Languages
Pages
Legal
China Today
Chinese Ethnic GroupsHan Chinese -
91
Other 55 ethnic groups- 9
Miao Mongols
Tibetan
Hui
Manchu
Yao
Geography and Early China
The Big IdeaChinese civilization began with the Shang dynasty
along the Huang He
Main Ideasbull Chinarsquos physical geography made farming
possible but travel and communication difficultbull Civilization began in China along the Huang He
and Chang Jiang riversbull Chinarsquos first dynasties helped Chinese society
develop and made many other achievements
Varied Landscape bull China covers an area of almost 4 million square
milesbull The Gobi desert lies in the northbull Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the
worldrsquos largest farming areasbull Mountain ranges lie in the west including the
Plateau of Tibet and the Qinling Shandi There was limited contact between people in the east and west
bull The weather and temperature vary from cold and dry to wet and humid and monsoons can bring up to 250 inches of rain each year
Physical Geography
The 4 Old-World River Valley
Cultures
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Chinese Ethnic GroupsHan Chinese -
91
Other 55 ethnic groups- 9
Miao Mongols
Tibetan
Hui
Manchu
Yao
Geography and Early China
The Big IdeaChinese civilization began with the Shang dynasty
along the Huang He
Main Ideasbull Chinarsquos physical geography made farming
possible but travel and communication difficultbull Civilization began in China along the Huang He
and Chang Jiang riversbull Chinarsquos first dynasties helped Chinese society
develop and made many other achievements
Varied Landscape bull China covers an area of almost 4 million square
milesbull The Gobi desert lies in the northbull Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the
worldrsquos largest farming areasbull Mountain ranges lie in the west including the
Plateau of Tibet and the Qinling Shandi There was limited contact between people in the east and west
bull The weather and temperature vary from cold and dry to wet and humid and monsoons can bring up to 250 inches of rain each year
Physical Geography
The 4 Old-World River Valley
Cultures
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Other 55 ethnic groups- 9
Miao Mongols
Tibetan
Hui
Manchu
Yao
Geography and Early China
The Big IdeaChinese civilization began with the Shang dynasty
along the Huang He
Main Ideasbull Chinarsquos physical geography made farming
possible but travel and communication difficultbull Civilization began in China along the Huang He
and Chang Jiang riversbull Chinarsquos first dynasties helped Chinese society
develop and made many other achievements
Varied Landscape bull China covers an area of almost 4 million square
milesbull The Gobi desert lies in the northbull Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the
worldrsquos largest farming areasbull Mountain ranges lie in the west including the
Plateau of Tibet and the Qinling Shandi There was limited contact between people in the east and west
bull The weather and temperature vary from cold and dry to wet and humid and monsoons can bring up to 250 inches of rain each year
Physical Geography
The 4 Old-World River Valley
Cultures
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Geography and Early China
The Big IdeaChinese civilization began with the Shang dynasty
along the Huang He
Main Ideasbull Chinarsquos physical geography made farming
possible but travel and communication difficultbull Civilization began in China along the Huang He
and Chang Jiang riversbull Chinarsquos first dynasties helped Chinese society
develop and made many other achievements
Varied Landscape bull China covers an area of almost 4 million square
milesbull The Gobi desert lies in the northbull Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the
worldrsquos largest farming areasbull Mountain ranges lie in the west including the
Plateau of Tibet and the Qinling Shandi There was limited contact between people in the east and west
bull The weather and temperature vary from cold and dry to wet and humid and monsoons can bring up to 250 inches of rain each year
Physical Geography
The 4 Old-World River Valley
Cultures
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Varied Landscape bull China covers an area of almost 4 million square
milesbull The Gobi desert lies in the northbull Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the
worldrsquos largest farming areasbull Mountain ranges lie in the west including the
Plateau of Tibet and the Qinling Shandi There was limited contact between people in the east and west
bull The weather and temperature vary from cold and dry to wet and humid and monsoons can bring up to 250 inches of rain each year
Physical Geography
The 4 Old-World River Valley
Cultures
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The 4 Old-World River Valley
Cultures
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
ldquoPeking Manrdquo (750000 ndash 500000 BCE)
Sinanthropuspekinesis
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Huang Hebull Also called the Yellow
Riverbull Nearly 3000 miles long
across northern Chinabull Often floods and has been
referred to as ldquoChinarsquos sorrowrdquo because of the destruction
Chang Jiangbull The longest river in Asia
also called the Yangzi Riverbull Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
Two Rivers of China
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Yellow River Civilization
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Farming
Early Settlements
bull Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang Jiang and Huang He (Yellow) rivers
bull Along with farming the Chinese people hunted fished and domesticated animals
bull Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities
bull Separate cultures developed in the north and the south Over time people learned to dig wells and use potterrsquos wheels
bull Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order
Civilization Begins
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to
2000 BCE
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Pan-Gu Mythical Creator of the
Universe
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
ldquoChung Kuordquo(The ldquoMiddle Kingdomrdquo)
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Ancient China History Highlights
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
China was made up of many kingdoms which had many different dynasties
The three major Ancient dynasties were the Zhou Qin and Han dynasties
Ancient China Begins a Series of Dynasties
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power
Lives of common people improved
taxes reducedfarming encouraged
Problems begin(extensive warsinvasions etc)
Taxes increasemen forced towork for army
Farming neglected
Govt increasesspending corruption
Droughtsfloods
famines occur
Poor looserespect for govtThey join rebels
amp attack landlords
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites themAttack the emperor
Emperor isdefeated
The emperorreforms the govtamp makes it more
efficient
Start here
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Xia Dynasty
Legendary Dynasty--No evidence found until 1959
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200 BC by Yu the Great
bull Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and created the major waterways of North China
bull Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the Xia dynasty are true
Xia Dynasty
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Yu the Great ndash Founder
of the Hsia (Xia)
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler
Taught the Chinese how to read and write according to legend
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Hsia Plaque 1700 BCE
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Bronze Age Empires
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Shang 1523-1028 BCE
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Shang Dynasty
Fooled You No Music
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull Established by 1500 BC the Shang was the first dynasty that there is clear evidence to support
bull The Shang reorganized the social order in China the top ranking was the royals then nobles warriors artisans farmers and slaves
bull Most citizens lived within the city wallsbull Many cultural advances were made including
Chinarsquos first writing system complex tools metal pots and ornaments
Shang Dynasty
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
1500-950 BC Earliest examples of written Chinese
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Sample text in Chinese
TranslationAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Sample of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Oracle Bones
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Oracle Bones Calendar
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Evolution of Chinese
Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Axe Scepter ndash 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger ndash 1028 BCE
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
ShangUrn
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Shang Bronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash bronze 13c BCE
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big IdeaConfucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal
with social and political problems in ancient China
Main Ideasbull The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declinedbull Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese
societybull Daoism and Legalism also gained followers
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull The Zhou people worked with other tribes to overthrow the Shang dynasty in the 1100s BC
bull Zhou leaders believed that their rulers were mandated by heaven and that heaven would find another leader when necessary
bull A new political order was established the king granted plots of land to lords who in turn provided soldiers and paid taxes to the king Poor farmers were granted land as well and remained under the rule of the lords
bull The lords helped Zhou rulers keep control of the dynasty
The Zhou Political System
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull As the lordsrsquo power grew they became uninterested in serving Zhou rulers Many refused to fight against Zhou enemies
bull In 771 BC the Zhou suffered a loss to invaders The dynasty survived but morale weakened and the Zhou began to fight among themselves
bull The Warring States Period marked power struggles between the ruling-class families
bull Problems within the government paralleled problems within large family systems which were breaking down Bonds of loyalty weakened within even small families and disorder fell upon China
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Analects
Leading by Example
Moral ValuesDisgusted with the rude and insensitive nature of the people around him Confucius pushed for a return to ethics or moral values
This code of ethics was passed down and written in a book These stories focused on morality family society and government
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth for the success of both family and government was leading by example Confucius believed that when people behaved well and acted morally they were carrying out what heaven expected of them
Confucianism
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
ConfuciusConfucianismbull Emperor known asldquoSon of Heavenrdquo bull Said to rule with the ldquoMandate of Heavenrdquo
bull Class of politicaladministrators toassist Emperor bull Trained in ritual and proper conduct
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Daoismbull Daoism comes from Dao
meaning ldquothe wayrdquobull Daoists believed that
people should avoid interfering with nature or each other
bull Laozi wrote The Way and Its Power a book teaching that power and wealth are unnecessary
Two Schools of ThoughtLegalismbull Legalism is the political
philosophy that people need to be controlled
bull It is unconcerned with religion or individual thought and prepared always for war
bull Legalists put their ideas into practice throughout China
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Lao Tzu (Old Master)
Created Taoism
Yin and Yang
ldquoStop thinking and end your problemsrdquo
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull Taoism is a sort of ldquonature mysticismrdquo
bull Taoists express joy and amazement over nature
bull They seek to identify with this nature which they call ldquoTaordquo
bull In Taoism the tao refers to the law of the universebull To Taoists the tao brings all things into existence and
governs them
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Yin and Yang
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Ritual Food Vessel bronze
11c BCE (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Ritual Wine Vessel ndash 4c
bronze silver gold copper
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Zhou Coins - bronze
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
ldquoTrsquoien MingrdquoThe Mandate of
Heaven1The leader must lead by ability
and virtue
2The dynastys leadership must be justified by succeeding generations
3The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse the will of the people was important
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Qin Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Qin dynasty unified China with a strong
government and a system of standardization
Main Ideasbull The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
governmentbull A unified China was created through Qin policies
and achievements
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
ldquoHuangdirdquo ndash Emperor The ldquoYellow
Emperorrdquo Legend has it that he ruled for over 100 years
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles ships armor pottery and silk-making
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull The Legalist Qin king Yin Zheng took the throne in 221 BC and gave himself the title Shi Huangdi which means ldquofirst emperorrdquo
bull He burned all books and writings that dealt with any practice other than Legalism
bull He created a strict government with harsh punishmentsbull He used his armies to expand the empire and ensured that
there would be no more revolts in the new territory bull He claimed all power and took land away from the lords
Commoners were forced to work on government building projects
bull China was divided into districts with their own governors
Shi Huangdi
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Politicsbull Shi Huangdi
took complete control of the land and the people
bull There was a strict chain of command
bull Taxes and building projects were introduced
Culturebull Shi Huangdi set
up a uniform system of law
bull Rules and punishment writing styles and money were consistent across China
Unified ChinaFinancebull Gold and copper
coins were standardized
bull Uniform weights and measures help standardize trade and other legal issues
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Water Systems
bull Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers
bull New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings
bull Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient
bull Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming
Qin Achievements
Building Projects
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull The Great Wall was built to protect the country from invasion
bull The Great Wall linked previously built walls across Chinarsquos northern frontier
bull The building of the wall required years of labor from hundreds of thousands of laborers
The Great Wall Of China
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull Many scholars peasants and nobles grew resentful of Shi Huangdirsquos harsh policies and complete control
bull Upon the death of Shi Huangdi the country began to unravel
bull Rebel groups fought among themselves and eventually the Qin capital was burned to the ground
bull With no authority present the country fell into civil war
The Fall of the Qin The Oppressed Rise Up
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Terracota Warriors
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Han Dynasty
The Big IdeaThe Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family art and learning
Main Ideasbull Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confuciusbull Family life was supported and strengthened in Han
Chinabull The Han made many achievements in art literature
and learning
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull Liu Bang a peasant fighting in a rebel army became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the mandate of heaven
bull He was the first emperor of the Han dynastybull Well liked by both warriors and peasants Liu
Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoplersquos immediate needs
bull Liu Bang lowered taxes gave large plots of land to supporters and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin
The Rise of a New Dynasty
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull In 140 BC Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countryrsquos focus back to a strong central government
bull Confucianism became the official government philosophy
bull Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles
Wudirsquos New Government
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
bull Upper Class The Emperor his court and his scholars
bull Second Class The peasants who made life work on a daily basis
bull Third Class The artisans who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods
bull Fourth Class The merchants who bought and sold what others made
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Social Classes and Wealth
bull Social rank did not reflect prosperity
bull Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity
bull A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor
Menbull Men were the
head of the household
bull Rulers had to obey their elders too it was a crime to disobey
bull Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders
Family LifeWomenbull Women were
taught to obey their husbands
bull Girls were not valued as highly as boys
bull Women could influence their sonsrsquo families
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Literature
The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life advanced figure painting and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars
Fu style combination of prose and poetryShi style short lines of verse that could be sung
The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls
Han Achievements
Invention of Paper
Art
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Seismograph
A device for telling time the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
This device measures the strength of an earthquake Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain This practice is still widely used today
Han Achievements
Acupuncture
Sundial
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Han Contacts with Other Cultures
The Big IdeaTrade routes led to the exchange of new products and
ideas among China Rome and other peoples
Main Ideasbull Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han
dynastybull Trade routes linked China with the Middle East and
Romebull Buddhism came to China from India and gained
many followers
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Farmingbull Iron plow could till more
land and raise more foodbull Wheelbarrow able to haul
more products
Technological Advances during the Han Dynasty
Manufacturingbull Iron swordsbull Iron armorbull Silk a soft light highly
valued fabric
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands so trade routes began opening up
bull Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi
bull Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for products in other lands
Trade Routes
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central Asia and then gave their goods to local traders
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles of difficult terrain
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than 4000 miles across Asiarsquos deserts and mountain ranges through the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Silk Roads
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
bull When the Han dynasty began to fail people looked to old religions to find answers but were disappointed
bull After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade routes many Chinese brought the teachings home to China
bull In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life both rich and poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha
bull The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of diffusion the spread of ideas from one culture to another
Buddhism Comes to China
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
China ReunifiesThe Big IdeaThe Period of Disunion was followed by reunification
by rulers of the Sui Tang and Song dynasties
Main Ideasbull The Period of Disunion was a time of war and
disorder that followed the end of the Han dynastybull China was reunified under the Sui Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes
in China
Chapter 14 China
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 1The Period of Disunion was a time of
war and disorder that followed the end of the Han dynasty
bull When the Han dynasty collapsed China split into several rival kingdoms
bull This was the Period of Disunion War was common during this period
bull Some peaceful developments did take placendash Nomadic people settled in northern China Some
Chinese adopted their culture while invaders sometimes adopted the Chinese culture
ndash In southern China people fleeing from the north shared their culture with the southern Chinese while adopting some of the southern Chinese culture
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 2 China was reunified under the Sui Tang and
Song dynasties
bull Sui dynastyndash Yang Jian finally ended the Period of Disunion by
unifying China and creating the Sui dynastyndash Leaders also began the Grand Canal linking
northern and southern Chinabull Tang dynasty
ndash This was the golden age of Chinese civilizationndash China grew to include much of Eastern Asia and
part of Central Asiandash After the Tang dynasty fell China became divided
againbull Song dynasty
ndash China was reunified
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Tang dynasty began when a former Sui official overthrew the old government and lasted for nearly 300 years
The Tang dynasty was viewed as the golden age of Chinese civilization Many lands were conquered the military was reformed and laws were created Culture also flourished
The Tang Dynasty
This dynasty included the only woman to rule China Empress Wu was sometimes vicious but she was also intelligent and talented
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 3 The Age of Buddhism saw major religious
changes in China
Buddhism was spreading quickly throughout the lands It first came to China during the Han dynasty
During the troubled time of the Period of Disunion many turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace
It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture Wealthy people donated money to build temples It also affected art literature and architecture
Buddhism came to an end there when the Tang emperor launched a campaign against it burning texts and destroying temples
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Tang and Song AchievementsThe Big IdeaThe Tang and Song dynasties were periods of
economic cultural and technological accomplishments
Main Ideasbull Advances in agriculture let to increased trade and
population growthbull Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynastiesbull The Tang and Song dynasties produced fine arts
and inventions
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
bull Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture They were expert farmers
bull In the north farmers grew wheat barley and other grains The south was ideal for growing rice
bull During the Song dynasty improvements were largely due to irrigation techniques
bull Farmers dug underground wells
bull A new kind of pump allowed one person to do the work of many
Main Idea 1Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and
population growth
bull The amount of land under cultivation increased and farmers learned to grow crops more efficiently
bull Farms were more productive and food was plentiful This led to population growth and increased trade
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 2Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song
dynasties
bull Chinarsquos capital city Changrsquoan was a bustling trade center
bull Trade grew along with the cities making China richer than ever before
bull The Grand Canal a series of waterways that linked major cities carried a huge amount of trade goods
bull During the Tang dynasty most foreign trade went over land routes to India Southwest Asia Korea and Japan
bull During the Song dynasty sea trade allowed China to open its Pacific ports to other countries
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 3 The Tang and Song dynasties
produced fine arts and inventions
bull The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of Chinarsquos greatest
bull Artists wrote poems painted sculpted in clay and made porcelain items
bull Some of the most important inventions were made during this time as well ndash Some of these influenced
events around the world
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Inventionsbull Woodblock printing was invented Entire pages
were carved into a block of wood covered with ink and pressed onto paper to create copies
bull Gunpowder and the compass were very important inventions of the Tang dynastyndash Gunpowder was used to make fireworks and
signalsndash The compass allowed sailors and merchants to
travel vast distancesbull The Song dynasty brought about the inventions
of movable type and paper money
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Confucianism and Government
The Big IdeaConfucian thought influenced the Song
government
Main Ideasbull Confucianism underwent changes and
influenced Chinese governmentbull Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government
during the Song dynasty
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 1Confucianism underwent changes and influenced
Chinese government
bull The dominant philosophy in China was Confucianism based on the teachings of Confucius
bull His teachings focused on proper behaviorbull Confucius taught that people should conduct
their lives according to two basic principlesndash One was ren or concern for othersndash The other was li or appropriate behavior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Neo-Confucianismbull After his death Confuciusrsquos
ideas were spread by his followers but as Buddhism became more popular Confucianism lost some influence
bull Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering
bull Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve Chinese government and society
bull It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters
bull Neo-Confucianism became more influential under the Song and became official government teaching after the Song dynasty
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 2 Scholar-officials ran Chinarsquos government during
the Song dynasty
bull The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government
bull These workers formed a large bureaucracy or a body of unelected government officials
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Civil Service Examinations
bull Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations
bull Civil service means service as a government official
bull These were a series of written examinations that tested studentsrsquo grasp of Confucianism and related ideas
bull The tests were difficult and students spent years preparing
bull Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official an educated member of government
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Scholar-Officials
bull Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics
bull They performed many important jobs in the governmentbull Benefits included being respected and having reduced
penalties for breaking the lawbull Many became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking
their aidbull This system helped the stability of the Song government
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Yuan and Ming DynastiesThe Big IdeaThe Chinese were ruled by foreigners during the
Yuan dynasty but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty
Main Ideasbull The Mongol Empire included China and the
Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynastybull The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and
prosperitybull China under the Ming saw great changes in its
government and relations with other countries
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 1The Mongol Empire included China and
the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty
bull Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest including China
bull By the time of his death all of northern China was under his control
bull Kublai Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire and completed the conquest of China
bull He declared himself emperor of China in 1279 which began the Yuan dynasty
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Yuan DynastyMongols Rule China
Kublai KhanGenghis Khan
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners who spoke a different language worshipped different gods and had different customs
bull Although Khan made sure to keep control of the Chinese he did not force them to accept Mongol ways of life
bull Some Mongols adopted Chinese culture
Yuan Dynasty bull Tax money went
for public-works projects that required the labor of many Chinese
bull Trade routes were kept safe by Mongol soldiers
bull The Yuan dynasty ended when a rebel army defeated the Mongols in 1368
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 2The Ming dynasty was a time of
stability and prosperity
bull Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols and started the Ming dynasty
bull During this dynasty the Chinese improved their ship and sailing skills thanks to the greatest sailor of the time Zheng He
bull Zheng He boasted about his country during his travels and brought back gifts
bull The Ming were known for their grand building projects
bull The Forbidden City in Beijing is one example of their skill Within some buildings were 9000 rooms
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Great Building Projects
bull The Ming were also known for their grand building projects such as the Forbidden City
bull It was a symbol of Chinarsquos glory and the common people were not allowed to enter
bull Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the Great Wall of China
bull This kept the Chinese people safer against northern invasions
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Main Idea 3 China under in Ming saw great changes
in its government and relations with other countries
bull The Ming emperors were powerful and abolished the offices of some powerful officials
bull The Ming appointed censors They were officials who would judge the behavior of local leaders and inspect the schools and other institutions
bull The Ming emperors tried to eliminate all foreign influences bull China entered a period of isolationism a policy of avoiding
contact with other countries bull Due to a lack of progress during this period China grew
weak The Western world had made huge technological progress and began to take power in some parts of China by the late 1800s
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Chinese Women in Lotus Shoes
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Photo of a Bound Foot
Manchu Warrior
Manchu Warrior
Top Related
Copyright © 2022 FDOCUMENTS