Recent Reforms In Water Management Sector In

India Avinash Mishra

Adviser

NITI Aayog

27th September 2019

Annual Precipitation including snowfall

4000 BCM

Water Resource potential available

1869 BCM

Potential that can be put to beneficial use

1137 BCM • 690 BCM

(Surface water) • 447 BCM

(Ground water)

Present water use 710 BCM of which 555 BCM is for irrigation

Expected demand of water by 2025

843 BCM

Demand of water in 2050

1180 BCM

Scenario of Water Resources in India

Year Water availability(in m3)

1947 6008

1953 5000

1991 2200

2001 1829

2025 1340

2050 1140

1. Water availability <= 1700 m3 per capita, “Water Scarce” condition.

2. Water availability <=1000 m3 per capita, “Water Stress” condition.

3. 12 river basins with 82 crore population are already water scarce.

Per capita Water Availability

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Per Capita Storage Availability in various Countries

Country Per capita availability in m3

Russia 6103.70

Australia 4733.65

Brazil 3145.08

USA 1964.07

Turkey 1739.38

Spain 1410.10

Mexico 1245.39

China 1111.82

South Africa 753.65

India 262.95 3

Country Industrial water productivity

(US$/cubic meter)

Argentina 30.00

Brazil 23.40

India 7.50

South Korea 95.60

Norway 35.00

Sweden 92.2

Thailand 48.9

Industrial efficiency: Cross Country Scenario

Major Challenges

Poor Water Use Efficiency (WUE) India WP: 1.9 (USD/m3)

Country WUE (USD/m3)

Algeria 15.5

Angola 108.7

Brazil 21.2

China 16.7

Russia 10.7

Singapore 85.0

The UK 281.1

Only 1/3rd of generated waste water is treated (46.2 BCM out of 140 BCM)

Irrigation Potential Created vis-à-vis Irrigation Potential Utilized (IPC-IPU Gap): 23%

Blocked investment due to IPC-IPU Gap: Rs. 10.3

lakh cr. or Rs. 4.5 lakh/Ha.

(FAO)

Low Storage Capacity: 36% (253 BCM out of 690 BCM)

Decadal water level decline in monitoring wells (2008-18): 52% wells

Agriculture WUE

0.3 USD/m3

Irrigation Status

• Irrigation coverage – 68.10 million ha (48 %)

• Irrigation through ground water - 31 %

• Tube-wells main source of irrigation followed by canals

• Gap between potential created and utilized - 21 %

• Water use efficiency - 30 to 40 %

Area in million ha

Sector Existing

Potential

Potential

Created

Potential

Utilized

Major and Medium Irrigation 58.47 47.41 35.01

Minor Irrigation 81.43 65.12 54.25

(a) Surface Water 17.38 15.72 12.43

(b) Ground Water 64.05 49.40 41.82

Total 139.90 112.53 89.26

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India is currently suffering from the worst water crisis in its history

Note: 1. Baseline water stress measures total annual water withdrawals (municipal, industrial, and agricultural) expressed as a percent of the total annual available flow for 2010; higher values indicate more competition among users Source: WRI Aqueduct; UNICEF; WaterAID, Forbes India 2015, Census 2011 According to Census 2011: out of total 24 crore households, only 7 crore households are getting treated tap water i.e 70 % households are getting contaminated water

Baseline water stress in India

Ratio of total withdrawals and total flow (2010)

• 600 million people face high-to-extreme water

stress.

• 75% of households do not have drinking water on

premise. 82% rural households do not have piped

water access.

• 70% of our water is contaminated; India is

currently ranked 120 among 122 countries in the

water quality index.

Facts: Water supply is limited, quality is poor

Data-based decision making will be a critical lever for effective water management in India

Rationale behind CWMI

• Highly scattered distribution of annual precipitation

• Loss due to evapotranspiration and topographical constraints

• Availability of both surface and ground water varies

• Dire need of sustainable management of water resources

• No data centres for water related data and hence no sharing of data among the states.

• Water Management Index for formulating strategy for States/Ministries/ Departments

• Index will serve the purpose of tracking performance and taking corrective measures

• CWMI has 28 Key Performance Indicators

(KPI).

• CWMI deals with many Department

activities cutting across Central/ State/UT

Governments, viz.

Ministry of Jal Shakti

Ministry of Rural Development

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Panchayati Raj

Ministry of Power

Local Bodies

Key Highlights

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Composite Water Management Index (CWMI)

Objective

• Data-backed water management and promote ‘competitive, cooperative federalism

• Instill sense of competitive management of water resources across the States

Data

• An annual exercise of data collection on 28 key performance indicators under the 9 sub domain

• Data fed by 9 to 10 departments of States into the online portal.

First initiative of this kind

• CWMI is the country’s first comprehensive and integrated national dataset for water and is a massive achievement in the context of India’s water management

Two Rounds of CWMI

• Round I of the Index was launched in June 2018.

• CWMI 2.0

launched in August 2019

Objective

• Data-backed water management and promote ‘competitive, cooperative federalism

• Instill sense of competitive management of water resources across the States

Data

• An annual exercise of data collection on 28 key performance indicators under the 9 sub domain

• Data fed by 9 to 10 departments of States into the online portal.

First initiative of this kind

• CWMI is the country’s first comprehensive and integrated national dataset for water and is a massive achievement in the context of India’s water management

Two Rounds of CWMI

Objective

• Data-backed water management and promote ‘competitive, cooperative federalism

• Instill sense of competitive management of water resources across the States

Data

• An annual exercise of data collection on 28 key performance indicators under the 9 sub domain

• Data fed by 9 to 10 departments of States into the online portal.

First initiative of its kind

• CWMI is the country’s first comprehensive and integrated national dataset for water and is a massive achievement in the context of India’s water management

Two Rounds of CWMI

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9

Ranking of the Non-Himalayan States over the years

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Ranking of the Himalayan States over the years

Despite the improvement, most states need to show substantial improvements in water management practices

Key findings

16 out of the 27 states still score less than 50 points on the Index (out of 100), and fall in the low-performing category.

These states collectively account for ~48% of the population, ~40% of agricultural produce, and ~35% of economic

output of India

Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar, Nagaland, and Meghalaya still score less than 40 points, and the average

improvement in low-performing category over the last three years stands at 3.1 points, lower than 5.2-point average

improvement observed across states

Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala, and Delhi, 4 of the top 10 contributors to India’s economic output, have scores ranging

from 20 points to 47 points

None of the top 10 agricultural producers in India, except Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, score more than 60 points on the

CWMI

This is concerning given that assessment on almost half of the Index scores is directly linked to water management in

agriculture

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Jal Jeevan Mission

Status: 18% rural households with piped water supply by March 2019 (Source: DDWS)

Objective: All village households should have access to adequate water supply free from bacteriological and chemical contamination within the premises or supply line is within 10 meters distance from the premises boundary Target: (i) Adequate water supply = 55 lpcd (current supply: 40 lpcd) (ii) Every project village to have integrated water management which includes rain water harvesting and waste water management for reuse and recharge Central share: 1.8 lakh crore out of total investment of 3.6 lakh crore

Jal Shakti Abhiyaan (JSA)

Objective: To make water conservation a Jan Andolan through asset creation and communication campaign in 1592 water stressed blocks in 256 districts Phases: The JSA runs in two Phases: Phase 1 from 1st July to 15th September 2019 for all States and Union Territories; and Phase 2 from 1st October to 30th November for States and UTs receiving the retreating monsoon (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu) Interventions: Rainwater Harvesting, Renovation of traditional and other water bodies, Reuse bore-well recharge structures, Watershed development and Intensive afforestation.

Way Forward

Expedite Command Area

Development and Water

Management works in

irrigation projects

Performance Management of Irrigation

Systems using Remote Sensing, Artificial

Intelligence & Sensor-Based Technology

Modernize the irrigation

infrastructure projects which

are more than 25 years old

Refurbish piped water supply

network to reduce distribution

losses in urban areas

In-situ treatment and use of

waste water among housing

complexes and supply through

two-pipe system

Encourage water saving

technologies, treatment &

reuse of wastewater, and

changing of industrial

processes Repair, Renovate and Restore

the existing water bodies

Explore irrigation potential

through groundwater in 96 most

‘irrigation deprived districts’ for

creation of 9.5 lakh irrigation

facilities

Thank You

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