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Page 1: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS

You are here

Egypt

Mesopotamia

INDIA

CHINA

Page 2: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

Early India & GeographyEarly Indian civilizations developed in the Indus

River valley

India is separated from the rest of Asia by two major mountain ranges– Himalayas– Hindu Kush

Himalayas

Hindu Kush

Indian subcontinent

Page 3: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

Invaders can only enter the Indian subcontinent by water or through a small number of mountain passes

Himalayas

Hindu Kush

Indian subcontinent

Khyber Passmost well-known

mountain pass

Khyber Pass

Page 4: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

Plains stretch south from the mountainsThere are three major rivers on these plains– Indus– Ganges– Brahmaputra

Indus River Ganges

River

Brahmaputra River

Early India & Geography

Page 5: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

• Two seasonal winds called Monsoons affect the climate– Winter or Northeast

(November to March)• Brings dry air from

mountains– Summer or Southwest

(June to September)• Brings wet air from

the ocean

Early India & Geography

Page 6: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONHarappan civilization

reached its zenith about 2500 B.C.E.

Most important advancement of the Harappan people was the development of planned cities– Cities were laid out in a

grid pattern

Page 7: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

ARRIVAL of the ARYANSAbout 1500 B.C. a

group of peoples called Aryans invaded the Indus River valley thru the Kyber Pass

ARYANS

Page 8: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

∆ Nomads at first, settled down into agriculture in Indus Valley

∆ each tribe led by a Rajah (chief)∆ Cattle served as basis of diet, eventually used as

money∆ spoke Sanskrit language∆ wrote the Vedas– means “Books of Knowledge”– formed basis of the Aryan religion that would become

Hinduism

ARRIVAL of the ARYANS

Page 9: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

Society developed into the “Caste System”oLaw of Manu

laws that governed caste systemo4 Varnas (social classes) developedoEach Varna had its own duties

called DharmaoVarnas were subdivided into smaller Jati

5th group developed = Dalitso“broken people”

ARRIVAL of the ARYANS

Page 10: ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATIONS You are here Egypt Mesopotamia INDIA CHINA.

OutcastsHarijan (“Children of God”)Chandalas (“Impure Ones”)•Too low to be in the caste system•Considered “impure” from birth•Perform jobs that are traditionally considered “unclean”

Scavengers, clean toilets and sewers, handle dead bodies

Originally -could not enter villages/city during the day-could not walk in same street with other

castes-shadow was considered impure-very sight of them was a bad omen-generally lived on outskirts of villages/cities-unknown/uncared for

MOVEMENT THROUGH CASTE SYSTEM COULD

ONLY BE ACHIEVED THROUGH

REINCARNATION

UNTOUCHABLES

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CASTE SYSTEM

Varnas

Groups outside

the Varnas

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Mauryan Empire321 BC - 184 BC

Chandragupta Maurya• Unified India• Skilled administrator• Developed efficient postal system

Ashokagrandson of Chandraguptabuilt an empire that covered 2/3 of India

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262 BC – Ashoka converted Buddhismafter battle saddened by loss of lifenever again went to warruled by moralityCarved laws on poles and put throughout Indiafollowed “Ahimsa”

non-violencebegan building hospitals, schools, sent out Buddhist

missionariesbuilt road with “Rest Stops” for travelers

Mauryan Empire321 BC - 184 BC

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Gupta Empire 310 ad – 415 ad

“Golden Age” of IndiaEducation, Arts

Folktales & Drama:• Panchantantra– folktales to teach moral lessons through stories of animals

• Kalidasa, wrote Shakuntala –about the love between a king and forest maiden

Mathematics:• principles leading to algebra• Invented concepts of infinity and zero• devised symbols for 1-9 (“Arabic Numerals”)

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Gupta Empire 310 ad – 415 ad

“Golden Age” of IndiaAstronomy:Geography

earth is roundTrade:• Arabia – gems, spices, cotton, ebony• China – silk• Rome – gold

built many Hindu temples