A Look at Nineteenth- and A Look at Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Art and Twentieth-Century Art and
MovementsMovements
ROMANTICISMROMANTICISM
Appreciating the “impulse Appreciating the “impulse from a vernal wood”from a vernal wood”
O man, of whatever country you are, and O man, of whatever country you are, and whatever your opinions may be, behold your whatever your opinions may be, behold your history, such as I have thought to read it, not in history, such as I have thought to read it, not in books, written by your fellow- creatures, who are books, written by your fellow- creatures, who are liars, but in nature, which never lies.”liars, but in nature, which never lies.”
--- Rousseau--- Rousseau
Rousseau and his Social Contract
Features of RomanticismFeatures of Romanticism
Emphasis on the ImaginationEmphasis on the Imagination Emphasis on the Rights of the Emphasis on the Rights of the
Individual, the Common ManIndividual, the Common Man Emphasis on NatureEmphasis on Nature Emphasis on Exotic LocalesEmphasis on Exotic Locales
The ImaginationThe Imagination
Henry Fuseli, Henry Fuseli, The NightmareThe Nightmare, 1781., 1781.
Oil on canvasOil on canvas
William Blake, William Blake, Ancient of Ancient of DaysDays, 1794. Metal relief , 1794. Metal relief etching.etching.
Francisco Goya, Francisco Goya, The Sleep of The Sleep of Reason Produces MonstersReason Produces Monsters, ca. , ca. 1798. Etching and aquatint.1798. Etching and aquatint.
Francisco Goya, Francisco Goya, The Third of The Third of MayMay, 1808. Oil on canvas., 1808. Oil on canvas.
Francisco Goya, Francisco Goya, Saturn Saturn Devouring One of His ChildrenDevouring One of His Children, , 1819-23. Detail of a detached 1819-23. Detail of a detached fresco on canvas.fresco on canvas.
Eugene Delacroix, Eugene Delacroix, Death of Death of SardanapalusSardanapalus, 1826. Oil on , 1826. Oil on canvas.canvas.
The Rights of the Individual, of The Rights of the Individual, of the Common Manthe Common Man
Eugene Delacroix, Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Liberty Leading the PeopleLeading the People, 1830. Oil on , 1830. Oil on canvas.canvas.
Theodore Gericault, Theodore Gericault, Raft of Raft of the Medusathe Medusa, 1818-19. Oil on , 1818-19. Oil on canvas.canvas.
Theodore Gericault, Theodore Gericault, Insane Insane WomanWoman, 1822-23. Oil on , 1822-23. Oil on canvas.canvas.
Nature and Exotic LocalesNature and Exotic Locales
John Constable, John Constable, The The HaywainHaywain, 1821. Oil on , 1821. Oil on canvas.canvas.
J.M.W. Turner, J.M.W. Turner, The Slave The Slave ShipShip, 1840. Oil on canvas., 1840. Oil on canvas.
The Hudson River School The Hudson River School in Americain America
Thomas Cole, Thomas Cole, The The OxbowOxbow, 1836. Oil on , 1836. Oil on canvas.canvas.
Albert Bierstadt, Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, CaliforniaNevada Mountains, California, , 1868. Oil on canvas.1868. Oil on canvas.
Frederic Edwin Church, Frederic Edwin Church, Twilight Twilight in the Wildernessin the Wilderness, 1860’s. Oil on , 1860’s. Oil on canvas.canvas.
Thomas Cole, Kaaterskill Falls,1826
Asher B. Durand, Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits, Kindred Spirits, 18491849
Painter Thomas Cole with his Painter Thomas Cole with his friend poet William Cullen Bryantfriend poet William Cullen Bryant
Components of the Realism Components of the Realism MovementMovement
Realism seeks toRealism seeks to present the world as it present the world as it is in is in its present timeits present time
Dialect is important; regionalism grows Dialect is important; regionalism grows out of the realism movementout of the realism movement
Details about the everyday lives of the Details about the everyday lives of the common man become importantcommon man become important
First criticized as grotesque and uncouthFirst criticized as grotesque and uncouth Becomes socially criticalBecomes socially critical
European RealismEuropean Realism
Gustave Courbet, Gustave Courbet, The Stone The Stone BreakersBreakers, 1849-50. Oil on , 1849-50. Oil on canvas.canvas.
Jean-Francois Millet, Jean-Francois Millet, The The GleanersGleaners. Oil on canvas.. Oil on canvas.
Honore Daumier, Honore Daumier, Rue Rue TransnonainTransnonain, 1834. Lithograph., 1834. Lithograph.
Honore Daumier, Honore Daumier, The Third-Class The Third-Class CarriageCarriage, ca. 1862. Oil on canvas., ca. 1862. Oil on canvas.
Eduoard Manet, Eduoard Manet, Le Dejeuner Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbesur l’Herbe (Luncheon on the (Luncheon on the Grass), Grass), 1863. Oil on canvas1863. Oil on canvas..
American RealismAmerican Realism
Winslow Homer, Winslow Homer, The Veteran in a The Veteran in a New FieldNew Field, 1865. Oil on canvas., 1865. Oil on canvas.
Edmonia Lewis, Forever Free, 1867. Marble, 3’5 1/4 “ x 11” x 7”
Thomas Eakins, Thomas Eakins, The Gross The Gross ClinicClinic, 1875. Oil on canvas., 1875. Oil on canvas.
Timothy O’Sullivan, Timothy O’Sullivan, A Harvest of A Harvest of DeathDeath, , Getysburg, Getysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863Pennsylvania, July 1863. . Negative by Timothy O’ Sullivan.Negative by Timothy O’ Sullivan.
Frederic Remington, Frederic Remington, The Cavalry The Cavalry Charge,Charge, 1907. Oil on canvas. 1907. Oil on canvas.
Frederic Remington, Frederic Remington, Radisson and GroseilliersRadisson and Groseilliers, , 1905. Oil on canvas.1905. Oil on canvas.
Frederic Remington, Frederic Remington, The Bronco The Bronco BusterBuster, 1905. Bronze., 1905. Bronze.
Features of Impressionism, 1880’sFeatures of Impressionism, 1880’s
Seeks to present life in Seeks to present life in its present momentits present moment As such, very concerned with effects of lightAs such, very concerned with effects of light Impressionist absorption with light on color Impressionist absorption with light on color
also deepened and encouraged by new also deepened and encouraged by new color theories of late 19color theories of late 19thth century century
Impressionist movement also seen at first in Impressionist movement also seen at first in a negative lighta negative light
Claude Monet, Claude Monet, Impression: Impression: Sunrise 1872Sunrise 1872. Oil on . Oil on canvas.canvas.
Claude Monet, Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Terrace at Sainte-AdresseAdresse, 1866-67. Oil on canvas., 1866-67. Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet, Claude Monet, HaystackHaystack, , 1891. Oil on canvas.1891. Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet, Claude Monet, Rouen Rouen CathedralCathedral (Full Sunlight)(Full Sunlight), 1893. , 1893. Oil on canvas.Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet, Claude Monet, Water LiliesWater Lilies, , 1906. Oil on canvas.1906. Oil on canvas.
American ImpressionistsAmerican Impressionists
Winslow Homer, Winslow Homer, The Fog WarningThe Fog Warning, 1885, 1885
Even in Impressionism, American artists stillstress the rugged individual
One of America’s Most Famous One of America’s Most Famous Impressionist Paintings:Impressionist Paintings:
Winslow Homer, Winslow Homer, Snap the WhipSnap the Whip, 1872., 1872.
Mary Cassatt
Modernism: 1900-1950Modernism: 1900-1950
““You are all a lost generation.” You are all a lost generation.”
-- Gertrude Stein to-- Gertrude Stein to
Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway
Features of ModernismFeatures of ModernismLoss of values and deep sense of alienation Loss of values and deep sense of alienation
from and disillusionment with the world as a from and disillusionment with the world as a result of:result of:– World War IWorld War I– Rise of science Rise of science
““God is dead.”—NietzscheGod is dead.”—Nietzsche The Origin of SpeciesThe Origin of Species: Man did not come from God, : Man did not come from God,
but from monkeysbut from monkeys
– Increased urbanization of the world and Increased urbanization of the world and subsequent loss of small-town caring and subsequent loss of small-town caring and valuesvalues
The Armory Show, 1913The Armory Show, 1913
Officially known as The International Exhibition
of Modern Art
The show’s purpose was to question the The show’s purpose was to question the boundaries of art as an institutionboundaries of art as an institution
The show took place at The show took place at New York’s 69New York’s 69thth Street Street armory, on Lexington armory, on Lexington Avenue between 25Avenue between 25thth and 26and 26thth Streets Streets
It was home to approx. It was home to approx. 1250 paintings, 1250 paintings, sculptures and sculptures and decorative works by decorative works by over 300 European over 300 European and American artistsand American artists
Marcel Duchamp, Marcel Duchamp, Nude Nude Descending a StaircaseDescending a Staircase, 1912, 1912
One of the most One of the most controversial works from controversial works from the Armory Show, the Armory Show, Duchamp’s painting gave Duchamp’s painting gave rise to many spoofs, such rise to many spoofs, such as as Rude Descending a Rude Descending a Staircase Staircase and and Food Food Descending a StaircaseDescending a Staircase
One critic offered prize One critic offered prize money to anyone who money to anyone who could find the nudecould find the nude
From Gallery I of the show
Europeans at Europeans at The Armory ShowThe Armory Show
One third of the show’s artists were One third of the show’s artists were European, and movements such as European, and movements such as Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism,
Fauvism and Cubism were represented Fauvism and Cubism were represented in the showin the show
THE MOST FAMOUS CUBISTS:THE MOST FAMOUS CUBISTS:
Georges Braques,Mozart Kubelick,1912.
Influence of the Jazz Age
PABLO PICASSO: THE OTHER PABLO PICASSO: THE OTHER FAMOUS CUBISTFAMOUS CUBIST
Head of a Woman, 1909
Woman with a Mustard Pot
The First Cezanne in an American The First Cezanne in an American Museum: The Metropolitan Museum Museum: The Metropolitan Museum
of Artof Art
Hill of the Poor or, as it’s now known, View of the Domain St. Joseph
Americans at Americans at The Armory ShowThe Armory Show
Most of the American artists in the Most of the American artists in the show belonged to the Ashcan show belonged to the Ashcan
School, whose most influential School, whose most influential members were known as members were known as
The EightThe Eight
John Sloan, John Sloan, Night Windows, Night Windows, 19101910
John Sloan, John Sloan, Sunday, Women Sunday, Women Drying Their HairDrying Their Hair, 1912, 1912
George BellowsGeorge Bellows
Circus, 1912, at the Armory Show
Stag at Sharkey’s, 1909, one of Bellows’ most famous paintings
Robert Henri: Founder of Robert Henri: Founder of the Ashcan Schoolthe Ashcan School
Name was derogatoryName was derogatory Given because subject Given because subject
matter of artists seemed to matter of artists seemed to be ashcansbe ashcans
Subject matter was of Subject matter was of lower class people going lower class people going about ordinary tasks of lifeabout ordinary tasks of life
Genre painting Genre painting Brought attention to Brought attention to
injustices done to lower injustices done to lower classes . . .classes . . .
Injustices such as the Sex TradeInjustices such as the Sex Trade
Abastenia St. Leger Eberle,White Slave, 1910
America During America During the Modernist Erathe Modernist Era
War, the Depression, Immigration, War, the Depression, Immigration, Racism and UrbanizationRacism and Urbanization
Alfred StieglitzAlfred Stieglitz Stieglitz is one of the most Stieglitz is one of the most
famous 20famous 20thth-century -century American photographersAmerican photographers
He also helped organize He also helped organize the Armory Show and the Armory Show and launched the careers of launched the careers of many American artistsmany American artists
One of them was Georgia One of them was Georgia O’Keefe, a woman who O’Keefe, a woman who also became his loveralso became his lover
The SteerageThe Steerage, a print from , a print from 1907, shows Stieglitz’s 1907, shows Stieglitz’s interest in capturing interest in capturing human feeling and human feeling and repeating shapes and repeating shapes and patternspatterns
ICONIC WORKS SHOW THE ICONIC WORKS SHOW THE MISERY OF MODERN LIFEMISERY OF MODERN LIFE
Dorothea Lange, Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley, Nipomo Valley, 1935. Gelatin 1935. Gelatin silver print.silver print.
Edward Hopper, Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, Nighthawks, 1942.1942.
Jacob Lawrence, Jacob Lawrence, The The Migration of the NegroMigration of the Negro, panel 1 , panel 1 and then panel 3, 1940-1.and then panel 3, 1940-1.
60-painting seriesdepicting the flight ofBlack people from South to North
Grant Wood, Grant Wood, American GothicAmerican Gothic, 1930., 1930.
One of the most famous One of the most famous American paintings ever, American paintings ever, this work is iconic and this work is iconic and highly parodied and highly parodied and reproducedreproduced
People mostly thought the People mostly thought the work dignified the life of work dignified the life of rural Americansrural Americans
In fact, Wood was In fact, Wood was considered a Regionalist considered a Regionalist and focused on Iowa in and focused on Iowa in particularparticular
Postmodernism Postmodernism 1950-?1950-?
Abstract Expressionist Jackson Pollock dripped Abstract Expressionist Jackson Pollock dripped paint onto canvases to create works like this one:paint onto canvases to create works like this one:Number 1, 1950 (Lavendar Mist), Number 1, 1950 (Lavendar Mist), 1950.1950.
Pollock paintingPollock painting
POP ART returned to representational art POP ART returned to representational art but used consumer culture and mass media but used consumer culture and mass media as inspirationsas inspirations
Roy LichtensteinLeft: Hopeless, 1963Right: Maybe, 1963
The Most Famous Pop ArtistThe Most Famous Pop Artist
Andy Warhol, Andy Warhol, Campbell Soup,Campbell Soup, 1964 1964
Have we reduced art Have we reduced art to mass merchandise to mass merchandise or have we elevated or have we elevated mass merchandise into mass merchandise into art?art?
YOU DECIDEYOU DECIDE
Andy Warhol, Value Print War Cans
Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe, 1967
Green Coca Cola Bottles, 1962
Superrealist Duane Hanson mocks Superrealist Duane Hanson mocks American overconsumptionAmerican overconsumption
Supermarket Shopper, 1970
FEMINIST ARTFEMINIST ART
Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party, 1979
Barbara Kruger, Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Your Gaze Untitled (Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face)Hits the Side of My Face), 1981, 1981
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