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Page 1: Astronomy = Astrometry

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Astronomy = Astrometry ?History of Old Astronomy

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noteAstrometry means measuring the “position” of a celestial object in a sky. Without telescopes, this is what ancient astronomers can do for their best. The periodic motion of the Sun and the Moon against the star background helped ancient people establish calendars and astrology. Therefore astrometry has had an strong impact on our daily life. Astrometry is the essence of the ancient astronomy.

In the modern astronomy, astronomers have more tools and techniques to study celestial objects. Astrometry then becomes only one of sub-disciplines of the modern astronomy. In the last few slides of this lecture, you will find much more precise astrometry achieved by modern telescopes. This “old” but “updated” technique would even help us find a earth-mass planet outside of the Solar System in the future.

Basically astrometry only gives a 2-D map of the sky. Nevertheless, Tychoadopted the idea of “parallax” to argue about the distance (i.e. the 3rd dimension) of celestial objects. We will learn more about this in one of the next lectures.

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����������������(S(Stars) tars) � � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � � (the Sun)(the Sun)

• ��������������������������������(too far!)� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �

(Polaris for now) � �� �� �� � ( � � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � � )����� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �

� � �� � �� � �� � � 88 ! �"! �"! �"! �" (constellation)����• # $ % & ' � �# $ % & ' � �# $ % & ' � �# $ % & ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �(((((��) * � +��) * � +��) * � +��) * � + ),,,,- . / 0 1 2 3- . / 0 1 2 3- . / 0 1 2 3- . / 0 1 2 3 ( � 4� 4� 4� 4 ) 5 65 65 65 6 13 ! �"! �"! �"! �" ( 7 87 87 87 8 129999)::::; < = �"; < = �"; < = �"; < = �" ( � � � � > �� � � � > �� � � � > �� � � � > � )����# $ 1 ? @ (A B :# $ 1 ? @ (A B :# $ 1 ? @ (A B :# $ 1 ? @ (A B :

C � �C � �C � �C � � ( � � D E > � F 8 G H I J� � D E > � F 8 G H I J� � D E > � F 8 G H I J� � D E > � F 8 G H I J )����

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(ecliptic)

From theview ofthe earth

Summer (winter) inNorthern (southern)hemisphere

winter (summer) innorthern (southern)hemisphere

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% & '( ) *% & '( ) *% & '( ) *% & '( ) *

+ , - , . $ / 0 1 2 3+ , - , . $ / 0 1 2 3+ , - , . $ / 0 1 2 3+ , - , . $ / 0 1 2 3

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http://www.astro.washington.edu/larson/Astro101/LecturesFraknoi/astro101s03.html

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5 65 65 65 67 67 67 67 6

8 9 �8 9 �8 9 �8 9 �

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� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��: ; < =: ; < =: ; < =: ; < = >>>>? @? @? @? @ A BA BA BA B CCCCD !E FD !E FD !E FD !E F

G H I JG H I JG H I JG H I J >>>>K L M N O P Q R S �K L M N O P Q R S �K L M N O P Q R S �K L M N O P Q R S � FFFF

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P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]

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� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � (( � � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � � ))

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g h \ ig h \ ig h \ ig h \ i

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http://www.chiculture.net/php/frame.php?id=/cnsweb/html/0801http://www.astron.sh.cn/picbase/antique/antique.html

The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux

1231-1316

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The fact is…

• ��������������������( � � � � � � � � � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � �( � � �� � �� � �� � � )����� ��� � � �� � �� ��� � � �� � �� ��� � � �� � �� ��� � � �� � � ( � �� �� �� � ) � � �� � �� � �� � �����( � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � � ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � )!!!!btw, do you still remember what causes “a month”?

• one year = 365.25 days ( � � "� � "� � "� � " )• ####($$$$) � % ��& ' ( ) * + ,� % ��& ' ( ) * + ,� % ��& ' ( ) * + ,� % ��& ' ( ) * + , (----)..../ 0/ 0/ 0/ 01 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 51 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 51 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 51 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 5 !!!!6 7 8 06 7 8 06 7 8 06 7 8 0� 9� 9� 9� 9 ����: � � ; < 4 5: � � ; < 4 5: � � ; < 4 5: � � ; < 4 5 ����� � = > + ?� � = > + ?� � = > + ?� � = > + ?@@@@!!!!

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sunlight

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12pm

6pm

In summer (winter), day Is longer (shorter)than night.But � � ��� � ��� � ��� � ��

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Summer Solsticesin the northern

hemisphere

equator

spin axis

to Polaris

sunlight

daynight

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( � � � � ��)

23.5����

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� � � � � � ��� � � � � � ��� � � � � � ��� � � � � � ��: ! " # $ �% ! " # $ �% ! " # $ �% ! " # $ �%& � � " # ' % � ( )& � � " # ' % � ( )& � � " # ' % � ( )& � � " # ' % � ( )

* + , - .* + , - .* + , - .* + , - .

/ 0 �/ 0 �/ 0 �/ 0 � � 1 � 1 � 1 � 1

� 2 -� 2 -� 2 -� 2 -

summer triangle

winter triangle

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�� -�� -�� -�� - (Polaris)3 43 43 43 4 = 5 65 65 65 6

Polar Regions

equator

East or West

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not includedin astrology

� �� �� �� � 13AAAA?!

7 8 9 : # ; <7 8 9 : # ; <7 8 9 : # ; <7 8 9 : # ; <& = - > ? # ;& = - > ? # ;& = - > ? # ;& = - > ? # ;< @ � A< @ � A< @ � A< @ � A ( B C DB C DB C DB C D

E FE FE FE F GGGG/ H/ H/ H/ Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac)

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��������� ! " # $ � % &� ! " # $ � % &� ! " # $ � % &� ! " # $ � % &' ( ) * + , - . / � #' ( ) * + , - . / � #' ( ) * + , - . / � #' ( ) * + , - . / � #0000����1 2 3 ! " # $ 4 51 2 3 ! " # $ 4 51 2 3 ! " # $ 4 51 2 3 ! " # $ 4 56 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '6 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '6 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '6 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '����= > * + , - ? @ A ;= > * + , - ? @ A ;= > * + , - ? @ A ;= > * + , - ? @ A ;B C .B C .B C .B C . ����

I J .I J .I J .I J . is

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Mismatch by one sign due to Precession

Mar 13 - Apr 20 Feb 19 - Mar 20 Pisces(Fishes)

Feb 18 - Mar 13 Jan 20 - Feb 18 Aquarius(Water Bearer)

Jan 19 - Feb 18 Dec 22 - Jan 19 Capricorn(Goat)

Dec 19 - Jan 19 Nov 22 - Dec 21 Sagittarius(Archer)

Dec 1 - Dec 19 -Ophiuchus

Nov 22 - Dec 1 Oct 23 - Nov 21 Scorpio(Scorpion)

Nov 1 - Nov 22 Sep 23 - Oct 22 Libra(balance)

Sep 18 - Nov 1Aug 23 - Sep 22 Virgo(Virgin)

Aug 11 - Sep 18 Jul 23 - Aug 22 Leo(Lion)

Jul 20 - Aug 11 Jun 21 - Jul 22 Cancer(Crab)

Jun 21 - Jul 20 May 21 - Jun 20 Gemini(Twins)

May 13 - Jun 21 Apr 20 - May 20 Taurus(Bull)

Apr 20 - May 13 Mar 21 - Apr 19 Aries(Ram)

ActualAstrologySign

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Ophiuchus (���)

The eclipticpasses onlysmall part ofOphiuchus ����

Note thatthe eclipticdoes notalign withthe MilkyWay.

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Astrology & Astronomy• Ancient times: astrology was based on astronomy• Nowadays: conflicts between astrology & astronomy �

example I: Astrologers ignore the 13th sign of horoscope and precession.example II: Marina Bai (born 1965), a Russian astrologer, sued NASA in July, 2005 for US$300-310 million. She claimed that the NASA probe that crashed into the Tempel 1 comet will interfere with her astrology work because the comet would no longer be the same, claiming it "ruins the natural balance of forces in the universe".

remark: alchemy � chemistryastrology � astronomy

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• B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R ST U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]T U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]T U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]T U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]

• ^ _ `^ _ `^ _ `^ _ ` “ � � a b A� � a b A� � a b A� � a b A”• c � �c � �c � �c � � ����d �e �d �e �d �e �d �e � ����f 0 g �f 0 g �f 0 g �f 0 g � hhhh

• i 7i 7i 7i 7 ( j 7j 7j 7j 7 ) k lk lk lk l 29.46 ���� � m j � n� m j � n� m j � n� m j � n hhhh

For details: K L MK L MK L MK L M NNNNO P � L Q R SO P � L Q R SO P � L Q R SO P � L Q R S TTTT

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Stonehenge (England)The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux

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Stonehenge (England)

Metonic Cycle: 18.6 years(moon’s nodal period)

align 5000 years ago?( U CU CU CU C )

The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux

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(precession)����� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �

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26000 � � �� � �� � �� � �

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The Great Pyramid (Egypt, 2600BC)

OrionsymbolizesOsiris

The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux

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� : ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z: ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z: ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z: ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z { |{ |{ |{ | }}}}&&&&~ � 1 � � ,~ � 1 � � ,~ � 1 � � ,~ � 1 � � , OOOOlAlAlAlA ����� l� l� l� l �������� � �� �� �� � lrlrlrlr � �� �� �� � ��������� A� A� A� A ����� �� �� �� � �������� � �� �� �� � � P� P� P� P �������� � �� �� �� �n An An An A ����� n� n� n� n �������� � �� �� �� � n rn rn rn r �������� � �� �� �� � � A� A� A� A ����� �� �� �� � �������� � �� �� �� � � P� P� P� P �������� � �� �� �� �

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Direct & RDirect & Retrograde(etrograde(����������������) Motion) Motion) -) -) -) - ( V W # -V W # -V W # -V W # - ) planet (Greek) means wanderer X -X -X -X - ( ; L; L; L; L )

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� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �Y ZY ZY ZY Z

[ \ L ] ^ <[ \ L ] ^ <[ \ L ] ^ <[ \ L ] ^ <

For more info: http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/AEEA/contents_list/universe_concepts.html (� � � � � � )

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A.D. 125?Ptolemy’s geocentric model

Planets ( � � � � ) wander among stars ( � �� �� �� � )

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Explanation of Planetary MotionExplanation of Planetary Motion

fast

slow

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Astronomers (A.D.1500-1700)Copernicus(1473-1543)Heliocentrictheory

Tycho(1546-1601) Half helio +Half geo&Kepler(1571-1630)3 laws

Galileo(1564-1642)First use atelescopeto watch thesky

Newton(1642-1727)Law ofuniversalgravitation

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ParallaxParallax((����������������))

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Parallax of a Nearby Object in SpaceParallax of a Nearby Object in Space

measuredistance:Modernastronomersuse parallaxto estimatethe distanceof nearbystars.

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TychoTycho’’ss cosmologycosmology

Tycho used parallaxargument againstheliocentric concept.

Science is basedupon proofs.Sometimes manymodels can existbecause theexperiments/observationsare not precise enoughto distinguish models.

http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tycho/index.html

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BarnardBarnard’’s Star (1916)s Star (1916)

http://www.solstation.com/stars/barnards.htm

Wikipedia.org:0.17 solar masses5.96 light years away

10.3” per year

2nd closest star system (1st is alpha Centauri)angle: 1 circle=360���� 1�������������� � � ��� � � ��� � � ��� � � � ��������� �� �� �� � �� � � � ��� � � � ��� � � � ��� � � � � ����� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � � ���� ����� �� �� �� � ����

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HipparcosHipparcos Satellite (space astrometry)Satellite (space astrometry)

Pleiades ( _ 0 - ` a b c d a_ 0 - ` a b c d a_ 0 - ` a b c d a_ 0 - ` a b c d aSubaru, distance=400 light years) animation generated using Hipparcos data. This is an 8x6 degree field. The movement of the stars over 120,000 years is shown.

http://www.rssd.esa.int/hipparcos/Pleiades_distance.html

�� ��� ��� ��� � ���� � � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � � ����

http://www.rssd.esa.int/Hipparcos/

1989-1993

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� n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 �n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 �n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 �n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 � gggg² ° ³ ^ ´ ° �² ° ³ ^ ´ ° �² ° ³ ^ ´ ° �² ° ³ ^ ´ ° � gggg� \ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸\ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸\ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸\ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸ mmmm� ¹ f º » c¹ f º » c¹ f º » c¹ f º » c n h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ Àn h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ Àn h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ Àn h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À % Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` )% Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` )% Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` )% Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` ) � �| Æ� �| Æ� �| Æ� �| Æ mmmm� u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í |u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í |u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í |u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í | mmmm� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7Ò Ó ; � Ô ÕÒ Ó ; � Ô ÕÒ Ó ; � Ô ÕÒ Ó ; � Ô Õ mmmm