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Wireless TutorialPart 4
White Spaces and Beyond
Brough TurnerDialogic
Fanny MlinarskyoctoScope
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Agenda10:30 12:00noon Our G-enealogy History and Evolution of Mobile
Radio
Lunch
1:00 2:00 The IEEEs Wireless Ethernet Keeps Going andGrowing
Break
2:00 2:45 4G Tutorial: Vive la Diffrence?
3:00 3:45 Mobile Broadband - New Applications and New
Business Models
Break
4:00 4:45 Tutorial: White Spaces and Beyond
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Radio Spectrum Occupancy
As measured by Shared Spectrum Company and the
University of Kansas Center forResearch for the
NSF National Radio Network Research Testbed (NRNRT)
Urban areas, 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Above 3 GHz mostly vacant.
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New York CityUnusually heavy communications duringRepublican National Convention
August 30 to September 3, 2004 brought spectrum occupancy up to 13%.
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Most spectrum idle most of the time
FCC Regs protect obsolete technology
e.g. TV guard bands are to protect pre-1950 receiver
technology. You wouldnt run your business on a 1950s
mainframe computer
Rights holders utilizing subset of their rights
Governmental entities sitting on spectrum
Partial buildouts; financial or tech problems; marketchanges; incumbents sitting on spectrum.
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Spectrum Myths
Spectrum is scarce
4G is the future of wireless
Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum Utilization requires massive investments
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History of spectrum regulation
Early radio receivers very primitive
Only understood separation by frequency
Difficulty separating the desired signal meantlarge guard bands were required
Conclusion: spectrum = scarce resource
Radio Act of 1927 creates FRC
Communications Act of 1934creates FCC
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Visible light analogy
Visible light, a (small) part of the spectrum
Human vision, a really excellent receiver
Eyes plus our (cognitive) visual cortex Works despite (because of) broadband noise
sources like the sun, the lights in this room
Extremely directional, motion sensitive,
Better receivers better spectrum use
Enormous improvements possible
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SpectrumAbundance
Original thinking was wrong
More transmitters, alternate paths, motion all
serve to increase capacity
More data receiver has about environment the better it
can do at extracting the desired signal
MIMO and beamforming key to 4G
And beyond. Orders of magnitude to go. 4G will be followed by 5G, 6G and soon!
New RF and new networking, e.g. meshes
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The Ultimate Metric:bps perHertz peracre perwatt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
572
2
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
3050 mi.
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Other myths
Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum
And yet there has been more innovation in WiFi than
in all of 2G, 3G, 4G cellular bands
OFDM, MIMO WiFi leads, cellular follows
Utilization requires massive investments
E.g. spectrum purchase; network buildout
But in license-exempt bands access is free and
radios are purchased by individuals
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Spectrum policy
Today all spectrum is regulated (by the FCCor
NTIA), but
Regulation limits technology deployment Regulationor policy change takes years
Incumbents play policy game very well
Startups have limited runways
Investors dont like regulatory uncertainty
FCC in the business of regulating speech
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Spectrum vs. printing presses
Supreme Court lenient on regulationof spectrum
because spectrum is unusually scarce
Prof. Stuart Minor Benjamin, Duke University
The Court has neverconfronted an allegation that
government actions resulted in unused or underused
spectrum, ... Government limits on the numberof printing
presses almost assuredly would be subject toheightened
scrutiny and would not survive such scrutiny.
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Prospects for Change
Substantial vested interests
Broadcasters, cellularoperators, many otherexisting spectrum owners
Overwhelming success of WiFi, Bluetooth Commercial successes new interests
Intel, Google, Microsoft, Apple
Rural wireless ISPs Frequently leverage unlicensed technology
Get attention inCongress
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Gaining access to spectrum
License-exempt began in junk bands
ISM (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz)
Extended into UNII (5 GHz) and 60 GHz
Underlays Low power (below licensees)
Ultra Wideband in 3.110.6 GHz
Shared use with lite-licensing
3650-3700 MHz ; license-exempt based on listen-before-talk, location & licensed beacon
Managed by 802.11y protocols from IEEE
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Secondary Use
TV White Spaces
Multi-year battle vs. strong vested interests
Favorable FCC decision Nov. 2008
Tight restrictions likely to be eased over time, based onnewtechnology and actual field experience
Prospect for additional bands?
More access at 5 GHz? potentially under 802.11y
IMT-Advanced candidate bands (2300-2400, 2700-2900, 3400-
4200, and 4400-5000 MHz) will take years toclear but could
be used now under 802.11y
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TV SpectrumAvailability 6 MHz TV channels 2-69
VHF: 54-72, 76-88, 174-216 MHz
UHF: 470-806 MHz
2009 transition from analog to digital
TV frees up channels 52-69 due to
higher spectral efficiency of digital
TV
FCC is updating its regulations and
has recently allowed the use of
cognitive radio for White Spaces,
unused TV spectrum
WSD = white spaces device
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White Space ChannelAvailability
Approximate White Space UHF
channel availability based on
full-service post-transition
broadcast station allocation
Available Channels:
1 or none3 or fewer
10 or fewer
20 or more
30 or more
duTreil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc.
Sarasota, Florida
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White SpacesR
adio Technology The new regulations (FCC Dockets 04-186, 02-380)require the use ofcognitive radios to determine
whether a channel is available prior to
transmitting.
Two types of services are targeting TV spectrum: Fixed services: WRAN (wireless rural area
networks), being standardized by IEEE802.22
Mobile services: White Spaces, being advocated by
the WIA (www.wirelessinnovationalliance.org)
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee formed new study
group in November, 2008 to investigate white spaces
standardization
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Detecting Licensed Transmissions Methods for detecting licensed transmissions:
An internal GPS could be used inconjunction with a database to
determine whether the WSD is located far enough away from
licensed stations.
WSD could receive information from a broadcast station indicating
whichchannels are available.
WSD could incorporate sensing capabilities to detect whetherlicensed transmitters are in its range. Ifno signals are detected, the
device could transmit. If signals are detected, the device would
have to search for anotherchannel.
FCC sensing thresholds : -116 dBm for ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee,
digital TV)
-94 dBm for NTSC (National Television System Committee, analogTV)
-107 dBm for wireless microphones
Protected
devices:
TV stations,wireless
microphones
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Hidden Node Scenario
TV signal attenuated by an
obstruction (wall) is undetectable
by a WSD. WSD transmits,
interfering with TV broadcast,
which is received unobstructed
by a rooftop antenna.
TV broadcast
received by an
unobstructed rooftop
TV antenna
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Beach-front Property? Lower frequencies experience lower attenuation
in free space and throughobstructions, e.g.
buildings
However, when propagating through metal
frames in modern buildings, Fresnel zone gets
constricted and attenuation is introduced Antenna size also matters optimum length is a
multiple of wavelength
3.3 feet for 70 MHz
4 for 700 MHz
1 for 2.4 GHz Longer antennas required for UHF may be
problematic forhandheld devices
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Antenna Fresnel Zone
Fresnelzone istheshapeof
electromagneticsignaland isa function
of fre
quency
Constricting theFresnelzoneintroduces
attenuation and signaldistortion
r = radius in feet
D = distance in miles
f = frequency in GHz
D
Example: D = 0.5 miler = 30 feet for 700 MHz
r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz
r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz
r
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Hidden Node an Issue?
Analysis and field testing done by ITU-R, FCC and
otherorganizations demonstrate that even when a
WSD is deep inside a building, the signal reaching it is
likely to be at most 30 dB lower than the signal at arooftop antenna.
The 802.22 draft sets the detection threshold 30 dB
below a tuners lowest receive level and states that an
unlicensed device must detect a broadcast within 2seconds and with probability of >=90%.
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TurfBattles to Continue
Broadcasters and traditional
wireless operators will
continue tooppose TV White
Spaces developments
The battle lines are drawn
and the stakes are high
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www.octoscope.com
Brough Turner, Chief Strategy Officer, Dialogic
Blog: http://blogs.nmss.com/communications/
[email protected] Skype: brough
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Additional
Reference
Material
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Mobile Standard Organizations
AR
B
Ja an
S A
E S
E ro e
A
orea
S
in a
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A
S A
ir d
enerat ion
atners i roje t
ir d
enerat ion
artners
i
roje
t
Mobi le
O erators
M e bers
S 9
S !
S " " "
S #
S M DM A
M S
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Partnership Pro ects and Forums
ITU IMT-2000: http://www.itu.int/home/imt.html
Mobile Partnership Projects
3GPP :http://www.3gpp.org
3GPP2:http://www.3gpp2.org
Mobile marketing alliances and forums GSM Association: http://www.gsmworld.com/index.shtml
UMTS Forum :http://www.umts-forum.org
CDMA Development Group: http://www.cdg.org/index.asp
Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance: http://www.ngmn.org/
Global Mobile Suppliers Association:http://www.gsacom.com CTIA: http://www.ctia.org/
3G Americas: http://www.uwcc.org
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Mobile Standards Organizations European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):
http://www.etsi.org
Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):
http://www.tiaonline.org
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (USA)
(formerly Committee T1): http://www.t1.org & http://www.atis.org/
China Communications Standards Association (China):
http://www.cwts.org
The Associationof Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):
http://www.arib.or.jp/english/index.html The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html
The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):
http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm
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Other Industry Consortia
OMA, Open Mobile Alliance: http://www.openmobilealliance.org/
Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, Location
Interoperability Forum, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless
Village
Lists of wireless organizations compiled by others:
http://www.wipconnector.com/resources.php
http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/wtbu/wtbugencontent.tsp?templateId=61
23&contentId=4602 http://www.wlana.org/pdf/wlan_standards_orgs.pdf
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Wireless MAN, LAN and PAN Links
WirelessMAN Broadband Access (WiMAX)
IEEE 802.16: http://www.ieee802.org/16/
WiMAX Forum:http://www.wimaxforum.org/home/
WirelessL
AN (WiFi) IEEE 802.11: http://www.ieee802.org/11/
WiFi Alliance: http://www.wi-fi.org/
Wireless LAN Association: http://www.wlana.org/
Wireless WPAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.15: http://www.ieee802.org/15/
Bluetooth SIG: https://www.bluetooth.org/
and http://www.bluetooth.com/
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Market & Subscriber Statistics
Free:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Americas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africa
http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/index.shtml
http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/cdma_world_subscriber.asp
http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4
Nominal cost: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/world/world.html
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www.octoscope.com
Brough Turner, Chief Strategy Officer, Dialogic
Blog: http://blogs.nmss.com/communications/
[email protected] Skype: brough
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