About Biodigester Technology Special Features
Anaerobic microbial inoculum
Cold tolerant microbial consortium
Required one time inoculum charging
Immobilization matrix for retaining higher microbial mass
for survival in adverse conditions
Specially designed tank for efficient biodegradation
Suitable for mobile and stationary platforms
Permits use of toilet cleansing agents
Advantages
Tailor made in respect to number of users, materials,
situation and condition Eco-friendly & cost-effective
Wide applicability under different climatic conditions
Customized & easily adaptable
Maintenance free
Minimizes water consumption
Recycling of effluent water
Reduction in organic waste by more than 90%
More than 99% pathogens reduction
Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas
Human Waste Disposal
UNDECOMPOSED HUMAN WASTE * AESTHETIC NUISANCE * INFECTIOUS DISEASES * ORGANIC POLLUTION OPTIONS * TRANSPORTATION * INCINERATION * CHEMICAL TREATMENT * BIODEGRADATION (AEROBIC/ANAEROBIC)
Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets)
The pits are constructed in brick line (much like a honeycomb to facilitate the liquid to flow out) or with perforated concrete tubes (e.g. pre-fabricated)
A wooden or concrete slab to prevent people falling into them
The pit shape can be circular or rectangular, but circular pits are more stable
Pits should be placed symmetrically at the back of the latrine pan and have a minimal distance of the pit depth to prevent cross-contamination.
If the spacing between the two pits is to be reduced, an impervious barrier should be provided between them
Courtesy: SSWM
Distance not
less than the
pit depth
Junction /
Inspection
chamber
Adapted from
http://www.k4rd.or
g/ruraltech_pit.htm
[Accessed:
01.06.2010]
PRESENT SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS :-
BIGGER VOLUME
REQUIRES LARGER SPACE
COSTLY TO BUILD
NOT EFFICIENT
OBNOXIOUS SMELL
MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE
UNHYGIENIC DISPOSAL
SEPTIC-TANK (Conventional technology)
17-04-2015
Percentage of Households Having No Latrine India, 2001-2011
6
10.5 % improvement in
10 years
Bio-toilet BACTERIA (INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium
developed by acclimatization / enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria
BIO-TOILET Fermentation container made of mild steel / SS / FRP / bricks.
The dimensions and internal design varies with no. Of users, water availability and geo-climatic conditions
Variants of Biodigester
Biodigester
Biodigester for mobile vehicles
Stationary Biodigester
For Armed Forces
For Civil application
For Indian Railways
For Snow Bound
Regions
For Soil Bound
Regions
For coastal areas
(Lakshadweep)
For cold climates
(Laddakh)
For House
Boats
Bio Digester for Plain areas
FRP Tank 700 Liters for 10-15 Peoples Mobile Toilet
Household Bio toilet
Design of Low Cost Biotoilet
FRP tank of 6 mm thickness.
Diagonal partition wall of 4 mm thickness
(adequately stiffened by ribs).
Tank is buried 700mm deep, and anchored by
300mm long stainless steel (SS316) anchor bolts at
corners.
Tank Internal Dimensions 1000x1000x700
(lxbxd).
Provision of water sealed outlet from the tank.
How a Digester functions
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Biodegradation
Aerobic biodegradation Anaerobic biodegradation Forced aeration/ agitation is essential which is energy intensive
No aeration is required
Incomplete/ partial aerobic condition leads to foul smell Complete anaerobic conditions
Not effective in pathogen inactivation More than 99 % Pathogens inactivation
Can not tolerate detergents/ phenyl Anaerobes can degrade detergents/ phenyl
Generates large amount of sludge Sludge generation is very less
Repeated addition of bacteria/ en%ymes are required One time bacterial inoculation is enough
Maintenance & recurring cost is high Minimal maintenance & no recurring cost
STEPS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
Large polymers are
converted into simpler monomers
Simple monomers are converted into
volatile fatty acids
Volatile fatty acids are converted into
acetic acid, CO2 & H2
Acetate & H2 are converted into
CH4 & CO2
Robust
Sensitive
14
Anaerobic Biodegradation
15
Advantage of anaerobic processes
1. Less energy requirement as no aeration is needed
0.5-0.75 kWh energy is needed for every 1 kg of COD removal by aerobic processes
2. Energy generation in the form of methane gas
1.16 kWh energy is produced for every 1 kg of COD fermented in anaerobic process
3. Less biomass (sludge) generation
1. Anaerobic process produces only 20% of sludge compared with aerobic process
2. Complete anaerobic degradation of 1 kg COD produces 0.35 m3 CH4 at STP
3. COD of pure night soil 100 150 g 02/ Kg
4. Night Soil per person 300 400 g based on food habit
Biodegradable Anaerobic process
COD 1 kg
CHd gas > 0.9 kg
New biomass < 0.1 kg
Laboratory Findings
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
Screening & gradual adaptation
Isolation of psychrophilic bacteria from Antarctica/ Siachen
BIOAUGMENTAION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
VFA degrading bacteria
Psychrophilic proteolytic bacteria
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
HRT (25 days at 10°C)
Temp range (5-50°C)
Freeze-thaw resistance (two cycles)
PROCESS ENHANCEMENT
Immobilization
CaCO3
Sulphate
17
Comparative Biogas Production
of Different Feed Stocks
S No Type of feed stock Gas Yield per Kg ( m3)
1 Cattle dung 0.036
Human excreta 0.07
3 Horse dung 0.045
Sheep dropping 0.042
5 Camel droppings 0.056
Piggery waste 0.08
7 Poultry droppings 0.062
Wide variation in temperature: -50oC to 50oC
Variety Of Terrain: High Altitude, Hilly, Plains, Coastal Areas & Islands
Water Conditions: Low / High Water Table Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas Sweet / Salty Water
Economic Constraints, Awareness, Casual Approach Lack Of Concern
Waste Treatment Challenges
No energy dependence
Affordability
Long lasting (at least 15 years)
Require minimum water for cleaning
Space constraints
All weather system
Allow use of toilet cleaning agents for better hygiene
Free of manual scavenging / evacuation and Maintenance
DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges adequately
Challenges In Rural Sector - Plains
20
Biodigesters Installed in Plains
DRDE, Gwalior Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior
Games Village, New Delhi Model Town, New Delhi 22
Constructed Bio-toilet ,Gwalior
Various Models of Biotoilets
Types of Biodigesters
Installation of biodigester
Installed one biodigester at Parmarth Nikatan Aasharam , Rishikesh
Capacity : 4M3
Detergents/ Antiseptics for Cleaning
Phenyl upto
84ml/l
Harpic upto
250ml/l
Domex upto
250ml/l
TASKI R6 upto
250 ml/l*
TASKI Duck fresh upto
250ml/l*
TASKI Clonet
W4 upto 100ml/l*
TASKI MM65 upto
100ml/l*
TASKI MM60 upto
250ml/l*
Routine toilet cleaning agents available in market are compatible with Biotoilet
PRINCIPLE
Biodegradation of Human Fecal Matter by Microorganisms in Absence of Oxygen HUMAN WASTE METHANE + CO2+ WATER
(BIOGAS)
COMPONENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY
• Consortium of acclimatized microorganisms(Adaptive) • Bacteria immobilization Matrix(culturing surface) • Reaction Vessel • Reed (Plant)Bed for secondary treatment of water (Optional)
STEPS
BIOTANK CUM REED BED: TECHNOLOGY
• On-site construction • Design and construction very simple
(masonry work, brick wall/ RCC structure). • The size of the Bio-Tank: approximately 1/3rd
to 1/10th of conventional septic tank • Less space requirement • Low material/ construction cost • Can be of different sizes, either for single
house or multi-storeyed complexes as per the requirement
• Maintenance free
Biotank Cum Reed Bed System
(Tap water here!)
Water Quality
Water Quality
BioTank cum Reed Bed system
DRAIN (Semi Solid/ Sludge)
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Polluted/ Untreated Water from STP
Conventional Drainage System
Polluted rivers
Bio-Digester: Flush & Forget Drainage System
• No STP
• No Manual Scavenging
• Helps in Cleaning River
Clean Water from Bio-Toilets
Clean Effluent Water
Bio-Digester
Tank
Bio-Digester
Tank Bio-Digester Tank Bio-Digester Tank
Community Bio-Toilet Complex
Clean & Green Drainage System
Bio-Digester
Tank
Water quality
Parameter Raw Water (WHO)
Septic Tank Biodigester/ Biotank
Biotank + Reed bed treatment
pH 5.5-9.0 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.2 7.0-7.5
Turbidity (NTU) 1000
500-800 70-90 2-5
Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)
- 150-300 90-120 50-80
TDS(mg/L) 1500
500-850 350-450 100-300
VS (mg/100mI) - 50-60 20-30 5-12
COD (mg/L) 10
1200-2000 250-300 15-25
BOD (mg/L) 6
350-500 70-120 2-4
Coliforms (MPN/ml)
5000 >3000 300-350 0-12
Oral toxicity at 0.5% of effluent ➢Acute toxicity ➢Chronic toxicity
Extensive studies on animal models conducted No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation, uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression observed No change in biochemical parameters No toxicity found in both rat and fish models (Report: DRLT/PT/Tech Report-Biodigester /01 /2012, May 2012)
Effluent Safety Studies FRP Tank 700 Ltr for
5 – 6 persons
DRDO bio digester - Key benefits Zero maintenance No need to evacuate the digester tank at all as NO SLUDGE is formed All faecal matter completely digested and converted into water, methane ( bio gas) and CO2 Bio digester tank sealed tank construction - no mixing with ground water When implemented in SATURATION MODE and at every household, saves huge cost to Govts in design of city/municipal drainage systems (small drain pipes, less labour) Rivers, lakes and water bodies will become clean on its own in a short period - as raw sewage do not enter Huge cost saving for govt on health care especially towards BPL families that depend on open source water No need for STP as effluent from BIO DIGESTER is "safe"
Inauguration at Orissa
36
Bio Digester
“I was very happy to learn that DRDO in collaboration with FICCI has
commercialised bio-toilet that promises to solve the problem of open
defecation in rural India. If this green, cost effective “flush and forget”
technology is successfully implanted, it will give a big boost to our Total
Sanitation Campaign. Application of technology to social benefit
programmes should be expanded further.”
PM’s Address at DRDO Award Function (July 2012)
38
Current Status of Biodigesters Installed so far
High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166
Indian Railways: ~4000
Plain areas: 58 + 1500 (Lakshadweep)
Current Status of Bio-toiltes/ Biodigesters
Curent/ Future Assignments
UT of Lakshadweep: 12000
Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750
UT of Daman: 50
Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board
Biodigester Locations
Significant Highlights
:* Patents
:* Granted: 7 (2 foreign)
:* Filed: 8 (2 PCT)
:* Publications: 29 (18 foreign)
:* MoU: 4 (Indian Railways, BMTPC, MDWS, GAP-FICCI)
:* ToT: 53
:* Defence Technology Spin-off Award-2007
BEC Fertilizers (Unit of Bhilai Engineering Corp. Ltd.)
Bilaspur Division, Sector A Sirgitti Industrial Area BIlaspur (C.G.) 495004
Ph: 07752-261180,262826.261909
Email: [email protected]
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