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FishXing 3.0Modeling Fish Capabilities and Culvert Hydraulics for the Assessment and Design of Stream Crossings
Project TeamMichael FurnissMichael LoveSusan Firor, P.E.Antonio Llanos, P.E.Kathleen MoynanJeff Guntle
Michael Love and Antonio LlanosMichael Love & Associates, Eureka CA
Stream Crossing Barriers are Common
Crossings assessed on fish bearing streams:
66% (246)
5 Counties Northern California
60% (312)
CalTrans District 1 NW California
53%(47)
Trans Labrador Highway (Canada)
75%(1,119)
Tongass National Forest (Alaska)
68%(5,157)
Oregon & Washington (Federal Lands)
Blockages(n)
Location
n = number of culverts assessed
Oregon
Washington
Federal Lands in OR & WA
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Sites needingassessment
Fish Passage Assessment Tool Needed
from CalFish Database
19,408 potential blockages on fish bearing streams
Barriers to Fish Passage
1.Excess drop at culvert outlet2.Insufficient pool depth for leaping3.Insufficient water depth in culvert4.Excessive water velocity and culvert length
Common culvert blockages to fish passage:
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9%
73%
Flows Meeting Passage Criteria
Passage Conditions Change with Flow
18%
Insufficient Water Depth
Qhp
Qlp
Excessive Water Velocities
Software and Learning Systems for fish passage through culvertsFishXing
Our Sponsors: FishXing Software combines culvert hydraulics and fish locomotion
• An assessment tool providing quantitative objective results of fish passage conditions verses flow.
• A design tool for both “hydraulic” and “stream simulation” design approaches.
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Culvert InputsFish Information Culvert Information
Hydrology InformationTailwater Information
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A Longitudinal Profile is used to define key elevations and slopes:
• Survey with level and tripod• Generally need only 5 points
Channel Survey
Slope (+)
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Tailwater Depth changes with flow affecting passage conditions:
Tailwater ControlCross-Section
Culvert
OutletPool
Tailwater Control
Available Culvert Shapes
Low and High Profile Archesand Metal Box Culverts
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Embedded Culverts
Stream Simulation Designs
• Depth Embedded• Roughness of bed material
Embedded 3 feetEmbedded 3 feetn = 0.040n = 0.040
Composite Roughness
( ) ( ) 32
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5122
5111
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛++
=PP
nPnPn
..
composite
Culvert Hydraulics
FishXing predicts the hydraulic environment encountered by the fish.
And approximates velocities and depths in locations of Rapidly Varied Flow
dy/dx = (So – Sf)/(1-Fr2)For Gradually Varied Flow
• Inlet Contraction Velocities• Hydraulic Jumps• Free Surface Outlets• Plunging Flow
The model assumes:One-Dimensional, Steady-State, Non-Uniform Flow
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eentrancencontractio KVV += 1
Culvert Hydraulics
Inlet Contraction VelocityInlet Zone
(Length = 2– 3 ft)
Culvert Hydraulics
Identifies Location of Hydraulic Jumps
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Culvert Hydraulics
Free Surface Outlet
Plunging Flow Calculations• Based on Projectile Physics• Water Follows Parabolic Path• Neglects Frictional Effects
• Estimates velocities and depths in rapidly varying flow
• Improves prediction of water’s Exit Angle for Plunging Flow
Outlet Zone
Occupied Velocities
Velocity (ft/s)
Trout sized fish
Define Reduction Factors forInlet, Barrel, and Outlet Zones
AverageVelocity
OccupiedVelocity
ReductionFactor
= 3.1 ft/s
= 1.5 ft/s
= = 0.51.53.1
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Fish Swimming
Swim speeds:
• Sustained - Maintained Indefinitely• Prolonged –Maintained for 20 sec to 200 min• Burst – Highest speeds, usually maintained < 20 sec
Select Prolonged and Burst swim speeds (67 species and 229 records) obtained from peer-reviewed scientific literature
Fish Performance Database
Common Dace
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Total Swim Time in Burst
Time to Exhaustion>
Yes
Water Velocity
Prolonged Capability>
Swim at Burst Speed
Barrier(Exhausted Burst)
Yes
Swimming Calculations
Swimming Algorithm (simplified)
Fish Leaping
(1) Calculate Leap Velocityneeded for horizontal landing
(2) Is Leap Velocitywithin fish’s abilities?
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Hydraulic Criteria Option
State and Federal Fish Passage Guidelinesuse established hydraulic criteria
Max Water Velocity
Min Water DepthMax Outlet Drop
Swimming Model
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Application: Large Area Assessment
Use Project Summary to:
• Rank inventoried sites or
• Compare alternative designs.
Assessment Results for Lake Earl Watershed
Percent of Migration Flow Meeting Passage Criteria
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Application: Stream Simulation Design
Culvert is wider than adjacent channel with a natural bottom.
Hydraulic variables used in stream simulation design:
• Wetted width • Shear Stress• Darcy Friction Factor
• Energy Dissipation Factor • Stream Power • Composite Roughness
The User Manual
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Limitations and Future Improvements
Fish LocomotionCulvert Hydraulics• Culvert Manning’s
n-values at fish flows
• Inlet loss coefficients for fish flows
• Velocity distribution within the culvert
• Deterministic model for individual fish
• Distribution of swimming abilities for a population
• Behavioral factors
FishXing Team working with R&D• Incorporating latest research into
User Manual and on-line library
• Incorporating results from Skookumchuck culvert test bed
• Working with USGS Conte Lab to improve swimming model
Flow
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lock
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FishXing is free and available on the web at:
www.stream.fs.fed.us/fishxing(version 3Beta now available)
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