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    Breeding Bean

    Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of the family "fabaceae"

    (alternately "leguminosae") used for human food or animal feed.

    The whole young pods of bean plants, if picked before the pods ripen and dry, are very tender

    and may be eaten cooked or raw. Thus the term "green beans" means "green" in the sense of

    unripe (many are in fact not green in color). In some cases, the beans inside the pods of "green

    beans" are too small to comprise a significant part of the cooked fruit.

    Bean Phaseolus vulgaris Chromosome number 22

    Terminology

    The term "bean" originally referred to the seed of the broad bean, but was later epanded to

    include members of the genus "phaseolus," such as the common beanand the runner bean, and

    the related genus "!igna." The term is now applied generally to many other related plants such

    as soybeans,peas,lentils, chickpeas(garbanos),vetches, and lupins.

    "Bean" can be used as a synonym of "pulse," an edible legume, though the term "pulses" is

    usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain, and usually ecludes cropsused mainly for oil etraction (such as soybeans and peanuts) or those used eclusively for

    sowingpurposes (such as cloverand alfalfa). #eguminous crops harvested green for food, such

    as snap peas,snow peas, and so on, are classified as vegetable crops.

    In $nglish usage, the word "bean" is also sometimes used to refer to the seeds or pods of plants

    that are not in the family leguminosae, but which bear a superficial resemblance to true beans%%

    for eample coffee beans, castor beansand cocoa beans(which resemble bean seeds), and vanilla

    beans(which resemble the pods).

    Beans are one of the longest%cultivated plants. Broad beans, with seeds the sie of the small

    fingernail, were gathered in their wild state in &fghanistanand the 'imalayan foothills. In a

    form improved from naturally occurring types, they were grown in Thailand already since the

    early seventh millennium (B), predating ceramics. They were deposited with the dead in

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bean
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    ancient $gypt. ot until the second millennium B did cultivated, large%seeded broad beans

    appear in the &egean, Iberia and transalpine $urope. In the "Iliad" (late%*th century) is a passing

    mention of beans and chickpeascast on the threshing floor.+-

    The oldest%known domesticated beans in the &mericas were found in uitarrero ave, an

    archaeological site in /eru, and dated to around the second millennium B$.

    Beans were an important source of proteinthroughout 0ld and ew 1orld history, and still are

    today. There are over ,222cultivarsof bean on record in the 3nited 4tates alone.

    5ost of the kinds commonly eaten fresh come from the &mericas, being first seen by a $uropean

    when hristopher olumbus,during his eploration, of what may have been the Bahamas, found

    them growing in fields. 6ive kinds of Phaseolusbeans were domesticated by pre%olumbian

    peoples7 common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown from hile to the northern part of what is

    now the 3nited 4tates, and lima and sieva beans (Phaseolus lunatus), as well as the less widely

    distributed teparies (Phaseolus acutifolius), scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) and

    polyanthus beans (Phaseolus polyanthus)+8- 0ne especially famous use of beans by pre%

    olumbian people as far north as the &tlantic seaboard is the "Three 4isters" method of

    companion plantcultivation7

    0n the east coast of what would come to be called the 3nited 4tates, some tribes would grow

    maie(corn), beans, and s9uashintermingled together, a system which had originated in 5eico.

    The corn would not be planted in rows as it is today, but in a checkerboard:he fashion across a

    field, in separate patches of one to four stalks each.

    Beans would be planted around the base of the developing stalks, and would vine their way up as

    the stalks grew. &ll &merican beans at that time were vine plants, "bush beans" having been bred

    only more recently. The cornstalks would work as a trellis for the beans, and the beans would

    provide much%needed nitrogenfor the corn.

    49uash would then be planted in the spaces between the patches of corn in the field. They would

    be provided slight shelter from the sun by the corn, and would deter many animals from

    attacking the corn and beans because their coarse, hairy vines and broad, stiff leaves are difficult

    or uncomfortable for animals such as deer and raccoons to walk through, crows to land on, etc.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarrero_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_in_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifoliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaseolus_polyanthus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarrero_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_in_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifoliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaseolus_polyanthus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen
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    ;ry beans come from both 0ld 1orld varieties of broad beans (fava beans) and ew 1orld

    varieties (kidney, black, cranberry, pinto, navy:haricot).

    Types

    There are many bean types, including7

    . umbellattaor ricebean

    . unguiculataor cowpea(includes theblack%eyed pea, yardlong beanand others)

    ?. Cicer 7arietinumor chickpea(also known as the garbano bean)sativumor pea

    @ .Lathyrus

    8 Lathyrus sativus (Indian pea)

    * Lathyrus tuberosus (Tuberous pea)

    A Lens

    a. culinarisor lentil

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuki_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_(bean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricebeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eyed_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardlong_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardlong_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus_sativushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus_tuberosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3_types_of_lentil.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuinboon_zaden_in_peul.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuki_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_(bean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricebeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eyed_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardlong_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus_sativushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus_tuberosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil
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    #entils

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    a. caanorpigeon pea

    1! "ti#olobium

    a. sppor velvet bean

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    Nutrition

    Beans have significant amounts of fiber and soluble fiber, with one cup of cooked beans

    providing between nine and grams of fiber. 4oluble fiber can help lower blood cholesterol.

    Beans are also high inprotein, comple carbohydrates,folate, and iron.

    Flatulence

    5any edible beans, including broad beans and soybeans, contain oligosaccharides(particularly

    raffinose and stachyose), a type of sugar molecule also found in cabbage. &n anti%

    oligosaccharide enyme is necessary to properly digest these sugar molecules. &s a normal

    human digestive tract does not contain any anti%oligosaccharide enymes, consumed

    oligosaccharides are typically digested by bacteriain the large intestine. This digestion process

    produces flatulence%causing gases as a byproduct. This aspect of bean digestion is the basis for

    the childrenGs rhymes "Beans, Beans, the 5usical 6ruit".

    4ome species of mold produce alpha%galactosidase, an anti%oligosaccharide enyme, which

    humans can take to facilitate digestion of oligosaccharides in the small intestine. This enyme,

    currently sold in the 3nited 4tates under the brand%name Beano, can be added to food or

    consumed separately. In many cuisines beans are cooked along with natural carminativessuch as

    aniseseeds, corianderseeds and cumin.

    0ther strategies include soaking beans in water for several hours before miing them with other

    ingredients to remove the offending sugars. 4ometimes vinegaris added, but only after the beans

    are cooked as vinegar interferes with the beansD softening.

    6ermented beans will usually not produce most of the intestinal problems that unfermented beans

    will, since yeast can consume the offending sugars.

    Breeding

    &doption of common bean breeding practices represents one of the most important strategies for

    evaluating grain yield. 'owever, the success of common breeding programmes is intimately

    related to the appropriate choice of divergent parents, which when crossed, must provide wide

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_carbohydrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachyosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans,_Beans,_the_Musical_Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beano_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carminativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corianderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_carbohydrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachyosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans,_Beans,_the_Musical_Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beano_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carminativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corianderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar
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    genetic variability to be used for selection among segregating populations. #arge differences in

    eneral ombining &bility (&) were found among dry bean cultivars, belonging to different

    races and gene pools. 'owever, clear knowledge of parental performance and & among and

    within races and selection for yield per se are essential to breed for higher yield in common bean.

    0ne of the most commonly used methodologies for choosing parents is diallel analysis.

    &ccording to 4antos (

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    Breeding for diseases and insect pests

    !arious insect pests and nematodes cause severe losses (>?H

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    $ffects of the bean virus.

    *ssue+;ry beans, introduced by the ative &mericans, have been grown in the 3nited 4tates for

    millennia. 'owever, compared to corn, soybean, and wheat, the average national yield of dry

    bean is low (K

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    *mpact (tatements+

    4everal of the state breeding programs registered or released lines and varieties of beans

    with improved agronomic or end%use 9ualities. These new lines and varieties are

    available to breeding programs across the 3nited 4tates. &s a result of this collaboration,

    more than 2,222 irrigated acres in eastern olorado) were not sprayed

    needlessly with a preventive fungicide. This provided economic benefits (L

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    )arieties deeloped in Bangladesh

    ame of crop Bush bean

    ategory + !egetable crops

    ame of variety + B&JI Mhar 4eem%