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European aroque
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Martin LutherSchism 1517Reformation
Broke the Catholic Church
Council of Trent1545 / 1563.
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The Baroque can be seen as a distinct style, or as the final phase of the Renaissance
Counter Reformation Absolutism
Science and Philosophy
Stylistic Dynamics
THE REFORMATION
Movement in Europe that began with Martin Luthers activities in 1517
Initially an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.
Many Catholics were troubled by corruption in the Church: particularly the selling of
indulgences.
What is an indulgence ??
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
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ABSOLUTISM
is a monarchical form of government in which the
monarch has absolute power among his or her people.
An absolute monarch wields unrestricted politicalpower over the state and its people.
Absolute monarchies are often hereditary but other
means of transmission of power are attested.
Absolute monarchy differs from limited monarchy, inwhich the monarchs authority is legally bound or
restricted by a constitution (laws).
We can associate that with:
French Monarchy
Popes
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
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Protestants VS Catholics
Action - Reaction
The reaction from the Catholic Church Counter Reformation 1570
Council of Trent. Document setting the canons that the Counter Reformation should
follow
CATHOLIC / ATTACKED AND WEAK /WHAT TO DO ??
The magnificence and the theatricality were used as liturgical purposes
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The Catholic Church wanted to craate a great religious devotion in every art.
Music / Painting / Sculpture / Architecture
Wanted to inspire an art that could show Godsglory and help catholic
believers in finding redemption and salvation
Final Judgement, Rubens Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Bernini
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
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Popes Sponsorship
Emotional and persuasive fundaments established by the Council of Trent.
Less reality / More artistic concept
Art as an educational tool for the society
Support from the Catholic Church
Subordinated art / Church interests
BAROQUEXVI century
Inocencio X, Velzquez
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
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The word Baroque is derived from the
Portuguese word Barroco
Spanish word Barroco
French word Baroque
Irregular, rough, imperfect pearl
The word Baroque was invented by critics rather than practitioners of the art.
As with the term Gothic
Eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply
constrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance.
The word was first used by Heinrich Wolffin in his Renaissance und Barock
(1888). He identified the Baroque as movement imported into mass, in
opposition to Renaissance art.
In common usage by the 1920s.
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Classical
Precedents
Static
Rational
Circle
RenaissanceClassicalPrecedents but
from differentperiods
Dynamic
Emotional
Ellipse
Baroque
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Renaissance
Fra Angelico
The Annunciation
Baroque
Altomonte
The Assumption of Mary
Colors
Details
Emotions
Figures
Dynamic
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BERNINI
Michelangelo of the Baroque
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ARCHITECTUREPreviously- Humanism / Renaissance
Regular and simple shapes
Easy comprehension
Search of balance and symmetry
Interruption / brake / classical balance - Baroque
Shape becomes more important than fuction
Same Renaissance shapes but with a touch of fantasy and movement(motion)
Monumentality, dynamism, buildings become more complicated
Emphasize the sculpture values or characteristics of the buildings
Palacio Farnese, Antonio de Sangallo
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Stone, brick Ashlar
Interior Color marbleBronze
Ornamentation: COMPLEXITY
MATERIALS
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CURVE FACADES - architraves
Movement
Chiaroscuro
Sculptures
Cocave and convex facadesDepending the perspective and the context
Flexible wallsOrganic conception
FACADES
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The Wall is the main support dynamic character
The Wall waves and models allowing flexible plans
The openings may have diverse shapes and mainly = complexity
The archs are also varied, but the most popular is the round arch
ELEMENTS
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Columns independent or attached
More used as a decoration
Begins the use of caryatids and atlantes
Appears two new columns: solomonic and estipites
They used all the orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan,
Composite) in their columns but with different proportion thanthe classic ones.
The column could be short or gigantic according to the building
ensemble
The Solomonic column (salomnica), also called Barley-
sugar column, is a helical column, characterized by a
spiraling twisting shaft like a corkscrew
The estipite column has the shape of an inverted cone
or obelisk.
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Atlantes
Caryatids
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ROOFS
Variety : barrel vault, groin vault, lunette vault, hemispherichal on pendentives
Test of new vaults like the oval dome
Increasing of domes on the building exterior
Interior- The vaults were shown as hemispherical domes with lots of paintings
and sculptures
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ORNAMENTATION
All the designs were based on curve lines
Showing the dynamism that they were looking for. Examples: curve architraves, oval
vanes and ornaments based in nature
Liberty for designers The originality and the invention were important and
appreciated. The power of creation.
The most important was the effect of the whole context or work. Global artistic work.
All the baroque buildings were formed by sculptures, paintings and decorative
elements.
The interior of the buildings became more colorful and rich. The result was a theatrical
effect in the architecture.
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TYPOLOGY
PLANS
Rectangular ELIPTICALCIRCULAR
MIXED
PROTOTYPE PLAN Il Ges , RomaVignola y Giacomo della Porta
Were used in these kind of buildings: RELIGIOUS, PALACES,
fountains, gardens, squares. But the most important were the
churches and palaces.
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ROME
ITALY
Power of the Church
(Popes)
PalacesUrban spaces
Fountains
Churches
Rome was the center of the artistic activity - Especially activities related with the Counter
ReformationThe result was an architecture completely BAROQUE
Religious Order Wanted to define an iconography for the Counter Reformation
Jesuits
Church with a dome in the transept
Open spaceView at the altar from the believers.
Just one nave with pilasters
Based on the Council of Trent
Il Ges
1568, Giacomo della Porta
& Vignola
Il Ges
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Interior
Il Ges
Longitudinal plan covered by a barrel vault
Chapels and transept not very pronounced. This allowed that agreat number of believers could stay near the altar.
The dome was an important element
Just one nave. This was more suitable for preaching.
The mother churchof the Jesuit order
Il Ges
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Della Porta Vignola
Il Ges
After the death of Vignola in 1573, Della Porta continued the construction, and in1584 modified its faade after his own designs.
Il Ges
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Double pediment (one in front of the other) shows the axial plane
(axis).
The exterior rhythm shows the interior one.
What you see in the facade is what you find in the plan
Il Ges
Il Ges
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Barrel vaults with stucco moldings
RICH ORNAMENTATION
Il Ges
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Santa Maria Novella, Florence Il Gesu, S.J.
Alberti Vignola y Giacomo della Porta
Renaissance Baroque
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URBAN SPACE
To identify important churches and
basilicas
The Pope Sixto X, established that the Urban Space should be at the service of the
Church. As in architecture, urbanism helped to show the power of the Catholic Church.
Arranging the union of seven early Christian basilicas of Rome by boulevards decoratedwith obelisks and fountains. Connecting the key buildings.
Effort of the papacy to make Rome again a grand city.
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Saint Peters Square was the most important symbol of the baroque urbanism in
Rome.
Bernini created an urban space that exceeded the expectations.
The project (1657) was based in a double square after which Saint Peters
Faade was rising, like a theatrical scene.
This Berninis double square is composed by two elements:
1. Thepiazza oblicua. The transversal oval with the columns like open arms.
2. Thepiazza retta. Stairway offering an appropriate base for the Madernos
faade.
1 2
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Another great example of urbanism is the Piazza Navona or NavonasSquare.
Here is located the beautiful palace from the Pamphili family. One of its members, the
pope Inocencio X, transformed the ancient stadium (Roman Empire) in a gorgeous
square which was decorated with three Baroques master pieces.
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Bernini)
SantAgnesein Agone church, Pamphilisold chapel (Borromini)
Palazzo Pamphili.
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Bernini
Scupltor, Architect and Painter.
Respected the classic orders
First work. Requested by the Pope Urbano VIII was the
refurbishment of Saint BibianasChurch
When Carlo Maderno died in 1629, Bernini became the
architect in St. PetersChurch.
Broken pediment. Very
important feature from the
Baroque
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San Andrea al Quirinale
Bernini
Oval plan
Small entrance portico (minor scale for
the pedestrian)
Facade shows just one piece, like one
story. It has a big pediment.
Big and small columns. Different
proportion
The building has an ubanistic
arrangement (comunication with the
street)
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San Andrea al Quirinale
Bernini
Oval plan
B i i C l d
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Berninis Colonnade
Saint Peters, Rome
Courtyard in the front Gathering of the pilgrims.
Engaging them
1657
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Tuscan order
Dynamism
Exuberant huge columns
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Saint Peters Square, Rome
BERNINI
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BERNINI
Tabernacle or baldachin
St. PetersSolomonic columns
Twisting columns
Dynamic energy
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The baldachin is at the centre of the crossing and directly under the dome of
the basilica.
Over the main altar
The baldachin acts as a visual focus within the basilica; it itself is a very large
structure and forms a visual mediation between the enormous scale of the
building and the human scale of the people officiating at the religious
ceremonies at the papal altar beneath its canopy.
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Borromini
Builder and Sculptor
More complex buildings than Bernini
Handling of classical shapes
Conflict with Bernini since the construction of St. Peters
1st work: San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane, church
When the Pope Inocencio X died, Alejandro VI gave all the buildings toBernini, leaving Borromini without work.
Tragical life
Didnt get the big commissions
Better architect than Bernini but he was more popular
Suicide
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BorrominiSan Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane
1638
Dynamic facade (concave and convex lines
over the architrave)
Columns without order and proportion.They give verticality and movement to the
facade.
Wavy and broken cornice
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BorrominiSan Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane
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San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane
Santivo alla Sapienza
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Santivoalla Sapienza
Borromini
1642
Church at Romes University
A courtyard leads to the entrance of
Sant'Ivo.
Borromini gracefully continued the
lines of the Palazzo's two stories of
arched colonnades.
One of Borromini's hallmarks is his
use of convex and concave exterior
and interior surfaces that playagainst each other.
Concave / Convex / Concave / Convex
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caracol Santivoalla Sapienza
BorrominiFor the small space, the architect
superimposed two triangles on top of one
another to form an enormous Star ofDavid and create a hexagonal floor plan
in the center of the church
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Rich geometry of the Dome
Seems to be arbitrary figures and curves but is actually a geometric analysis
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Piazza Navona
Borromini
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Piazza Navona
Santa Agnese (Santa Ins)
Borromini
Piazza NavonaGiant statues symbolize what were considered
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Piazza Navona
Four rivers fountain
Bernini
Giant statues symbolize what were considered
the world's four greatest rivers: the Nile, the
Ganges, the Danube and the Rio de la Plata.
Each statue also represents one of the four
continents that were known at the time.
Cornaro Chapel
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Santa Maria della Victoria, Rome, Cornaro Chapel
Cornaro Chapel
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Borromini
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Unidad de arquitectura, escultura,
pintura y teatralidad.
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BERNINI BORROMINI
Continuity of Classicism
Creativity but restricted
Perfect handcrafting
Visionary creativity
vs
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Fontana di Trevi, RomaNicola Salvi
Biggest baroque fountain in Rome
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Santa Susana, Roma
Carlo Maderno
Sober facade compared to Borromini
Some scultpure elements
Just one nave
Following the typology of IL GESU
Fachada de la Baslica de San Pedro, Roma
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Carlo Maderno
Facade of Saint Peters
ACTIVITY
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ACTIVITY
1. Answer the questions in the crossword.
2. Make a comparative analysis between the following countries
attending to the Baroque architecture developed in each one of
them:
Spain
France
England
Make a list of:
Historical antecedents
Architectural Characteristics
Architects and their masterpieces
Finish the task with a conclusion.
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