Download - AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

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Page 1: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V

Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health

Page 3: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: The Basics

Stress The process by which we perceive & respond

to certain events (known as stressors) that we appraise as threatening and/or challenging Stress is not…

A simple stimulus or responseNecessarily a negative thing

Page 4: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: The Basics

Two major classifications of stress… Acute Stressors

Relatively short in duration with a clear endpoint An encounter with a belligerent customer A major exam An impending natural disaster

Chronic Stressors Relatively long in duration with no apparent

endpoint Persistent financial strains A sick family member A hostile boss

Page 5: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

PART TWO

Stress & Health: Types of Stress

Page 6: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Types of Stress

Frustration (Daily Hassles) Occurs in any situation in which a hassle or

annoyance is present Insignificant (in terms of stress)

TrafficBroken air conditioner Aggravating people

Significant (in terms of stress)Failure and/or loss

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Stress & Health: Types of Stress

Conflict Occurs when two (or more) incompatible motivations

or behavioral impulses compete for expression Approach-Approach Conflict

A choice must be made between two attractive goals

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict A choice must be made between two unattractive goals

• 100 Multiple Choice Questions OR 5 Short Answer Essays

Approach-Avoidance Conflict A choice must be made about whether to pursue a

single goal that has both attractive & unattractive aspects

Page 8: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Types of Stress

Significant Life Changes Any significant alteration to one’s

circumstances that require readjustment Going off to college Marriage or divorce Death of loved one Loss of job

Page 9: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Types of Stress

Catastrophes Events causing great and often sudden damage

or suffering War/Conflicts Natural disasters (floods, hurricanes, fires)

Prevalence of PTSD following disasters

Bombing 34%

Plane crash into hotel

29%

Mass shooting 28%

Rates of Acute Stress Disorder

Typhoon 7%

Industrial accident 6%

Mass shooting 33%

Violent assault 19%

Page 11: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Response to Stress

“Fight or flight” – How the body responds

Sympathetic nervous system Heart rate and respiration increases Digestion slows Release of sugars

Adrenal glands Excrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Outer part of adrenal glands Secrete glucocorticoids – stress hormones

Page 12: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Physiological Response to Stress

Heart disease Specifically coronary heart disease (90% of heart related deaths)

Increase heart rate Higher levels of stress hormones Higher blood pressure

Increased respiration can cause asthma attacks or hyperventilation

Muscle tension can lead to tension-type headaches or migraines

Reproduction Testosterone production, sperm production and maturation Absent or irregular menstrual cycles (or changes in length) Premenstrual symptoms become worsened – cramping, bloating,

etc.

Page 13: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Response to Stress

Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Body’s adaptive response to stress is as general as an alarm sounding

Consists of three separate stages: Alarm reaction – activation of sympathetic nervous system

Resistance – coping with stressor; resistance can only last so long

Exhaustion – reserves depleted; vulnerable to collapse or illness

Page 14: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Coping with Stress

Emotional Responses Dependent on the stimulus (and one’s personality)

Common responses to stress typically occur along three dimensions of emotion (1) Annoyance, frustration, anger, rage (2) Apprehension, embarrassment, anxiety, fear (3) Dejection, depression, sadness, grief

Emotion-focused coping Trying to reduce negative emotional responses

Praying, eating, drugs/alcohol, disclosure Used when we cannot change situation

…or when we believe we cannot change situation

Page 15: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Coping with Stress

Problem-focused coping Addressing stressors directly Used when we feel a sense of control over a

situation We believe we can change the circumstances

or change ourselves to alleviate the stress

Example: You have a disagreement with a friend and

confront the individual directly to discuss the issue How would emotion-focused be different in this

case?

Page 16: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress and Health: Coping Strategies

Planning, information seeking

Seeking social support

Turning to religion

“Venting” of emotions

Distraction

Humor

Adjusting expectations

Staying busy to take your mind off an issue

Time-management

Journaling

Taking control

Evaluating pros and cons

Relaxation, meditation

Problem-focused OR Emotion-focused Coping Strategies

(Does this help me solve the problem?)

Page 17: AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT V Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health.

Stress & Health: Coping with Stress

Constructive CopingHealthy efforts to deal with stressful

events How?

Realistic appraisal of the stress & coping resources

Learning to recognize, and in some cases regulate, potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress

Direct confrontation of the problem

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Stress & Health: Effects of Stress

Psychological Effects Burnout

Physical & emotional exhaustion, as well as cynicism and a lowered sense of self-efficacy Generally brought on by work-related stress

Psychological problems & disorders Poor academic performance, sleep disturbances,

sexual difficulties, alcohol & drug abuse, etc.

Positive effects? Resilience

Successful adaptation to significant stress & trauma

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Stress & Health: Behavior Pattern

(Friedman and Rosenman)

Type A General Characteristics

Competitive, self-critical, supermotivated Time-conscious & impatient Anger & hostility Easily annoyed; tend to overreact

In life… Tend to be workaholics Often successful, but frequently unsatisfied Find it very difficult to relax/to do nothing

More prone to..? High blood pressure and heart disease