 ,,.... N.e ••I ,-
-·---..---�: i
-� _,._ ____________ _
........ :--r--- : I
-�1 ------• I M -
,�---------:::-'-:::-�0,,.- - -=--=---:::- --=-= •-.. "'°" P1 t U t.1 t IU
___ ,., _____ , -=� .. ..._------
-c-;:----..... ==-------::-=-"":i-e:":"
•-M IUU t IUH I� ''°" t•'IA It.Ml lltoJ ._JW 1 ..... ■- •- ■I# •.J M
---==::L==� - -+----------------a:;:;=.
=== ==� -----
-u::----�---��--=-=---- ... .... .... .... ..... -· ·- ,_ -· -· ·- ... _ '"" -· -
Figure 4 Comparison of the chemical composition of mu d volcano fluids and average norm o f d rinking
water (modify from Baloglanov, Abbasov, and Akhundov, 2018).
4. CONCLUSION
The outgassing methane and carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere, contribute to the
increasing level of greenhouse gas. The total amount of CO2 and methane gases from the
observed mud volcanoes is 645.6 mol%. The accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere
DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 106
The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted
by Mud Volcano to Environment
Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti
p-lSSN 2579-9150; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page97-108, October 2020
Accredi te dSINTA 2b y Ministry of Research, T echnology, and
High er Educati on of The Republic of Indonesi a No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August B", 2019 from
October 1", 2018 to September 30", 2023
impedes the reflection of solar radiation to space. As a consequence, the earth undergoes
global climate changes. MV fluids exhibit chemical compound which is neither beneficial nor
harmful for human and ecosystem. The presence of Li elements below the average norm for
drinking water is beneficial to alleviate mental disorder, including bipolar symptom and suicide
practice. Despite its beneficial function, the excessive Li, the element has a negative effect on
the kidney. Similar to this, Boron (B) and Strontium were mostly detected above the average
norm and indicated that contamination of this fluid might cause severe health problems to
human and the worst symptom to crops. Nonetheless, some cation elements of Na, Ca, K and
Mg As are an essential source for soil nutrient. That is why the local farming in Medang MV is
entirely overgrown by paddy. As a recommendation, management practices should be carried
out by disrupting or relocating the encrustation of anhydrite and halide minerals from soils to
enable water infiltration and root penetration to the soil, particularly when the thickness less
than 2 cm. Secondly, crops selection should be carried out by planting more tolerant vegetation
to saline water.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to send gratitude to all colleagues in Department of Geological
Engineering for valuable support and encouragement during this article publication. There were
many discussion and feedback received along this manuscript drafting.
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p-lSSN 2579-9150; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page97-108, October 2020
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