A Cross-Sectional Study on the Effect of Smoking on the Semen Analysis of 21 year old males and older in Barangay
Cembo, Makati City from May – June 2009
Baraan, AmadeusCapco, Diorella Anne
Manotok, Ma. VeronicaMata, Cecille
Moderes, VincentNova, Isabelle
Ortiz Luis, GuinevereOsias, Jerny
Pabalan, JorjaPalis, Alexandra Jean
Pallera, JuliusPeñaflorida, Andrea
Community dimensions
SECONDARILY RELATED TO HEALTH
Barangay Profile• Previously a housing area for enlisted
members at Fort William McKinley• Population = 28,815• Physical structures
– Homes– Government offices– Schools– Trading establishments
Barangay Profile
• Transport and communication– Tricycles, taxi, jeepneys, Fx taxi– Landline, mobile phones
• Leadership– One barangay captain– Seven barangay councilors– Sangguniang Kabataan
Community dimensions
DIRECTLY RELATED TO HEALTH
Age Distribution (2007 Data)• Total population (2007) = 21,623
– Males = 10,419– Females = 11,214– 5-9 years old = 3092– 1-4 years old = 2855– 10-14 years old = 2660
Table 2. MAKATI HEALTH DEPARTMENT VITAL HEALTH STATISTICS Total live birthsMale 246Female 270 516 Distribution of maternal deliveriesHome 71lying-in 155govt hosp 143Private hosp 147
Ten leadin causes of morbidity on all ages in barangay Cembo, Makati, 2008
4950
518 395 201 197 189 120 113 70 530
100020003000400050006000
AU
RI
Pne
umon
ia
ALR
I
Non
spec
ific
UTI
Der
mat
itis
Arth
ritis
HP
N
Bro
nchi
alA
sthm
a
diab
etes
mel
litus
Disease
Ten Leading causes of morbidity on all ages in Barangay Cembo, Makati (2008)
Ten leading causes of infant morbidity in barngay Cembo, Makati, 2008
1237
128 94 85 61 52 48 39 35 270
200400600800
100012001400
AU
RI
Pne
umon
ia
Der
mat
itis
Otit
is M
edia
Non
spe
cific
Dia
rrhea
Con
junc
tiviti
s
Impe
tigo
ALR
I
Ros
eola
Infa
ntum
Sys
tem
icV
iral I
llnes
s
Disease
Ten leading communicable diseases in barangay Cembo, Makati, 2008
518
15166 62 59 53 48 45 15 8
0100200300400500600
Disease
Ten leading causes of mortality in barangay Cembo, Makati
28
15 14
6 5 3 3 3 2 205
1015202530
Hea
rtdi
seas
e
Can
cer
Pne
umon
ia
Hyp
erte
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n
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Kid
ney
failu
re
Dia
bete
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ellit
us
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hyxi
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tepa
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atiti
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Sep
sis
Disease
Background• Males produce semen in the process of
intercourse– from the male gonad, Contains spermatozoa– alkaline mucus helps neutralize acidity
• Smoking is known to produce adverse effects to the body– Degenerative disease– Nicotine deterrent to spermatozoa
• prevalence of smoking adult males at 46% between 20 and 39 years (Langgassner, 1999)
• Studies performed in the last 5 years reveal a decrease in sperm quality in relation to smoking– Males of the reproductive age– Sperm analysis done
ObjectivesGeneral: This study aims to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on the semen analysis of males, particularly on the parameters of semen volume, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm count.
Specific: Provide baseline information on the effect of cigarette smoking and sperm characteristics of males residing at Cembo, Makati Describe the participants of the study as to the socio-demographic characteristics; and
Determine the association between cigarette smoking of males to the following parameters:
– semen volume– sperm motility– sperm morphology– sperm count
Scope and Limitations• legal age for to avoid sensitive issues regarding
the sexual aspect of our study• Barangay Cembo, Makati City• To exclude residents with existing comorbidities• sperm analysis
– individual influence on each parameter may be described
• may contribute to baseline knowledge
Methodology• Inclusion criteria
– Males aged 21 and older
– Residents of Cembo• Sample Collection
– Participants advised for a three day abstinence
• Data Analysis– Odds ratio, sample size
determination
• Sample Size
• n is the required sample size• t is the confidence level at 95%
(standard value of 1.96)• p is the estimated prevalence
of smoking• m is the margin of error at 5%
(standard value of 0.05)
n= t² x p(1-p)
m²
RESULTS
Sociodemographic Characteristics Smoker Group Non-smoker
Group (N = 24) (N = 6)
Charateristic Age – yr 22-57 28-48Married - no./total no. 19/24 (79.2%) 4/6 (66.7%)Comorbidities - no/total no. 11/24 (45.8%/) 1/6 (16.7%)Personal & Social History Alcoholic beverage drinker 19/24 (79.2%) 2/6 (33.3%) Illicit drug use 3/24 (12.5%) 1/6 (16.7%)
Semen Volume
normal abnormal0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Sperm Motility
normal abnormal0
5
10
15
20
25
Sperm Morphology
normal abnormal0
5
10
15
20
25
Sperm Count
normal abnormal0
5
10
15
20
25
• Majority of results were normal– Sample size was less than expected
• Abnormal results were detected among the population– Smokers– No existing disease
• Odds ratio– semen volume (0.4)– sperm motility (0.71)– sperm morphology (0.45)– sperm count (0.2272)
Discussion
• smoking decreases the quality of semen parameters – Chia et al (1998), Hellstrom et al (2006), Eskenazi
et al (2003), Sofikitis et al (1995), Zinaman et al (2000), Sloter et al (2006), Mehrannia, T. (2007)
• This study’s result = – More participants with normal semen parameters– Abnormal parameters identified
Summary
• Cigarette smoking is a public health concern• Male reproductive health also a focus for
concern• Male constituents of a population was studied
– Reproductive age– Varied socio-demographic characteristics
• No clear trend seen from the data• Abnormal semen parameters seen
Recommendations
• Another study to verify data is suggested– Improve sample size– To see association with pack-years and effects on
semen analysis– Standardize manner of semen collection
• Address the subjects regarding sensitivity of issue– Administer public health lectures– Encouragement by the local government units
Thank you
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