Arm
Elbow joint
Forearm
Hand
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Scapula
Clavicle
Phalanges
Carpals
Shouldergirdle
Metacarpals
Scapularspine
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
4th proximal phalanx
4th middle phalanx
4th distal phalanx
1st metacarpal
Shoulder joint
Acromio-clavicular joint
Scapula
Clavicle
Olecranon
Head of radius
Carpal bones
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Uppe
r Lim
bBones of the Upper Limb
Fig. 21.1 Skeleton of the upper limbRight limb. The upper limb is subdivided into three regions: arm, forearm, and hand. The shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) joins the upper limb to the thorax at the sternoclavicular joint.
A Anterior view. B Posterior view.
Clinical
Greenstick fractureIt is a fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially breaks, due to to the thick fibrous periosteum of the immature bone. It usually occurs during infancy and childhood when bones are soft. In some cases, it is difficult to diagnose because of no pain and swelling.
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Coracoid process
Clavicle
Medial epicondyle
Greater and lessertubercles
Acromion
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints
Inter-phalangeal
joints
Hook of hamate
Pisiform bone
Lateralepicondyle
Tubercle ofscaphoid
Tubercle oftrapezium
Inferiorangle
Scapular spine
Greater tubercle
Acromion
Superior angle
Triquetrum bone
Styloid process of radius
Head of radiusOlecranon
Metacarpals
Capitate bone
Styloid processof ulna
Phalanges
Shaftof ulna
Pisiform
Flexor retinaculum(roof of carpal tunnel)
Median n.
Palmaraponeurosis (cut)
Ulnar tunnel(with ulnar a. and n.)
Palmarcarpal lig.
DIP jointcrease
PIP jointcrease
MCP jointcrease
IP jointcrease
MCP jointcrease
Thenareminence
Thenarcrease
(“life line”)
Proximal wristcrease
Distal wrist crease
Hypothenareminence
Middle crease
Proximal trans-verse crease
Distal transversecrease
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Fig. 20.3 Palpable bony prominencesof the upper limbExcept for the lunate and trapezoid bones, all of the bones in the upper limb are palpable to some degree through the skin and soft tissues.
Fig. 20.4 Surface anatomy of the wrist and handDIP, distal interphalangeal; IP, interphalangeal;MCP, metacarpophalangeal;PIP, proximal interphalangeal.
A Right limb, anterior view.
B Right limb, posterior view.
A Left palm and wrist. B Palm and wrist showingthe carpal and ulnar tunnels.
Clinical
Leprosy (Hansen disease)Leprosy or Hansen disease is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is primarily a granulomatous disease of peripheral nerves and mucosa of upper respiratory tract. Skin lesions are primary external signs. If left untreated, leprosy can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, limbs, and eyes.
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