BIOMOLECULES
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Difference between living and nonliving things.(in terms of elements)
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ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
I. Analysis of organic constituents of cells
• Organic compounds – Containing carbon.
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HOW TO ANALYSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION(organic)?
• Take any living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of liver, etc.)
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• Grind it in trichloroaceticacid (Cl3CCOOH) using a mortar and a pestle.
• Obtain a thick slurry.
• Strain the slurry through a cheesecloth or cotton.
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• Obtain two fractions
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HOW TO ANALYSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION?
• 2. retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction.
• 1. filtrate or more technically, the acid-soluble pool,
• Smaller or biomolecules are present in the acid-soluble pool.
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HOW TO ANALYSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION?
• The acid-insoluble fraction(macromolecular fraction) contains biomacromolecules
• (Proteins, Nucleic acids Lipids? etc.)
The acid insoluble fraction, has only four types of organic compounds i.e.,
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proteins,
nucleic acids,
polysaccharides
lipids.
and
molecular weights in the range of ten thousand daltons and above.
Lipids are not macromolecules.
• WHY lipids are present in acid insoluble pool?
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Lipids are not strictly macromolecules.
Lipids are present not only as such but also arranged into structures like cell membrane and other membranes.
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When we grind a tissue, cell membrane and other membranes are broken into pieces, and form vesicles which are not water soluble.
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Therefore, these vesicles get separated along with the acid insoluble pool and hence in the macromolecular fraction.
Biomolecules (organic) are of two types.
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2. Macromolecules or biomacromolecules: Those which are found in the acid insoluble fraction.
1. Micromolecules(metabolites) or simply biomolecules: Those which have molecular weights less than one thousand dalton.
- Present in acid soluble pool
Acid soluble pool
The acid soluble pool represents roughly the smaller molecules present in cytoplasm(cytoplasmic composition - smaller).
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the macromolecules from cytoplasm and organelles become the acid insoluble fraction
But,
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cell composition(ORGANIC)
Acid insoluble pool Acid soluble pool
proteins,
nucleic acids,
polysaccharides
(>10,000 dalton
biomacromolecules.)
and
lipids.
(< one thousand(18-800) daltonmicromolecules or biomicromolecules).
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BIOMICROMOLECULES (METABOLITES)present in ACID SOLUBLE POOL
SECONDARY METABOLITES(plants)
PRIMARY METABOLITES(Plants& animals)
monosaccharides, amino acids,
glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol,
nitrogenous base -adenine, guanine, nucleoside, nucleotide
alkaloids, flavonoids, rubber, essential oils, antibiotics, coloured pigments, scents, gums, spices.
Biomicromolecules - (metabolites)
2 TYPES
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1. Primary metabolites - present In animal and plant tissues -
eg: monosaccharides,
amino acids,
glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol,
nitrogenous base - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine
nucleoside- Adenosine, guanosine, cytidine
nucleotide - ATP, GTP, CTP UTP
They have identifiable functions
Biomolecules (metabolites)
2. Secondary metabolites - present in plants, fungal and microbial cells.
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e.g. alkaloids, flavonoids,
rubber, essential oils,
antibiotics,
coloured pigments,
scents, gums, spices.
we do not at the moment, understand the role or functions of these in those cells.
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secondary metabolites
Which chemical is most abundant in cells?
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water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms
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Average Composition of Cells
II.Analysis of inorganic constituents of cells
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ANALYSIS OF INORGANICELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
• Weigh a small amount of a living tissue (say a leaf or liver and this is called wet weight) and dry it.
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• All the water, evaporates. The remaining material gives dry weight.
ANALYSIS OF INORGANICELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
• Burn it.
• During the burning of dried tissue , all the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form (CO2, water vapour) and are removed.
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• The remaining is called ‘ash’.
• This ash contains inorganic elements like calcium, magnesium etc.
• Inorganic compounds like sulphate, phosphate, etc.,
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cell composition
Acid insoluble pool Acid soluble pool
proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides
(>10,000 dalton
biomacromolecules.)
and lipids(800 dalton).
(< 1000 (18-800) dalton micromolecules or biomolecules).
ORGANICINORGANIC
Primarymetabolite
Secondarymetabolite
water, Na, K, Ca
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BIOMICROMOLECULES (METABOLITES)present in ACID SOLUBLE POOL
SECONDARY METABOLITES(plants)
PRIMARY METABOLITES(Plants& animals)
monosaccharides, amino acids,
glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol,
nitrogenous base -adenine, guanine, nucleoside, nucleotide
alkaloids, flavonoids, rubber, essential oils, antibiotics, coloured pigments, scents, gums, spices.