Application of functional lipids to improve milk production, reproduction
and health of dairy cows
The most crucial period--Transition and Early lactation
Fat accumulation in liver
mobilization of body tissue
Limited oxidation of fatty acids
Limited export of fatty acid oxidation
DecreaseIn feed intake
Impair on glucose synthesis
DeductionIn performance
Increase In disease
Grummer, 1993; Gerloff, 1986; Emery, et al, 1999; NRC, (2001); Overton et al, 1999; Overton & Piepenbrink, 2002;
Effects of NEB on milk yield, reproduction & health
Dry matter intakeNegative
energy balance
Milk yield
Displaced abomasum
Milk fever Ketosis and fat liver Reproductive efficiency
Economic longevity
Retained palcenta
Production during peak lactation & economic loss
Deduction per day during peak lactation
Deduction per a whole lactation of 305 days
1kg Milk yield 200-250 kg milk
Loss of T 500 Loss of T 100,000 ~125,000
Metabolic disorders and economic loss
Metabolic disorder
Economic loss (US$)
Incidence(Hoard’s
Dairyman)
Incidence in 61 highest milking herds in USA
Ketosis 145 5% 3.7%
Milk fever 334 8% 7.2%
Displaced abomasum
340 >3% 3.3%
Placental retention
285 5-10% 9.0%
28
3844
65
53
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Days to Ovul ati on Concepti on Rate %
BCS Loss < 0. 5 BCS Loss 0. 5-1. 0 BCS Loss > 1
Bulter & Smith (1989)
BCS loss affects days to 1st ovulation and conception rate
Effects of rumen bypass fats on production and reproduction
Rumen bypass fat 2 to 5 % of dry matter
milk yield 1,8 to 3,5 kg more milk per day
milk fat 2 to 15% improved
milk protein 0~ 6% reduced, depending on fats
protein output unchanged / increased
optimal efficiency 1st 120 days of lactation
conception rate + 26% (1st Ser.)/+74% (2nd Ser.)
pregnancy rate +27%
open days less 6.8 days
AI per conception - 0.4 service
Authors Dose of inert fats
cows Conception rate (service order)
Conception /pregnancy rate
Open days
Services per conception
Schneider et al., 1988
0 g 500 g/d
54 54
43 (1) 60 (1)
72 (PR) 87 (PR)
2.3 1.8
Sklan et al., 1989
0 g 500 g/d
54 54
28 (1) 44 (1)
58 (CR) 76 (CR)
86 74
Ferguson et al., 1990
0 2%DM
138 115
43 (1) 59 (1)
86 (CR) 93 (CR)
96 92
1.96 1.57
Sklan et al., 1991
0 2.6%DM
48 51
42 (1), 25 (2-4) 39 (1), 43 (2-4)
62 (PR) 82 (PR)
149 115
2.9 2.4
Garcia & Bojalil 1998
0 2.2%DM
21 22
33 (1), 31 (2) 45 (1), 75 (2)
52 (PR) 86 (PR)
76 84
1.35 1.45
Scott et al., 1995
0 g 450 g/d
223 220
49 (1), 39 (2) 46 (1), 42 (2)
93 (CR) 98 (CR)
138 146
1.2 0.5
Treatment - control
+ 26% (1) + 74% (2)
+ 27 % (PR/CR)
-6.8 - 0.4
× × DM: dry matter;CR:conception rate, PR: pregnancy rate
Effects of supplemental fats on reproduction (mu yuyun 2004)
Responses of milk yields to supplemental fats
Drackley, 1999
Importance of β-carotene in milk production, reproduction and health
β-carotene deficiency causes unobvious heat , delayed ovulation , less secretion of progesterone , poor conception, embryo death, etc.
β-carotene supplementation improves cell barrier of and immune responses of mummary gland, decrease mastitis and somatic cell counts
β-carotene decreases incidence of placental retention and metritis
Supplementation of β-carotene increases milk yields
Heifer cows With β-carotene (0.3 mg β-carotene +
100 IU Vit A/Kg B.W./day)
Without β-carotene (220 IU vit A/kg
B.W./day) P
Luteal cysts, % 0 30 <0.01
Follicular cysts, % 5 10 >0.05
Conception rate, %After 1st inseminationAfter 2nd insemination
68.489.5
40.055.0
<0.01<0.05
Nos. of insemination per head
1.4 2.0 <0.05
Lotthammer, Ahlswede, and Meyer (1976)
40 black-and white heifers, 56 weeks study
Feeding β-carotene in heifers to reduce fertility disorder incidence
Reproductive performances of dairy cows supplemented with beta-carotenes (400 mg/day) for first 90 days after calving under heat stress
Multiparous cows Control β-carotene
Days-open 140 126
Pregnancy rate, % 48 59
Data are adapted from Rodrigues-Martinez et al., 2002, J. Dairy Sci. suppl.1. p 306.
Feeding Βeta-carotene increases fertility of dairy cows
Effects of β-carotene supplements in dairy cows (Huszenicza 1984)
17.5
4.3
35
47
0
10
20
30
40
50
60F
req
uen
cy ,
%
Retained placenta, % Pregnance 90 days aftercalving
control 250 mg b-carotene per day
Frequency of mastitis in the first 3 weeks of lactation as a function of vitamin A and β-carotene supply (Chew, 1985 USA)
49 50
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequency, %
53,000 IU Vit A 173,000IU VitA 53,000IU Vit A+300 mg b-carotene
1815
7
0
5
10
15
20
Frequency, %
control 120,000IU VitA 300 mg b-carotene
Metritis frequency bas a function of vitamin A and β-carotene supply ( Michal et al , 1994)
Supplementation of β-carotene decreases mastitis and metritis
Supplementation of β-carotene more significantly decreases somatic cell counts in milk
Data are adapted from Rodrigues-Martinez et al., 2002, J. Dairy Sci. suppl.1. p 306.
Feeding 400 mg/day beta-carotenes after calving for 60-90 days significantly improved milk yields of dairy cows at DIM 120
Feeding Feeding ΒΒeta-carotene increases milk yields of dairy cowseta-carotene increases milk yields of dairy cows
28.7
31.6 31.0
32.7
34.0
37.2
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
milk
yie
ld (
kg
/da
y)
Exp. 1, Hot months Exp. 2, Hot months Exp. 3. Cool months
Effects of supplemental beta-carotenes on milk yields
Control B-carotene
Plasma β-carotene level should be min 3000 ug/l
适宜水平
Maintenance : min. 100 mg /day
Gestation: min. 200 mg /day
Lactation: 10 -20 mg /kg milk yield
Requirements of Requirements of ΒΒeta-carotene in dairy cowseta-carotene in dairy cows
Ruiter, 1998
Transition period : min. 600 mg /day
Lactation: min. 300 mg/day
BASF, 1998
Vitamin E key functions
Biological antioxidant, necessary for cell membrane integrity and cell metabolism
Regulation of development and function of gonads, preparation and protection of pregnancy, ,hormone metabolism
Stimulation of antibody formation, antitoxic action in cellular metabolism
Control of glucose metabolism, creatine metabolism and glycerol balance
Antioxidation model of Vitmin E
Effects of supplemental Vit E on health after calving
Supplementation of Vit E at 1000 IU/day decreased placental retention incidence during last 40 days of progency ( Millet et al, 1990)
26.7
34.40
52.9
6.910.8
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1988 1989 1990
12.415.00
18.5
25.3
21.1
26.3
5
10
15
20
25
30
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Supplementation of Vit E at 1000 IU/day improved udder shrink during last 40 days of progency ( Millet et al, 1991)
Author Treatment Results
Weiss et al , 1997
Supplementation of Vit E at 1000, 4000 and 2000 IU/day during first 46 dasy , and late 14 days of dry period and after calving, respectively
Mastitis of first 7days after calving significantly reduced from 25 % to 2.6% 。
Baldi, et al, 2000
Daily supplement of vitamin E 1000 IU /head during dry period
Somastic cell counts in milk reduced and reproduction improved significantly
Wang et al , 2004
Daily supplement of vitamin E 300 IU /head Milk yield increased by 1.85 kg
Supplemental E improves performances and health
Treatment control Vitamin E 1000IU P
12WK milk yield, Kg/day 21.1 25.6 0.02
Days to 1st estrous 73.8 54.2 0.07
Days to 1st breeding 87.8 76.4 0.15
Days open 106.8 89.1 0.12
Services per conception 1.8 1.4 0.05
Effects of vit E on milk yield and reproduction
Dairy cows with or without supplemental vitamin E 1000 IU during the last 40 days of gestation (Miller et al 1991)
BASF (2002) Dairy cow: 500-1000 IU/day
Seymour (2004)
Dairy cow : 500-1000 IU/day
NRC (2001) Pregnant cow : 80 IU /Kg DMI/dayMilking cow : 20 IU /Kg DMI/day
Requirements of Vitamin E in dairy cowsRequirements of Vitamin E in dairy cows
Main rumen inert fat products in the international markets
hydrogenated fat : 1st generation, hydrogenation of animal and vegetable oils
CaSFA : 2nd generation, calcium salt of fatty acids
stable fats : 3rd generation, hydrolyzed and fractionated fats
functional fats : 4th generation, vitamins-enriched stable fats
GranulePowder
small granuleSmall granule
Powder
Small granuleAppearanceAppearance
40-502-1020-3012-18Iodine value,Iodine value,
mg I /100gmg I /100g
80-84> 99.5> 99.5> 99.5Fat, %Fat, %
9------calcium, %calcium, %
< 0.5
52-58
yellowish
Bergaplus-D
( new )Products Normal SFA
hydrogenated
Fat powderCaSFA
ColorColor white white brownish
MP, MP, CC 56-60 58-62 --
moisturemoisture , , %% < 0.5 < 0.5 5
Comparison among rumen bypass fat products
5.3-5.45.2-5.36.26.2-6.3NEL, Mcal /kg NEL, Mcal /kg
87708786Fat digestibility, %Fat digestibility, %
>95
<1.5
70
5
18
5
Bergaplus-D
( new )Product
Normal SFA Hydrogenated
Fat powderCaSFA
Fatty acid comFatty acid com
C12:0&C14:0C12:0&C14:0
C16:0C16:0
C18:0C18:0
C18:1C18:1
C18:2 & C18:3C18:2 & C18:3
<1.5
80
5
10
3
<2
45
45
6
2
<2
45
5
40
8
Bypass ratio, %Bypass ratio, % >97 > 99 83-95
Comparison among rumen bypass fat products
Berg + Schmidt provides 3rd/4th generation of bypass fats
55 years old, a well-known manufacturer of special feed fats and phospholipids in the world
• currently provide 4th generation of rumen stable products: Bergaplus D
BergaPlus -D All-In-One Solution
• The matrix of rumen stable fats and multi-vitamins
• Providing essential nutrients for metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrates simultaneously in small intestines.
• Synergetic actions of nutrients improve milk yield , reproduction, and decreases incidences of metabolic disorders
Per kg product BergaPlus –D Normal SFA
Fat 920 g 1000 g
Protein > 12 g 0
β-carotene > 250 mg 0
Vitamin E > 500 IU 0
NEL 6.2 Mcal 6.2-6.3 Mcal
Nutrients from supplemented B’Plus –D and T 300
Multiparous Cows
33.78
37.38
30
32
34
36
38
40
Bergaplus D Rumen Bypass Fat
Milk
Yie
ld (
kg
/da
y)
Milk yields of Chinese dairy cows fed Bergaplus D and competition fa powder 2007)
Transition (21 days) Early lactation (first 90 days)
Cows No. 26 26
Fat powder 125 g/day 350 g/day
Bergaplus D 125 g/day 350 g/day
+10.6%
Transition (21 days )
Early lactation (the first 30 days)
Heifer no. 26 26
Competition fat powder 0 g/day 250 g/day
Bergaplus D 125 g/day 250 g/day
Primiparous cows
30.3
32.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
Bergaplus D Control
Milk
Yie
ld (
kg/d
ay)
+5.6%
Chinese dairy heifers fed Bergaplus Dand competition fat powder (2007)
1st AI of Chinese Hosltein cows fed with or without Bergaplus D (2007)
Control Bergaplus D
Initial date 13 Feb 2007
Final date 31 May 2007
Cow numbers 22 21
Dose during transition (21 days) 0 125 g/day
Dose during early lactation (first 90 days) 0 250 g/day
40.91
85.71
10
30
50
70
90
Bergaplus D Control
Interval days between calving and 1st AI (d)
<45d 46 ~ 60d 60 ~ 75d >75d No-estrous
Cow no.s ( %), control 2 (9.09%) 3 (13.64%) 3 (13.64%) 1 (4.55%) 13 (59.09%)
Cows No. (%), Bergaplus D 1 (4.76%) 4 (19.04%) 13 (61.90%) 0 (0%) 3 (14.29%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
<45 46~60 60~75 >75
Interval days between the calving and 1st AI (d)
Co
ws
ControlBergaplus D
Interval days between calving and 1st AI of dairy cows fed with or without Bergaplus D (2007)
Dairy farms and herds BergaPlus –D Normal Fat Powder
Long calving interval, low conception, unobvious estrous reproductive disorders
Frequently observed
Less often observed
Metabolic disorders , ketosis , high somatic cell count , placental retention, milk fever, metritis , mastitis
Frequently observed
Less often observed
DMI, milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content
All to be increased
--
DMI, milk yield, milk fat content -- To be increased
Targets of supplementing B’Plus –D and T 300
Feeding 250 g /day during 1st 120 days of lactation
BergaPlus –D SFA
Daily milk yields Increase 1.5 - 2.5 kg Increase 1.0 - 2.0 kg
Milk yield of whole lactation Increase 350 - 600 kg Increase 200 - 500 kg
Milk fat percent Increase 0.15 - 0.30 Increase 0.10 - 0.20
Milk protein percent Increase 0.05 - 0.15 No change /slight increase
Somatic cell nos. Significant deduction Deduction
Conception rate in 120 days after calving
Significant increase Increase
calving interval days Shorten by > 10 days Shorten by > 5 days
Metabolic disorder Significant decrease Decrease
Benefits from feeding Bergaplus D & Bergafat T 300
Middle lactation
-21 0 120 240
Transition Early and peak Lactation
Recommendations
Dose (g/day) Transition Early & peak lactation Middle Lactation
Bergaplus D 100-150 200-500 --
Normal Fat Powder
-- -- 200-500
Dry period
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