How to assess the ‘Megabiodiversity’ of Invertebrates: 55% of the world’s geometrid species are DNA barcoded
Axel Hausmann(1), Rodolphe Rougerie(2), Paul D. N. Hebert(3)
(1) Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany (2) Université de Rouen, France (3) Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Canada
The clock is ticking …
Global disasters: continuous loss of radioactivity
The clock is ticking …
Fascinating biodiversity Urgently to be assessed!
Time‘s running out for Biodiversity
Continuous loss of habitats
Continuous loss of habitats
Continuous loss of habitats
1. Correct and reliable analysis of biodiversity Knowledge / Identification 2. Effective tools allowing rapid action
The clock is ticking …
Reliable analysis: easy identification?
undeterminable sibling species: Eupithecia pulchellata – Eupithecia pyreneata
Who is who?
Who is who?
undeterminable insect larvae
Main gap: Megadiverse groups of tropical Insects
fresh samples of geometrids from Peru
1. Correct and reliable analysis of biodiversity Knowledge / Identification 2. Effective tools allowing rapid action
The clock is ticking …
Traditional assessment: species descriptions
Traditional assessment: species descriptions
Geometridae
Traditional assessment: species descriptions
Geometridae
Traditional assessment versus DNA barcoding
2011: 14,500 species!
Geometridae
Traditional assessment versus DNA barcoding
2018: 25,000 species!
Geometridae
The clock is ticking!
Geometridae
55% 63% of the world’s geometrid species are DNA barcoded
____
14,500 geometrid species
barcoded (63%)
Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich
Sampling Strategies
Reference Collections Europe North America
9 %
Sampling Strategies
Reference Collection ANIC
9 %
Sampling Strategies
Reference Collection Staude (ZA)
4 %
Sampling Strategies
Reference Collection Herbulot
22 %
ANIC Australia (2000)
Europe & North America (2000)
Reliably identified collection material
coll. Staude, ZA (1000)
coll. Herbulot, world (5000)
Rest (13,000)
versus fresh samplings
Sampling Strategies
Unsorted fresh samplings
ZSM: 500K geometrids worldwide
Sampling Strategies
Selection of study sites: Ghana, Kakum NP
Canopy Access by Walkway
Eudaemonia argus
Sampling under tropical conditions
Killing jar
Ammonia syringe Pinned in the field (Larger specimens in small envelopes)
Back home: Labelling & leg sampling Barcode success rate: >95% Relaxing (max. 2 days) & spreading later on!
Sampling Strategies
95well morphospecies selection
Sampling Strategies
95well morphospecies selection
A priori identification of samples from tropical countries
to species (e.g. ‘Eois aurata')
to species group, tentatively (e.g. ' Eois aurataAH01Ge')
to genus (e.g. ‘Eois AH01Ge')
to (sub)family (e.g. ‘Larentiinae')
20%
30%
45%
5%
Optimizing the procedure
Taking photographs
Optimizing the procedure
Preparing the insects for the PCR plates 96
Optimizing the procedure
Databasing and quality control
Optimizing the procedure
Large-scale production
Calibration
Taxonomic expertise
Forum Herbulot
Calibration
Type specimens
>200 geometrid holotypes >500 paratypes
MNHN, >150 years, 658 bp coll. Herbulot, 100 years, 658 bp
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
smen
ts
European campaign
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
smen
ts
European campaign
European geometrids total of 970 species (Hausmann 2007) barcoded by April 2011: 880 species (91 %) accessible on BOLD with image and georeferencing
barcoded 91%
pending 9%
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
smen
ts
African geometrids
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
smen
ts
African geometrids
3168 species described
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
smen
ts
African geometrids
3168 species described
649 Ma- dagascar
1543 Rest
914 South Africa
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
smen
ts
African geometrids
> 8,500 specimens, 5,750 barcodes, > 2,500 species (“BIN”s) calibration: Hausmann, Staude & Lenz
Co
nti
nen
tal a
sses
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ts
African geometrids
goal: 2.8-3K species (almost complete) data release publication late 2012 (PLoS one)
Library of Life – made in Germany
Data release geometrids of Bavaria after less than 2 years 406 of 408 species barcoded (99%) 1815 specimens, 1393 barcodes
99 % diagnostic barcodes!
Distances between species
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0-0,5
%
1-1,5
%
2-2,5
%
3-3,5
%
4-4,5
%
5-5,5
%
6-6,5
%
7-7,5
%
8-8,5
%
9-9,5
%
10-
10,5
%
11-
11,5
%
12-
12,5
%
13-
13,5
%
> 2 %
1 - 2 %
0 - 1 %
Minimum pairwise distances between species
‘Barcode sharing’: Thera obeliscata, T. v. mugo and T. cembrae SYNONYMY
Distances between species
Synonymy TA
XON
OM
Y
Kuchleria garciapitai Exposito, 2005 syn.n. to Kuchleria insignata Hausmann, 1995
Kuchleria insignata Holotype, E Spain
Kuchleria garciapitai from type locality, C Spain
5 % with cryptic diversity in COI (15+5 species, >2%) 9/20 with double clusters, 11/20 with out-sticking singletons
Variation within species
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0-0,5 1-1,5 2-2,5 3-3,5 4-4,5 5-5,5 6-6,5 7-7,5 8-8,5 9-9,5 10-10,5 11-11,5 12-12,5 13-13,5
> 2 %
1 - 2 %
0 - 1 %
Variation (maximum pairwise distance) within species
Cryptic species detection TA
XON
OM
Y
Cryptic species detection TA
XON
OM
Y
P
EST
CO
NTR
OL
A new pest for the Fauna of North Africa: The winter moth O. brumata
map: BOLD database
photo: E. Friedrich
Q
UA
RA
NTA
INE Eueupithecia cisplatensis for the control
of Parkinsonia aculeata in Australia
Agents for the control of invasive plants
photos: CSIRO, Australia by the courtesy of Tim Heard
ECO
LOG
Y Agents for the control of invasive plants
unknown larva (Dead Sea)
Identification moth: Semiothisa aestimaria
COI Sequence
Analysis of gut content EC
OLO
GY
unknown larva (Dead Sea)
Identification moth: Semiothisa aestimaria
Identification plant: Tamarisk
matK/rbcL Sequence
COI Sequence
Analysis of gut content EC
OLO
GY
Acknowledgements Paul Hebert for a wonderful and successful partnership! Rodolphe Rougerie, University of Rouen for iBOL 1.9 co-lead Sujeevan Ratnasingham (BOLD), and the teams of BIO and CCDB BFB-team: G. Haszprunar, S. Schmidt, M. Balke, L. Hendrich, A. Segerer Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst Hundreds of enthusiastic and active partners all over the world
Funding agencies
How to assess the ‘Megabiodiversity’ of Invertebrates: 63% of the world’s geometrid species are DNA barcoded
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