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Chapter 1
Environmental Problems,Their Causes, andSustainability
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Figure 1-2
Earths Life Support System Human Culturesphere
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The goals of environmental science How nature works.
How the nv ronm ntaffects us.
How we affect the environment.
How we can live more sustainably withoutdegrading our life-support system.
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Fig. 1-1, p. 6
Industrial
Revolution
?
Agricultural revolutionHunting and
Gathering
Time
Black Death
the Plague
The Population Dilemma exponential growth
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The Rule of 70
Doubling Time (t) = 70 / Growth Rate (r)
Ex Problem: In 2006 the population grewby 1.23 %. It this rate would continue theworlds population will double in how manyyears and in what year?
Akey: double 57 years. Year 2063.
Practice rule of 70 WS
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Fig. 1-3, p. 8
Sound Science
A Path toSustainabilityIndividuals
MatterTrade-OffsSolutionsNaturalCapital
DegradationNatural Capital
Sustainability: The Integrative Theme
Living sustainably - satisfying peoples needsof thepresent, without depleting natural resources to meet theneeds of future generations
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Video Sustainability
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+=NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES
NATURAL CAPITAL NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES
Air Air purification
Water purification
Water storage
Soil renewal
Nutrient recycling
Food productionConservation ofbiodiversity
Wildlife habitat
Grassland andforest renewal
Waste treatment
Climate control
Population control(species interactions
Pest Control
NATURAL
CAPITAL
= +
Water
Soil
Land
Nonrenewableminerals(iron, sand)
Life (Biodiversity)
Renewable energysun, wind, waterflows
Nonrenewableenergy (fossil fuels,nuclear power)
RESOURCES SERVICES
Environmentally Sustainable Societies
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Percentage of World's
Population
Developing countriesDeveloped countries
Pollution
and waste
Resource
use
Wealth andIncome
Population
Growth
18
82
0.1
1.5
85
15
12
75
25
88
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IncreasingLevel ofPoverty
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GDP: Gross Domestic Product - the annual marketvalue of all goods and services produced by allfirms/organizations operating within a country.
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TYPES OF RESOURCES Perpetual:Onahumantimescalearecontinuous.
Ex:SunandWind
Renewable:Onahumantimescalecanbe
replenishedrapidly(e.g.hourstoseveraldecades). Ex:Plants,trees,animals,water,aluminumetc.
Nonrenewable:Onahumantimescaleareinfixedsupply.
Ex:FossilFuelsetc.
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Nonrenewable Resources
Exist as fixed quantity Recycling reusing extendssupply
Figure 1-8
T d f h C
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Tragedy of the Commons
1968 Book by Garrett Hardin
Renewable resources that are freelyavailable to everyone can be degraded.
If I dont use it someone else will.
Website Article about the Tragedy of the commons:
http://www.planetseed.com/node/15246
http://www.planetseed.com/node/15246http://www.planetseed.com/files/flash/science/features/earth/climate/en/toc/index.htm?width=750&height=580&popup=truehttp://www.planetseed.com/node/152467/27/2019 Apes Chapt 1
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Numberof
Earths
Earths
EcologicalCapacity
Year
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Total Footprint (million hectares) and
Share of Global Ecological Capacity (%)
United States2,810 (25%)
European Union
2,160 (19%)
China2,050 (18%)
India 780 (7%)
Japan 540 (5%)
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Footprint Per Person
(hectares per person)
United States 9.7
4.7European Union
1.6China
India
Japan
0.8
4.8
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POLLUTIONWater
Air
Indoor Air Thermal
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Environmental ProblemsCauses and Connections Major Causes
Population growth Should know world population is about 7.0 Billion US Population is about 300,000,000
Wasteful resource use Poverty Poor environmental accounting Ecological ignorance
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Depletion ofnonrenewables
SOLAR
CAPITAL
Human CapitalHuman
Economic
and
Cultural
Systems
Pollution and waste
Degradation ofrenewables
Heat
Goods and services
Natural Capital
EARTH
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Causes of Environmental Problems
IgnoranceEnvironmentalcosts not includedPoverty
Unsustainable
resource use
Population
growth
Natural capital degradation
Of these five, which is the number one problem?
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Poverty and Environmental Problems
1 of 3 children under 5,suffer from severemalnutrition.
Why should we care?
Figure 1-12 and 1-13
N b f lL k f
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Fig. 1-12, p. 18
1.1 billion (17%)
1.1 billion (17%)
1.1 billion (17%)
Enough food
for good health
Adequate
health care
Clean drinking
Water
Enough fuel for
heating and
cooking
Electricity
Adequate
Sanitation
Number of people
(% of world's population)
Lack of
access to
1.6 billion (25%)
2 billion (31%)
2.4 billion (37%)
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Consumption Environmental Problems Underconsumption: Consumption
of less than is produced. Issues?Overconsumption: resource-use
has outpaced the sustainablecapacity of the ecosystemAffluenza: Affluent/wealthyconsumersoverconsumptionofmaterialsatanunsustainablelevel.
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Fig. 1-14, p. 20
Developing Countries
Population (P) Consumptionper person(affluence, A)
Technologicalimpact per unit ofconsumption (T)
Environmentalimpact ofpopulation (I)
Developed Countries
Connections between problems and causes
The 3 Factor Model
Trade-Offs
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Fig. 1-15, p. 21
Trade-Offs
Industrial-Medical Revolution
Advantages DIsadvantages
Mass production of useful
and affordable products
Higher standard of living
for many
Greatly increasedagricultural production
Lower infant mortality
Longer life expectancy
Increased urbanization
Lower rate of
population growth
Increased air pollution
Increased waste pollution
Soil depletion and
degradation
Groundwater depletion
Habitat destruction and
degradation
Biodiversity depletion
Increased water pollution
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SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENTALWORLDVIEWS
Technological optimists: Over state the situation
Ex: Dont Worry Be Happy
Environmental pessimists: Over state the problems to the point where everysituation is hopeless.
Are you one of these two?
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How Would You Vote? Is our society on an unsustainable path?
If it is or isnt, how would you know it?
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Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability(Learning From Nature) Reliance on Solar Energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling
Figure 1-16
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Fig. 1-16, p. 24
Reliance on
Solar Energy
Population ControlNutrient Recycling
Biodiversity
Four Principles of Sustainability
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ldo Leopolds Land Ethic the individual is a member of acommunity of interdependent parts that land is to be loved andrespected is an extension of ethics. We abuse land because we regardit as a commodity belonging to us
Figure 1-A
W ld Vi Y V l / Ethi
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World Views: Your Values / Ethics
Planetary Management World View
Nature exists mainly to meet our needs and desires. We can use our ingenuity and technology to
manage the Earths life support system.
Stewardship World View Manage the Earth for our benefit
Ethical responsibility or STEWARDS of the Earth
Environmental Wisdom World View We are part of and totally dependent on nature
Nature exists for all species, not just for us.
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Fig. 1-18, p. 25
Shiftsneededto
bringaboutsustainable
revolution
Vid Th St f St ff
http://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.movhttp://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.mov7/27/2019 Apes Chapt 1
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Video: The Story of Stuff
http://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.movhttp://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.movTop Related