Anatomy & Anatomy & Physiology IIPhysiology IIUnit Three Unit Three
DigestionDigestion
The digestive tract is a tubular The digestive tract is a tubular passage that extends from the passage that extends from the lips of the mouth, through the lips of the mouth, through the body, and terminates with an body, and terminates with an anusanusThis system can be divided into This system can be divided into three regions:three regions: + oral cavity+ oral cavity + pharynx+ pharynx + alimentary canal+ alimentary canal
DigestionDigestion
The alimentary canal can be The alimentary canal can be further divided into four further divided into four segments:segments: + esophagus+ esophagus + stomach+ stomach + small intestine+ small intestine + large intestine+ large intestine
DigestionDigestion
Associated with the system are Associated with the system are four glands/organs that are four glands/organs that are located outside the tube, but located outside the tube, but secrete fluids into the system to secrete fluids into the system to aid in digestion:aid in digestion: + salivary glands+ salivary glands + liver+ liver + gall bladder+ gall bladder + pancreas+ pancreas
Digestive Digestive SystemSystem
DigestionDigestion
The function of the digestive The function of the digestive system is to mechanically & system is to mechanically & chemically breakdown food so chemically breakdown food so that nutrients can be obtained that nutrients can be obtained through absorption and energy through absorption and energy can be released can be released
DigestionDigestion
Mechanical digestion breaks the Mechanical digestion breaks the food into physically smaller food into physically smaller particles, while chemical digestion particles, while chemical digestion breaks macromolecules into breaks macromolecules into monomersmonomers
DigestionDigestion
The monomers and other The monomers and other nutrients are now small enough to nutrients are now small enough to be absorbed through the wall of be absorbed through the wall of the digestive tract and into the the digestive tract and into the bloodstream where they will be bloodstream where they will be distributed to body cells for distributed to body cells for energy needs and building energy needs and building materialsmaterials
Oral DigestionOral Digestion
TeethTeeth
TongueTongue
TonsilTonsil
UvulaUvulaHard Hard palatepalate
Soft Soft palatepalateOral structures Oral structures
involved in involved in mechanical mechanical digestion:digestion: * teeth* teeth * tongue* tongue * hard palate* hard palate * cheeks* cheeks
PulpPulp
GingivaGingiva
DentinDentin
EnamelEnamel
Oral DigestionOral Digestion
IncisorsIncisors
MolarsMolars
CaninesCanines
PremolarsPremolars
Oral DigestionOral Digestion
Sublingual Sublingual salivary glandsalivary gland
Submandibular Submandibular salivary glandsalivary gland
Parotid Parotid salivary salivary glandgland
Oral structures Oral structures involved in involved in chemical chemical digestion:digestion: * parotid * parotid salivary salivary glandsglands * * submandibular submandibular salivary salivary glandsglands * sublingual * sublingual salivary salivary glandsglands
Oral DigestionOral DigestionSoft Soft
palatepalate UvulaUvulaHard Hard palatepalate
PharynxPharynx
EpiglottisEpiglottis
GlottisGlottis
EsophagusEsophagus
TonsilsTonsils
Structures Structures involved in involved in swallowing:swallowing: * soft palate & * soft palate & uvulauvula * pharynx* pharynx * epiglottis* epiglottis * esophagus* esophagus
Oral DigestionOral Digestion
Deglutition Deglutition (swallowing)(swallowing)
Alimentary Canal HistologyAlimentary Canal Histology
SerosaSerosa
Muscularis Muscularis externa externa
(longitudinal (longitudinal muscle)muscle) Muscularis Muscularis
interna interna (circular (circular muscle)muscle)
SubmucosaSubmucosa
MucosaMucosa
Alimentary Canal Alimentary Canal MovementsMovements
PeristalPeristalsissis
SegmentaSegmentationtion
Alimentary Alimentary Canal Canal
MovementsMovements
Alimentary Alimentary CanalCanal
EsophagusEsophagus
DiaphragmDiaphragm
StomachStomach
StomachStomach
A aa
EsophagusEsophagusDiaphragmDiaphragmFundic Fundic regionregionCardiac Cardiac
regionregionBodyBody
Lesser Lesser curvaturecurvature
Greater Greater curvaturecurvature
RugaeRugaePyloric Pyloric antrumantrum
Pyloric Pyloric sphinctersphincter
Muscle Muscle layerslayers
Stomach WallStomach WallRugaeRugae
MucosaMucosaGastric Gastric
pitpit
SubmucosaSubmucosaGastric Gastric glandgland
SerosaSerosa
MuscularisMuscularislayerslayers
Stomach Stomach WallWall
Mucous Mucous cellcell
Parietal Parietal cellcell
Chief Chief cellcell
Cardiac or Cardiac or Pyloric GlandPyloric Gland
Gastric Gastric GlandGland
G cellG cell
Activation of PepsinActivation of Pepsin
Control of Gastric Control of Gastric SecretionSecretion
Control of Gastric Control of Gastric SecretionSecretion
Stomach DisordersStomach Disorders
Emesis - the forceful ejection Emesis - the forceful ejection of stomach or duodenal of stomach or duodenal contentscontentsBulimia – eating disorder in Bulimia – eating disorder in which emesis is induced so as which emesis is induced so as to rid the body of the food to rid the body of the food recently eatenrecently eaten
Stomach DisordersStomach Disorders
Peptic ulcers – erosion of the Peptic ulcers – erosion of the stomach lining caused by stomach lining caused by bacteria, aspirin, HCl or bacteria, aspirin, HCl or pepsinpepsin
Anorexia – eating disorder in Anorexia – eating disorder in which a person loses their which a person loses their appetite because they believe appetite because they believe they are fatthey are fat
Accessory Organ AnatomyAccessory Organ Anatomy
LiverLiver
AnteriorAnterior PosteriorPosterior
Gall Gall bladderbladder
Common Common hepatic hepatic
ductduct
Liver FunctionLiver Function
The liver carries out a number The liver carries out a number of functions:of functions: > degradation of toxins, > degradation of toxins, drugs, drugs, etc.etc. > cleaning bacteria and > cleaning bacteria and debris debris from the bloodfrom the blood > produces and secretes > produces and secretes plasma plasma proteinsproteins
Liver FunctionLiver Function
The liver carries out a number The liver carries out a number of functions that concern of functions that concern digestion:digestion: > process the monomers of > process the monomers of digestiondigestion > processes vitamins and > processes vitamins and ironiron > produces bile> produces bile
Accessory Organ AnatomyAccessory Organ Anatomy
Liver FunctionLiver Function
Cirrhosis of the liver is the Cirrhosis of the liver is the replacing of liver tissue with replacing of liver tissue with connective tissue, reducing the connective tissue, reducing the function of the liverfunction of the liver
Liver FunctionLiver Function
Cirrhosis can have several Cirrhosis can have several causes:causes: > viral (hepatitis)> viral (hepatitis) > drug abuse> drug abuse > trauma> trauma
Accessory Organ AnatomyAccessory Organ Anatomy
Hepatic ductsHepatic ductsCommon Common
hepatic ducthepatic duct
Gall bladderGall bladder
Cystic Cystic ductduct
Common bile Common bile ductduct
Pancreatic Pancreatic ductduct
PancreasPancreas
Hepatopancreatic Hepatopancreatic ductduct
Hepatopancreatic Hepatopancreatic sphinctersphincter
DuodenumDuodenum
Small Intestine AnatomySmall Intestine Anatomy
Small Intestine PhysiologySmall Intestine Physiology
Small Small Intestine Intestine
PhysiologyPhysiologyVillusVillus
MicrovilliMicrovilli(brush border)(brush border)
CapillariesCapillaries
LactealLacteal
Small Small Intestine Intestine
PhysiologyPhysiology
Large Intestine AnatomyLarge Intestine Anatomy
Large Intestine DisordersLarge Intestine Disorders
DiverticulitisDiverticulitis
DiarrheaDiarrhea
ConstipationConstipation
FlatulenceFlatulence
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