Avian InfluenzaAvian InfluenzaSymptoms in BirdsSymptoms in Birds
Texas A&M University Texas A&M University
College of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
This presentation is about Avian Influenza as it affects birds
Clinical Symptoms of Avian Influenza
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
A contagious viral infection and/or disease of many avian A contagious viral infection and/or disease of many avian species including poultry, wild and exotic birds, ratites, species including poultry, wild and exotic birds, ratites, shore birds and migratory waterfowl. shore birds and migratory waterfowl.
The highly pathogenic form of the disease is The highly pathogenic form of the disease is characterized by severe depression, decrease in egg characterized by severe depression, decrease in egg production, high mortality, edema, hemorrhage, and production, high mortality, edema, hemorrhage, and frank necrosis. frank necrosis.
All H5 and H7 infections are reportable to the World All H5 and H7 infections are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).Organization for Animal Health (OIE).
Dennis Senne 2005Dennis Senne 2005
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)– Associated with mild illness in poultryAssociated with mild illness in poultry– Can evolve into highly pathogenic virusesCan evolve into highly pathogenic viruses– Associated with poultry outbreaks worldwideAssociated with poultry outbreaks worldwide
High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)– Causes high mortality in domestic poultryCauses high mortality in domestic poultry– Subtypes H5 and H7Subtypes H5 and H7
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H5N1 virusH5N1 virus
electron micrograph of avian influenza H5N1 viruselectron micrograph of avian influenza H5N1 virus
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Host RangeHost Range
•Exotic BirdsExotic Birds •Domestic PoultryDomestic Poultry
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Peri-domestic speciesOccasional isolations of avian influenza virus from starlings and house sparrows (in contact with infected poultry)
Replication of some avian influenza virus in these species (experimental)
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Natural Reservoirs of Natural Reservoirs of Influenza A VirusesInfluenza A Viruses
Wild aquatic birdsWild aquatic birds
Majority are represented Majority are represented
by two Orders: by two Orders:
1.1. Anseriformes Anseriformes (ducks,(ducks, geese, and swans)geese, and swans)
Dennis Senne 2005Dennis Senne 2005
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Natural Reservoirs of Natural Reservoirs of Influenza A VirusesInfluenza A Viruses
2.2.Charadriiformes (gulls,Charadriiformes (gulls,terns, and shorebirds) terns, and shorebirds)
Usually show noUsually show no clinical diseaseclinical disease
Dennis Senne 2005Dennis Senne 2005
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
The Muscovy DucksThe Muscovy DucksNatural ReservoirNatural Reservoir
http://www.domestic-waterfowl.co.uk/mozzie.htm
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
How are these viruses transmittedHow are these viruses transmitted and maintained in these species?and maintained in these species?
Transmission: Fecal/Oral routeHeavy fecal shedding by infected ducksLong term persistence in waterIsolation of AIVs from surface water
Maintenance: Bird to birdPersistence in environment
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Incubation period 3-5 daysIncubation period 3-5 days
Severe depressionSevere depression
Decreased food and water consumptionDecreased food and water consumption
Drastic decline in egg productionDrastic decline in egg production
Many birds affected Many birds affected
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Turkeys with Avian Influenza
Many birds are depressed and huddling
cvm.umn.edu
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
DehydrationDehydration
Huddling Huddling
Subcutaneous swelling of the head and Subcutaneous swelling of the head and neck area neck area
Nasal and oral cavity discharge Nasal and oral cavity discharge
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Note swollen head, and discharges. Wattle is cyanotic and necrotic.
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Huddling
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Ruffled feathersRuffled feathers
Swollen, cyanotic (blue) combs and Swollen, cyanotic (blue) combs and wattleswattles
Conjunctivitis with respiratory signsConjunctivitis with respiratory signs
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Ruffled feathers
Respiratory Symptoms
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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Swollen blue, cyanotic combs and wattles
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Swollen blue, cyanotic combs and wattles
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Edema/necrosis of Edema/necrosis of comb/wattlecomb/wattle
CyanosisCyanosis
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HPAI - Cyanotic comb of an infected chicken HPAI - Cyanotic comb of an infected chicken on the left compared to a normal chicken on the right.on the left compared to a normal chicken on the right.
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Subcutaneous Subcutaneous hemorrhage hemorrhage
of shanksof shanks
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Subcutaneous hemorrhage of shanksSubcutaneous hemorrhage of shanks
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Hemorrhage of the shanks and hocksHemorrhage of the shanks and hocks
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Neurological signs (Nervous signs) Similar Neurological signs (Nervous signs) Similar to Exotic Newcastle Diseaseto Exotic Newcastle Disease
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Neurological signs
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Neurological signsCyanosis
Ruffled feathers
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Neurological signsHemorrhages on shanks
Ruffled feathers
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Coughing Coughing
Sneezing Sneezing
Diarrhea Diarrhea
Sudden deathSudden death
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
HuddlingSinusitisRespiratory signs
D. HalvorsonI. Capua
D. Halvorson
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Sudden onset and high mortalitySudden onset and high mortality
Birds found deadBirds found dead
Dennis Senne, 2005
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions
Lesions may be absent Lesions may be absent with sudden deathwith sudden death
http://www.avian-influenza-disinfectant.com/avian_influenza.htm
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
LesionsLesions
Head and neck edemaHead and neck edema
Swollen and cyanotic combs and wattles Swollen and cyanotic combs and wattles
Petechial hemorrhages on internal Petechial hemorrhages on internal membrane surfaces membrane surfaces
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
LesionsLesions
Excessive mucous exudate in the lumen Excessive mucous exudate in the lumen of the trachea, or severe hemorrhagic of the trachea, or severe hemorrhagic tracheitistracheitis
Petechiae on the inside of the sternum, Petechiae on the inside of the sternum, on the serosa and abdominal fat, on the serosa and abdominal fat, serosal surfaces and in the body cavity serosal surfaces and in the body cavity
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
LesionsLesions
HPAI - Opened swollen wattle.
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Hemorrhages and edema
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Edema
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Petechial hemorrhages on Petechial hemorrhages on internal membrane surfacesinternal membrane surfaces
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Lesions Lesions
Hemorrhages of the trachea
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Hemorrhages of the trachea
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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Lung hemorrhage and edema
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Note hemorrhages and edema around the heart
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
LesionsLesions
Hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of Hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of the proventriculus, particularly at the the proventriculus, particularly at the juncture with the gizzard juncture with the gizzard
Hemorrhages and erosions of the gizzard Hemorrhages and erosions of the gizzard lining lining
Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues in the intestinal mucosa in the intestinal mucosa
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Hemorrhages of the intestine
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Hemorrhages on theHemorrhages on the
mucosal surface of the mucosal surface of the
proventriculus, particularly proventriculus, particularly
at the juncture with at the juncture with
the gizzardthe gizzard
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Hemorrhage in intestinal serosa, mucosa
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues in the intestinal mucosatissues in the intestinal mucosa
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
LesionsLesionsSevere congestion of the musculature Severe congestion of the musculature
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
LesionsLesions
Severe kidney congestion, sometimes Severe kidney congestion, sometimes with urate deposits in the tubules with urate deposits in the tubules
Hemorrhages and degeneration of the Hemorrhages and degeneration of the ovary ovary
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
Clinically indistinguishable from virulent Newcastle Disease
Suspect with: Sudden deathDrop in egg productionFacial edema, cyanotic combs and wattlesPetechial hemorrhages
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
Velogenic Newcastle diseaseVelogenic Newcastle disease
Acute fowl cholera Acute fowl cholera
Respiratory diseases, especially infectious Respiratory diseases, especially infectious laryngotracheitis, Avian pneumovirus, laryngotracheitis, Avian pneumovirus, Infectious bronchitisInfectious bronchitis
ChlamydiaChlamydia
MycoplasmaMycoplasma
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis
Water deprivation Heat exhaustion Toxins – food or water borne
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Disease SummaryDisease Summary
Avian influenza is a contagious viral disease Avian influenza is a contagious viral disease of birds characterized by respiratory signs, of birds characterized by respiratory signs, depression and reduced feed and water depression and reduced feed and water intake. In egg laying birds there is a intake. In egg laying birds there is a decline in egg production and quality. decline in egg production and quality. There are two There are two pathotypespathotypes of Avian of Avian Influenza virus: the most common is low Influenza virus: the most common is low pathogenic AI (LPAI) and the other is pathogenic AI (LPAI) and the other is highly pathogenic AI (HPAI). highly pathogenic AI (HPAI).
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Disease SummaryDisease Summary
The most virulent form (HPAI) was once called The most virulent form (HPAI) was once called fowl plague. At the 1981 International fowl plague. At the 1981 International Symposium on Avian Influenza, the term fowl Symposium on Avian Influenza, the term fowl plague was replaced with the term "highly plague was replaced with the term "highly virulent" influenza virus infection. The Avian virulent" influenza virus infection. The Avian Influenza epidemic of 1983-1984 required yet Influenza epidemic of 1983-1984 required yet new terms to describe relative pathogenicity of new terms to describe relative pathogenicity of different isolates of the same serotype different isolates of the same serotype (nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, highly (nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, highly pathogenic). pathogenic).
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Disease SummaryDisease Summary
Avian Influenza outbreaks have occurred Avian Influenza outbreaks have occurred throughout the world. LPAI is common in large throughout the world. LPAI is common in large turkey-producing areas, particularly where semi-turkey-producing areas, particularly where semi-confinement or range-rearing is still widely confinement or range-rearing is still widely practiced. Outbreaks are more sporadic in other practiced. Outbreaks are more sporadic in other areas of the United States. AI can occur in most, areas of the United States. AI can occur in most, if not all, species of birds. In the United States, if not all, species of birds. In the United States, most outbreaks have been in turkeys. A few most outbreaks have been in turkeys. A few outbreaks have occurred in chickens. Humans, outbreaks have occurred in chickens. Humans, horses, pigs, and some wildlife species may be horses, pigs, and some wildlife species may be infected with influenza viruses, and a cycle infected with influenza viruses, and a cycle between birds and swine exists. between birds and swine exists.
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Disease SummaryDisease Summary
A chicken outbreak of LPAI in 1983 mutated into A chicken outbreak of LPAI in 1983 mutated into HPAI in 1983-1984 resulting in a federal-state HPAI in 1983-1984 resulting in a federal-state eradication program that required the eradication program that required the depopulation of 17 million birds. Similar depopulation of 17 million birds. Similar outbreaks of LPAI in Mexico in 1992 and Italy in outbreaks of LPAI in Mexico in 1992 and Italy in 1999 also mutated into HPAI causing severe 1999 also mutated into HPAI causing severe losses. losses.
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Disease SummaryDisease Summary
Influenza viruses vary widely in pathogenicity and Influenza viruses vary widely in pathogenicity and ability to spread among birds. Two pathotypes ability to spread among birds. Two pathotypes are recognized: LPAI and HPAI. These are recognized: LPAI and HPAI. These pathotype designations are derived from pathotype designations are derived from laboratory inoculation of 8 susceptible chickens; laboratory inoculation of 8 susceptible chickens; LPAI isolates cause death in 0 to 5 of 8 chickens LPAI isolates cause death in 0 to 5 of 8 chickens and HPAI isolates cause death in 6 or more. and HPAI isolates cause death in 6 or more. Although most H5 and H7 isolates are low path Although most H5 and H7 isolates are low path viruses, so far all HPAI outbreaks have been viruses, so far all HPAI outbreaks have been due to H5 or H7 viruses. due to H5 or H7 viruses.
20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Special thanks to the staff at Plum Island Animal Diagnostic Center, Dr Corrie Brown and Dr John El-Attrache for the use of images from their presentations.Also, thanks to the Pohler family and to Elisabeth Bush for allowing me to photograph their birds.SUZANNE BURNHAM
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