Appendicular Skeleton
• 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet
Types of bones
• Long, short, flat and irregular
Long bones
• Femur
Short bones
• Wrist and ankles
• More than half of short bones are in hand and feet
Flat bones
• Ribs, skull
Irregular bones
• Vertebrae – shape that does not fit into any of the other three categories
Cartilage
• Strong, Flexible connective tissue
• Line surfaces of the joints and enable them to move smoothly, cushion adjoining vertebrae and support nose and ears
• Baby’s skeleton is mostly cartilage but through ossification the cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage
Joints
• Ball and socket
• Allows the widest range of movement; backward, forward, sideways, and in a circle
• Shoulder and Hip
Joints
• Pivot Joint – bony projection allows rotation
• First two vertebrae in neck
Joints
• Ellipsoidal Joint – Like the one in you wrist
• Overall part fits into a curved space
• Allows all types of movement except pivitol
Joints
• Hinge Joint – Allows bending and straightening as the fingers. The knee and elbow are hinge joints
Care of the skeletal system
• Nutrition and exercise affect eh health of skeletal system
• Milk (vitamin D) helps build bones
• Peas, beans, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli and whole grains
• Weight Bering exercises help bones stay strong
Problems of the Skeletal system
Fractures
Two categories
simple (closed)-the broken bone does not protrude, or stick out, through the skin
Compound- (open) – One or both bone ends project through the skin
Fractures
• Fractures also classified according to the shape or pattern of the break
3 classifications
• Hairline Fracture –
• Transverse -
• Comminuted Fracture -
Fractures
• Hairline – Fracture is incomplete and the ends of the bones do not separate
Fractures
• Transverse Fracture – The fracture is completely across the bone
• May result from a sharp blow or stress by prolonged running
Transverse Fracture
Fractures
• Comminuted Fracture – The bone shatters into more than two pieces, usually from severe force like auto accident
Osteoporosis
• Bone density decreases causing bones to become brittle and easily fractured
• Women especially vulnerable to this after menopause
• No longer producing estrogen to help maintain bone mass
Scoliosis
• Lateral side to side curvature of the spine
Injuries to the Joints
• Dislocation – bone slips from its normal position at a joint
• Usually accompanied by tearing of joint ligament
• Do not attempt to replace bone
Dislocation
Torn Cartilage
• Can result from sharp blow or sever twisting of a joint
• Arthroscopic surgery
Bunion
• Painful swelling of the bursa in the first jint of the big toe
• Caused by wearing tight shoes
Bursitis
• Bursa in a joint becomes inflamed
• Common in the shoulder and knee joints
• Usually the result of pressure, friction or slight injury to the membrane around the joint
Arthritis
• Inflammation of a joint with pain, swelling and stiffness and redness
• Most common type is Osteoarthritis – results from wear and tear on the joint and most commonly troubles older adults
Repetitive Motion Injuries
• Carpal Tunnel – Caused by prolonged repetitive motion
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