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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
Analog VTR Analog VTR
Aug.20.’07Aug.20.’07
JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION
Broadcast Master Control & Engineering DivisionBroadcast Master Control & Engineering Division
Broadcast Engineering DepartmentBroadcast Engineering Department
Shiho Shiho MorookaMorooka
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
AnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalog VTRVTRVTRVTRVTRVTRVTRVTR
1 History1 History2 Basic Mechanism2 Basic Mechanism3 βcam3 βcam
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History
11--1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR11--2 2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHKTypical types of VTRs used in NHKTypical types of VTRs used in NHKTypical types of VTRs used in NHK
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
2inch-4head
HiHi--Vision VTRVision VTR(((((((( CompositeComposite ))))))))
11111111--------1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR
(((((((( ComponentComponent))))))))
(1956)
Helical
1inch(1976)
D-2
(1987)
D-3
(1990)
D-5
(1993)
D-1
(1986)
βcam βcamSP Digital βcam
βcamSX
(1995)
HD D-5
(1996)
HDCAM HDCAM SR
Mpeg-IMX
(2000)
U matic
ConsumerConsumer--useuse
Digital VTRVTRVTRVTR
(1970)
βcam(1981)
βcamSP(1986)
MⅡⅡⅡⅡ(1986)
Digital βcam
(1993)
DVC
(1993)β(1975)
EDβ(1987)
VHS(1976)
S-VHS(1987)
8mm(1982)
Hi-8(1988)
DVCPRO
(1995)
HDCAM
(1998)
DVCPRO HD
(2000)
Digital VHS
(1999)
W-VHS (1993)
DVCAM
(1996)
DVCPRO HD-LP
(2002)
HDCAM SR
(2003)
DVCPRO50
(1998)
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
11111111--------2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK
D3VTR
HDD5VTR
βcamVTR
HDcamVTR
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism
22--1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording22--2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape22--3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan22--4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR22--4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR22--5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Head
22--6 Trouble Tape6 Trouble Tape22--7 Tracking7 Tracking
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
・・・・ An electric current in a coil of wire produces a magnetic field.
・・・・ Any change in the magnetic field around a coil of wire will cause a voltage to be
induced in the coil.
Current and Magnetic FieldCurrent and Magnetic Field
22222222--------1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording
Magnetic fieldMagnetic fieldMagnetic fieldMagnetic field
Electric currentElectric currentElectric currentElectric current
coil of wirecoil of wirecoil of wirecoil of wire
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RecordingRecording
The signal current through the core of the
head generates a magnetic field.
The magnetic field creates a remnant
magnetization on the tape.
22222222--------1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recordingsignal current
Remnant magnetization
the core of
the head magnetic field
tape
ReproducingReproducing
After remnant magnetization on the
recorded-tape pass into the core of the
head , the core of the head induce a
voltage(a current) that is proportional
to the remnant magnetization’s
strength.
Remnant magnetization
signal current
Remnant magnetization
the core of
the head magnetic field
tape
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
VTR HeadVTR Head
22222222--------2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape
Head Gap(Front Gap)
An Enlargement of Head Gap
Structure of a Typical Head Design
Azimuth Angle
An Enlargement of a Head
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Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape
22222222--------2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape
BinderMagnetic Powder
Analog VTR Tape
for Broadcasting
Magnetic Powder on the tape surfaceStructure of Magnetic Tape
Digital VTR Tape
for Broadcasting
Magnetic Layer
Back Coating
Under Layer
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
The Tape Speed ProblemThe Tape Speed Problem
22222222--------3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan
The audio signal requires a bandwidth of about 20Hz to 20 KHz.
The video signal requires ……… about 30Hz~~~~4.2MHz.(wider than audio)
• Speeding up the tape.The method of recording the video signal is Erase Head Record Head
Audio Player Mechanism
Moving the head past the tape (Helical-Scan)
The solution of the tape speed problem is……
• Speeding up the tape.
• Reducing the gap width .
But even with the minimum narrow a gap, a
tape speed of 2500 ~~~~3800cm/s was needed to
record full bandwidth video!
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan
The HelicalThe Helical--Scan PrincipleScan Principle
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan
AUDIO R/P HEAD
PINCH ROLLERDRUM
DRUM ROTATION
The HelicalThe Helical--Scan PrincipleScan Principle
VIDEO R/P HEAD
S-REEL
T-REEL
GUIDE POST
GUIDE POST CTL R/P HEAD
CAPSTANERASE HEAD
Physical Relationship between Heads and Tape
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR
βcam VTRβcam VTR
DrumAudio Head
Full Body Inside from Top
Supply Reel Take-Up Reel
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR
βcam VTRβcam VTR
Full Erase Head
CTL Head
Capstan
Audio/TC erase Head
Audio Conf. Head
Around Drum Around Audio Head
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR
βcam VTRβcam VTR
Inside from Right-SideInside from Top
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22222222--------5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head
(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)
(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)
βcam VTRβcam VTR
Disposition of Heads View (Upper)
(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec) (Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)
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Tape Recording PatternTape Recording Pattern
22222222--------5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head
←←Direction Of Tape Travel
Audio Track2222Audio Track1111
AnalogVTRVTRVTRVTR
CUECUECUECUE Track
CUECUECUECUE Track
CTLCTLCTLCTLTrack
TimeCode Track
DigitalVTRVTRVTRVTR
←←Direction Of Tape Travel
←←Direction Of Tape Travel
CTLCTLCTLCTL TrackTimeCode Track
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Guard Band RecordingHead Motion
Guard Band
Azimuth RecordingAzimuth Recording
22222222--------5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head
↑Head Gap
Azimuth Recording θ::::Azimuth Angle
Some Cross-Talks from a adjacent track are reduced by Azimuth effect.
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape
Lost tracks
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
22222222--------6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape
Damaged tracks
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ヘッドオントラック
RFレベル大
トラッキングずれ
ヘッドオントラック
RFレベル大
トラッキングずれ
RF Level
22222222--------7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking
HeadHeadHeadHead On TrackOn TrackOn TrackOn Track
Shifted TrackShifted TrackShifted TrackShifted Track
BigBigBigBig((((Normal)Normal)Normal)Normal)
Tracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RF--------SignalSignalSignalSignalSignalSignalSignalSignal
RFレベル低下
RFレベル小
オフトラック
RFレベル低下
RFレベル小
オフトラック
RFRFRFRF Level
Relationship between Tracking and RF-Signal
RFRFRFRF-Signal
Off TrackOff TrackOff TrackOff TrackReducedReducedReducedReduced
SmallSmallSmallSmall
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22222222--------7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking
The video playback head is mounted on a bimorph, which is made up of two thin
flexible strips of a piezo-ceramic material bonded together.
The strips bend when a voltage is applied across them, and they are mounted so that
this causes the head to move at right angles to the recorded track.
AutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAuto--------TrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTracking
Auto-Tracking by Play Head
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam
33--1 Outline1 Outline33--2 Typical Type2 Typical Type33--3 βcam SP3 βcam SP33--4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab33--4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab33--5 Tape Path5 Tape Path33--6 Rotating Drum6 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Head
33--7 Audio Head7 Audio Head33--8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern33--9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System33--10 CTDM System10 CTDM System
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3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam
33--11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking33--12 Maintenance12 Maintenance33--13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter33--14 Adjustment14 Adjustment33--14 Adjustment14 Adjustment33--15 Error Messages15 Error Messages
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
Betacam VTRBetacam VTR
� 1/2inch tape in cassette� Analog components recording
33333333--------1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline
� Analog components recording
� CTDM system
� Guard band-Azimuth recording
� (Auto Tracking Play Head)
SONYSONYSONYSONYSONYSONYSONYSONY BVWBVWBVWBVWBVWBVWBVWBVW‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐7575757575757575
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)
In 1970's, ENG began to become the main stream in the news covering , but 3/4 inch Umatic-
VTR was lack of mobility because of not being separated the video-engineer from the
cameraman .
Then we looked forward to the appearance of the combined camera with VTR.
In 1981 , Sony announced Beta Cam format installed VTR with camera which was based on
consumer Beta-VTR with a small body and a good quality of the video picture .
A recording-speed to the tape is the same as being used fundamentally with the consumer-VTR,
and for obtaining a high quality of the video more than Umatic-VTR, it is separated a color and for obtaining a high quality of the video more than Umatic-VTR, it is separated a color
signal(C) from the luminance signal(Y) , and is adopted the format of the separate track with
two Heads .
When a NTSC composite signal is changed into the base band of the color differential
signal R-Y and B-Y , Each signal becomes 1.5MHz and 0.5MHz.
Beta Cam format increase that both frequency to 1.5MHz for emphasizing color character.
And after the compression ,each color-differencial-signal is considered that includes 3MHz
because those signals of 1.5MHz are compressed in the time-axis in two times.
In 1987 ,Beta Cam SP (Superior Performance) appeared that performance was enhanced and
developed for the studio-use as well.
(Beta Cam was developed for ENG-use at first.)
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)
Recording and Play Back(Reproduce) time was expanded into about 90 minutes, and the
improvement of the quality of video and sound was achieved by utilizing of the metal video tape
with a compatibility of the conventional Beta Cam.
The Large-size cassette-tape was developed with thickness 25mm ,Length 254mm and width
145mm for recording more than 90 minutes.
There is size of 2.5 times in comparison with the standard cassette .
The track pattern of the Beta Cam SP is the same as conventional Beta Cam .
Emphasized FM career by 1.3MHz with a metal-tape , and the frequency of the Luminance signal Emphasized FM career by 1.3MHz with a metal-tape , and the frequency of the Luminance signal
became 4.5MHz (-3dB) and SN ratio became more than 51dB.
A CN ratio improves about 6dB with the metal video tape toward the usual oxidized-iron tape.
And the deterioration of the video-quality by dubbing is decreased by this improvement of the
signal characteristic as well.
The video-quality of the 3rd generation of SP is equivalent to 1st generation of the usual format.
FM-audio was introduced with SP.
Dynamic-Range is beyond 85dB.
Dolby-C is used for the the fixed audio Head as before.
FM audio-signal is recorded in the Low frequency of FM-modulated Chrominance-signal with
frequency-multiplexed.
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33333333--------2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type
BVW-10 BVW-60 BVW-65PlayBackPlayBack
ONLYONLY
SPSP
DTDT
BVW-10 BVW-60 BVW-65
BVW-40 BVW-70 BVW-75
ONLYONLY
Recording Recording
PlayBackPlayBack
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP-------- Superior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior Performance (Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)1. High quality pictures using metal particle tape
Thanks to the usage of metal particle tape and the newly developed video head, “Beta Cam SP”
offers a much higher video quality, compared to the original “Beta Cam” format, by improving
signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio, frequency response, linear waveform distortion and fine reproduction
characteristic.
Owing to this improvement, the video quality is highly enhanced and is maintained even after
multiple dubbings.
The high durability of the metal particle tape meets professional standards, especially for the
broadcasting of commercials.broadcasting of commercials.
2. 4 Audio channels
In addition to the two conventional channels of longitudinal (LNG) audio, two channels of
frequency modulated audio (AFM) are recorded on the chrominance track (only when metal
particle tape is used).
The wide dynamic range of the AFM audio enable the unit to handle any unexpected surge of the
recording signal level.
The metal particle tape also gives the LNG audio excellent frequency response and low distortion.
3. Longer recording and playing time
The “Beta Cam SP” format allows a maximum of 100 minutes for recording and playback by
utilizing a large cassette.
In addition, the small(conventional) size cassette tape(maximum 35-minute) can be used.
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP-------- Superior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior Performance (Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)4. Compatibility with conventional “Beta Cam” VTRs
The BVW-70(P) automatically distinguishes the type and size of cassette tape, and performs
the recording and playback with the appropriate format.
Oxide cassette tapes recorded on a conventional VTR can be played back on the BVW-70(P).
Metal cassette tapes recorded on the BVW-70(P) can be played back on conventional
“BetaCam” format VTRs which has been modified a little.
Characteristics of Video Characteristics of Audio
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab
Oxide/Metal tape
OPEN : Metal tape
CLOSE:Oxide tape
S cassette MISS REC
(for Metal tape)
S cassette MISS REC
(for Oxide tape)
Video tape thickness
OPEN : thick(20μm)
CLOSE:thin(15μm)
Reel hub diameter
OPEN : large
CLOSE:small
Back of a video cassette
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path
DrumAudio Head
Audio Head
Drum
Supply Reel Take-Up Reel
Inside from Top
Supply Reel Take-Up Reel
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Rotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head
YYYY
CCCCCH1CH1CH1CH1(Play)(Play)(Play)(Play)
(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)
(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)
DT HeadDT HeadDT HeadDT Head
Heads View (Upper)
YYYY
CCCC
CH2CH2CH2CH2(Play)(Play)(Play)(Play)
(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)
Heads View (Side)
DT HeadDT HeadDT HeadDT Head
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Rotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head (Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)
Head Cylinder rotates 30rps.
Two Luminance signal Heads and two color signal Heads are stuck to each of the
upper cylinder for ch1 and ch2 symmetrically, And two more Erasing Heads are stuck.
And also from Type of BVW-60, confidential Heads developed for checking the
condition during recording ,then Type of BVW-65 and BVW-75 utilize AutoTracking
Head as confidential Heads.
The luminance and color signal are completely separated and are recorded as two
component signals on each recording track .component signals on each recording track .
The video-quality was remarkably improved without mutual interference of the
luminance and the color ,because of excluding color-subcareer signal.
Though a Luminance signal and a color signal are recorded separately , R-Y and
B-Y signals time-compressed by 1/2 are recorded in 1 scan-line alternately.
The two audio signals are recorded on the top edge of the tape ,and a control
(CTL) signal and a Time Code are recorded on the bottom edge, and they are used for
editing .
The track width of the Luminance signal and the Chrominance signal are both
73µm, and the track width between Y and C signal is 80.5µm .
A tape speed is 118.6mm /s of about 6 times of consumer-Bata.
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head
Audio Full Erase(BVW-75)
Audio/TC Rec Haed
Audio/TC Head
Drum
Full Erase Head
CTL Head
Audio/TC Rec Haed
Audio Confidence Head
Blade
CapstanAudio Conf Head
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33333333--------8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern
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Frequency Modulator
Video in(composite)
33333333--------9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System
Component Recording SystemComponent Recording SystemTapeTape
Rec AmpDecoder
CTDM
Component in
R-Y
Y
C
Y
C
RF Equalizer
TBC
TBCTBC :::::::: Time Base Corrector
HeadAmp
Frequency Demodulator
R-Y
B-Y
Y
Y
C
DUB in
Video out(composite)
CTDMCTDM :::::::: Compressed Time Division Multiplex
R-YB-Y
Y(component)
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)
As the characteristics of Beta Cam’s recording system, it is to record three signals of
Luminance signal, R-Y and the B-Y signal separately.
After adding synchronous signal , Luminance signal is frequency-modulated after
Emphasis and then it is recorded.
Also only one Luminance signal uses one track.
On the other hand , for recording two signals of R-Y and B-Y in one track,two
signals are compressed with the time-axis in each of 1/2.
Then, it is multiplexed in a 1H (line) period, and recorded in one track.Then, it is multiplexed in a 1H (line) period, and recorded in one track.
This multiplex method is being called CTDM(Compressed Time Division Multiplexed
Chrominance Signals).
There are two audio channels and one control track, one Time Code track .
Moreover, FM audio is multiplexed on the Chrominance signal for the hi-fi audio ,and it
is recorded in the Chrominance signal track in Beta Cam SP(not usual Beta Cam).
It's a way to reproduce Luminance signal ,demodulation and de-emphasis.
Since R-Y and B-Y signals were compressed by 1/2 in the recording , then those signals
are needed to be expanded two times one more by CCD-Memory for getting two the
original separate signals (R-Y and B-Y signals).
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System
CTDM : Compressed
Time
Division
Multiplex
Two CCD analog line memories are used for
each color differential signals, they write
data in a line , and that data are read in a next
Process of CTDM (For
Recording)
Process of CTDM Decoded (For reproduction)
data in a line , and that data are read in a next
line at a half time of writing.
There are here respectively two sets, and
they are written and read in every line
alternately.
R-Y and B-Y signals are compressed and are
expanded again on the time-axis.
Therefore R-Y and B-Y signals are late
against Y signal for 2 lines , and those
signals need time-adjust during Play Back .
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal
Two color difference signal R-Y and B-Y are
compressed with time-axis by 1/2 , and those are
collected in 1 scan line.
A synchronous signal called a Beta-Cam-sync is
Luminance
Signal
CTDM : Compressed Time
Division Multiplex
added to the Luminance signal and color signal.
The Beta-Cam-sync is bigger than the usual sync-
signal generally being used.
FM career is high-frequncy so that moire may not
occur again.
It becomes possible by this that it gets the sync-
signal information for high SN ratio at the time of
the Play Back and then relations between the
Luminance signal and the chrominance signal can
be maintained in the high precision.
CTDM
Signal
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking
Y
C
HeadGap Azimuth recordingCheck H-SYNC Timing !
Moving of Head with tape track
Y
C
Y
Ctime lag
mistracking !
Y
Ctime lag
mistracking !
Y
C
Y
C
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance
General maintenance1111....The confirmation of the Head use time.
2222....Cleaning of the video/audio Head and the tape path.
3333....Play Back check (with reference tape.))))
・The confirmation of a degree of chrominance astringency with the color bar.
・・・・General maintenance once four months
・・・・A regular manufacturer Overhaul usually once a year
・The confirmation of a degree of chrominance astringency with the color bar.
・The confirmation of the frequency characteristics with the multi-Burst.
・The confirmation of the tracking.
・The confirmation of the audio level and, the quality of sound with 1kHz.
4444....Recording and Play Back check.
・Select the color bar and 1kHz of the test signal for the input signal,
and adjust the input level with that test signal.
・Record that signal and reproduce that signal.
Then, confirm whether there is a wrong point in the video and audio.
・Record the signal with 1kHz and 0VU, and reproduce that signal.
Confirm it with the audio level, S/N, the wow flatter, and so on.
5555....The confirmation of the basic movement of VTR.
The confirmation of the movement and control such as Play Back, Recording,
Forward and Rewind.
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter
Time indicated : We have to increase the number by ten.
T1 T2 T3 CTT1 T2 T3 CT
T1T1T1T1:::: OPERATIONOPERATIONOPERATIONOPERATION
Total time for turning on electricity
T2T2T2T2:::: DRUM RUNNINGDRUM RUNNINGDRUM RUNNINGDRUM RUNNING
Total time for a drum rotating with tape threading
T3T3T3T3:::: TAPE RUNNINGTAPE RUNNINGTAPE RUNNINGTAPE RUNNING
Total time for a drum rotating besides tape touching a drum
in FF, REW, PLAY, SEARCH, REC or EDIT modes.
CTCTCTCT::::THREADINGTHREADINGTHREADINGTHREADING
Total number of times of tape threading and unthreading
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment
Check levels of luminance signal and chrominance signal.Color BarColor Bar
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment
Check synchronization of luminance signal and chrominance signal.
Timing is matched.
Bowtie SignalBowtie Signal
Luminance signal is delayed
for chrominance signal.
Chrominance signal is delayed
for luminance signal.
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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
33333333--------15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages
ErrorErrorErrorError----1111::::REEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLE----1111
When tape slacking is detected during unthreading or tape breaking is detected
during threading, tape protection operation is done and this message is displayed.
ErrorErrorErrorError----2222::::REEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLE----2222
When tape breaking is detected in REC, SEARCH, FF and REW modes,
ErrorsErrors
When tape breaking is detected in REC, SEARCH, FF and REW modes,
tape protection operation is done and this message is displayed.
ErrorErrorErrorError----10101010::::HumidHumidHumidHumid
Displayed when humid condensation is detected.
ErrorErrorErrorError----20202020::::CASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCKCASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCKCASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCKCASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCK
When cassette up/down operation is not completed, tape protection is done and
this message is displayed.
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