Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine© 2012 Andrès, licensee InTech. This is an open access
chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine
Emmanuel Andrès
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48402
1. Introduction
The stethoscope and the semantic of auscultatory findings were
invented more than 200 years ago by Dr. Laennec (Traité de
l’Auscultation Médiate, Paris, 1819 [Figure 1]) and over the years
very few changes have been made to both the stethoscope itself and
the way in which it is used [1]. However, the ability to
differentiate between normal and abnormal sounds or noises
(vesicular sounds, wheezes, crackles, etc) remains essential in
clinical practice for correct diagnosis and management.
Over the past two decades, much of the progress made in this area
has resulted primarily from improvements made to the stethoscope
itself [1]. More recently, we have seen advances in the techniques
used to process auscultatory signals as well as in the analysis and
clarification of the resulting sounds [2,3]. The availability of
novel representations of the sounds, with phono- and spectrograms,
also opens interesting perspectives in the context of diagnostic
aids, but also in education and pedagogy [4].
This chapter aims to review recent technological advances, evaluate
promising innovations and perspectives in the field of
auscultation, with a special focus on the development of new
intelligent communicating stethoscope systems in clinical practice,
and in the context of teaching and telemedicine.
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 98
2. Current semantic of auscultatory findings and characterization
of sounds
The physical characterization of physiological and pathological
sounds in humans is still at a fledgling stage and has not yet
resulted in reliable documentation, especially not so in the field
of pulmonary auscultation [2]. In cardiology, the situation is
somewhat similar. However, more precise data, essentially based on
phonocardiography, are available, outdated as they may be [1].
Analysis and characterization of auscultation sounds have been
totally neglected by practicing physicians and any major
improvements have been made were primarily in auscultatory tools,
i.e., the new intelligent communicating stethoscope systems
[4].
Figure 1. Portrait of René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec. Front cover
of the first edition of the “Traité de l’Auscultation Médiate”,
Paris, France, 1819. Note the handwritten Latin dedication to his
uncle Guillaume Laennec in Nantes: “A mon excellent oncle, mon
autre père” ("To my great uncle, my other father"). The original
Laennec stethoscope, in wood, retains in the Museum of the History
of Medicine, in Paris, France.
Whilst conventional stethoscope auscultation is subjective and
hardly sharable, the characterization and identification of sounds
by computer-based recording and analysis systems provide objective
and early diagnostic help along with better sensitivity and
reproducibility [2]. The precise definition of these physical
characteristics and the availability of new visual representations
of sounds constitute exciting perspectives for teaching and
pedagogy, as we shall see later in this chapter [5].
Thus, as we have hypothesized, the new intelligent communicating
stethoscope systems will also possibly contribute to a new
auscultatory semiology, based on reliable methods of signal
analysis and on visual display, and will be complementary to the
acoustic signals perceived by the practitioner [2,6].
Breath sounds or noises are produced by airflow in the respiratory
system as well as the work of the breathing apparatus. These sounds
are characterized by a wide spectrum of
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 99
different sounds - the average frequency depends on the site of
auscultation [3]. It is generally accepted that the frequency of
lung sounds ranges between 50 and 2500 Hz, while tracheal sounds
can reach up to 4000 Hz [2,3,5]. In terms of respiratory pathology,
it should be emphasized that, only a small number of sounds are
currently well identified and documented in regard of physical
characteristics (for review see the reference [2]).
Table 1 gives a description of various auscultatory findings -
normal breath sound, namely the vesicular murmur, and abnormal
(pathological) - use clinically according to international
literature [3,4].
Type of lung sounds according to international
nomenclature
Clinical Features Pathological circumstances
Vesicular murmur Very soft noise, audible throughout the entire
phase of inspiration and during early expiration. Detected in
antero-lateral areas of the chest and in the back, it consists in a
continuous, soft low intensity murmur, heard throughout
inspiration
The vesicular murmur is weakened in the following circumstances: -
extensive thickening of the wall, for example,
in obesity), for example, in cases of emphysema (chest
hyperinflation.
It is abolished when : - the lung is collapsed by the pressure of
fluid or
air in the pleural cavity, such as in cases of pneumothorax or
pleurisy
- absence of ventilation in the affected lung area, for example, in
cases of lung compression, especially in atelectasis with
retraction
- after pneumonectomy, on the operated side. Wheezes and whistles
Of bronchial origin and variable
intensity, wheezes are heard at a distance from the patient. They
include inspiratory wheezes, as well as sibilant wheezes heard
during both phases of breathing.
In cases of localized wheezing, it can be heard during inspiration
or during both phases, with similar pitch, caused by partial
obstruction of the trachea or bronchi, due to the presence of a
tumor or foreign body. In cases of diffuse wheezing, it is most
often in the form of bilateral wheezing, of various tonalities,
heard especially at the end of expiration and encountered in
instances of bronchial asthma. In chronic obstructive bronchitis
(bronchial pneumonia), there is also diffuse expiratory wheezing,
due to vibration of the bronchial walls which tend to collapse at
expiration.
Rhonchi or snoring Also of bronchial origin, sonorous rhonchi are
low-pitched, in both inspiratory and expiratory phases, and altered
by coughing.
They are encountered in acute or chronic bronchitis accompanied
with bronchial hypersecretion. Usually cleared by coughing, the
so-called fixed rhonchus on the other hand does not disappear after
coughing effort and is generally associated with downstream
bronchial obstruction.
Coarse crackles (or rales) Also called mucous rales, bubbling rales
are discontinuous and of short duration. Emitted sounds are
irregular, uneven, intense, observed in both phases of respiration
and altered by coughing.
They make a gurgling noise in the large airways often associated
with bronchial congestion due to hypersecretion of mucus. They are
predominantly observed in bronchitis.
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 100
Type of lung sounds according to international
nomenclature
Clinical Features Pathological circumstances
Fine crackles (or rales) Also called fine rales or crepitations,
they emit discontinuous, thin, dry noises, high and evenly pitched,
occurring in spells during inspiration.
They become more distinctive after coughing and usually point to an
alveolar disease process. Due to alveolar wall detachment and their
pathological features, they are observed primarily in cases of
pneumonia, interstitial alveolar or pulmonary edema subsequent to
heart failure, but also in pulmonary fibrosis and in certain
interstitial pneumonias.
Bronchial or tubular breathing Bronchial sound
A coarse, high intensity and high- pitch noise that can be heard in
both inspiratory and expiratory phases, although predominantly
inspiratory.
It can be heard over the thorax suggesting pneumonia-induced
pulmonary consolidation and is typically accompanied by a series of
crackles
Pleural breathing sound A soft, distant, veiled expiratory
sound.
It is heard at the upper limit of moderate pleural effusion. Like
(bronchial or tubular) breathing, it is determined by pulmonary
consolidation complicated by pleurisy. Although attenuated by the
latter, it nevertheless exhibits different features than
(bronchial, tubular) breathing.
Amphoric breathing A high-pitch expiratory metallic sound
It is caused by the resonance of normal breath sounds in an air
pocket, for example in cases of pneumothorax (with a persistent
pleural breach).
Pleural rub or Pleural friction rub
Dry grating and superficial sounds, unchanged by coughing. Their
Intensity may be discrete, like the «rustle of silk paper», or
intense, such as the «creaking sound of new leather».
They are due to the two inflamed pleural layers rubbing against
each other. They occur at the onset of pleurisy, at its upper limit
or after fluid evacuation. The differential diagnosis with that of
coarse crackles may be difficult, but unlike the latter, pleural
rubs appear soon after the start of inspiration.
Table 1. International semantic on normal and abnormal lung sounds
use in clinical practice [2,7,8].
The generation of heart sounds is essentially related to cardiac
muscle contraction, the functioning of the valves and turbulence
generated by blood flow. The spectrum of heart sounds is between 20
and 100 Hz for baseline signals and higher frequencies for murmurs:
500 Hz and above [1,2]. S1, corresponding to the closure of the
mitral and tricuspid valves, incorporate frequencies ranging from
10 to 100 Hz. S2, resulting from the opening of the aortic and
pulmonary sigmoid valves, is of higher frequency, generally between
150 and 200 Hz. It should be noted that additional heart sounds (S3
and S4) may be heard and additional diastolic noises originating
from the valves can also be observed with mitral opening snap,
pericardial (friction) rub or knock, etc. Lastly, we can also
detect so-called “organic murmurs” which are related to alterations
of the mitral or tricuspid atrioventricular valves (inlet valves)
or ventriculo-aortic or pulmonary valves (ejection valves) (for
review see the reference [4]).
Figure 2 depicts the chronological and morphological
characteristics of heart murmurs, illustrating how the practitioner
makes a diagnosis by taking into account these elements when
analyzing the auscultatory signal perceived [2].
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 101
AS : aortic stenosis; AI : aortic insufficiency; PS : pulmonary
stenosis; PI : pulmonary insufficiency; MS : mitral stenosis; MI :
mitral insufficiency; TI: tricuspid insufficiency; TS : tricuspid
stenosis; VSD : ventricular septal defect.
Figure 2. Schematic representation of breaths during the cardiac
cycle.
3. Advances and perspectives in documentation and characterization
of sounds
In practice, auscultation diagnoses are often made based solely on
past experience of the practitioners, and rely more on intuition
than on rigorous and systematic classification
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 102
systems [1]. However in recent years, various studies have
endeavored to characterize, identify and describe sounds in greater
detail, especially in the respiratory field [5-8].
It is in this context that an innovative project known as ASAP:
“Analyse de Sons Auscultatoires et Pathologiques” (Analysis of
Auscultatory and Pathological Sounds) was developed by the French
national agency for research (ANR 2006 - TLOG 21 04, headed by
Professor E. Andrès) [5]. This project was supported by the
development and the provision of a new intelligent communicating
stethoscope system.
The main objective of this project was to bring pulmonary
auscultation into the era of evidence-based medicine, based on the
identification of sounds using innovations in technology,
mathematics and computer science in order to "rediscover" the
clinical significance of respiratory sounds [5]. The ASAP project
allowed us to documented physically characterized these sounds in
more detail.
To date, we have collected over 500 auscultations, well-documented
clinically (Figure 3), and began an analysis of its physical
characteristics of the sounds. Thus, physically- speaking, crackles
correspond to a characteristic wave whose appearance is shown in
Figure 4, a representation revisited and detailed elsewhere [4,9].
Note that it is generally accepted that the duration of crackles is
less than 20 ms and their frequency is between 100 and 200 Hz [10].
A sibilant wheeze, on the other hand, is characterized by a
waveform with a
Figure 3. Clinical documentation and physical characterization of
sounds collected through the ASAP project. These data includes:
characteristics of the patient; auscultation type; acoustic data;
diagnosis; sounds (data collected in the ASAP project) [5].
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 103
Figure 4. Representation of a breathing cycle in a patient with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, along with respective phases
of inspiration, expiration and respiratory pause in the form of a
phonopneumogram (2a) and a spectrogram (2b). Presence of numerous
coarse crackles especially visible on the spectrogram (2b)
(indicated by arrows) (data collected in the ASAP project)
[5].
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 104
dominant frequency usually above 100 Hz and a duration exceeding
100 ms. In terms of physics, wheezing sounds are longer than 50 or
100 ms but less than 250 ms [4,9,10]. The frequency of wheezes
ranges between 100 and 2500 Hz with a characteristic peak frequency
of 100 or 400 Hz and 1000 or 1600 Hz.
The ASAP project is complementary to other work conducted locally
at the University Hospital (CHRU) of Strasbourg in collaboration
with the research team led by Doctor C. Brandt, notably the
project: “Perspectives et apports du développement d’un stéthoscope
communiquant à l’ère de la telemedicine” (Perspectives and
contributions of the development of a communicating stethoscope in
the era of telemedicine) (PRI HUS - No. 4179, headed by Doctor C.
Brandt and Professor E. Andrès, Strasbourg, France) [6].
The objectives of this project were: validation of a new
communicating stethoscope we have developed (see a next section of
this chapter); comparison of conventional (acoustic) auscultation
with this new communicating stethoscope system; creating an
auscultatory library; and development of expert systems for
real-time analysis of signals from cardiovascular and pulmonary
auscultation for diagnosis assistance.
Forward, the ASAP and PRI projects aims at making evolve the
auscultation technics:
- first, by the development objective tools for the analyse of
auscultation sounds: electronic stethoscopes paired with computing
device;
- by the creation of an auscultation sounds’ database in order to
compare and identify the physical characteristics, the acoustical
and visual signatures of the pathologies;
- and lastly, by the capitalisation of these new auscultation
techniques around the creation of a teaching unit and a school of
auscultation on the web (http://www.websound.fr) [5,6]. This
auscultation’s school, potentially hosted on the web, will be
destined to the initial and continuous formation of the medical
attendants (Figure 5).
4. Advances in the field of sound representation and perspectives
in teaching
Whereas conventional auscultation is subjective and interpreted by
a single clinician, the characterization of sounds through
recording, analysis and auscultatory signal processing systems
provides in several studies better sensitivity and specificity when
interpreting findings [4,11]. The availability of new technologies
opens up interesting perspectives in the field of diagnostic tools,
but also in education [4,12].
In fact, as well as providing a reliable addition to routine
clinical diagnosis, these "tools" should ultimately lead to
improvements in auscultatory training, based on the "physical"
characterization of signals and sounds, as well as a visual
representation in the form of:
- phonopneumogram or phonocardiogram: a tool providing simultaneous
representation in time of the respiratory phases (Figure 2a) or the
cardiac cycle and the auscultation signal (Figure 6a);
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 105
- spectrogram: a tool where time is indicated on the abscissa,
frequency on the ordinate and the intensity of the signal is
represented by a color palette for the respiratory (Figure 2b) or
heart signal (Figure 6b).
Figure 5. Potential teaching contributions of advances and
innovations in the field of auscultation with the creation of a
school of auscultation on the web [4,5]. This school of
auscultation includes several components: Patient follow-up,
Collection of sounds, Consultation, Transmission, Listening,
Analysis, Validated and classified respiratory sounds, Automated
analysis, Sound database, Secured access, Students, Initial
training, School of Auscultation, Physicians, Diagnostic aid,
Continuing Education, Specialists, Certification Validation.
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 106
Figure 6. Representation of a recording of a cardiac auscultation
in an individual with aortic stenosis with a systolic ejection
murmur (indicated by a white arrow) in the form of a
phonocardiogram (6a) and a spectrogram (6b) (data collected in the
PRI project) [4,5].
To have a sort of proof of concept of the “plus value” of our
intelligent communicating stethoscope system, we conducted a
preliminary study at the University Hospital of Strasbourg with the
aim of evaluating the diagnostic "performance" of these new
visualization tools (phono- and spectrogram). We asked a cohort of
medical graduate students (n = 30) to listen to 10 sounds in order
to diagnose heart and lung pathology [13].
They were then asked to tick the appropriate box corresponding to
the diagnosis relating to the sound they had just heard (as with an
acoustic stethoscope). The correct response rate was 40 to 60 %.
The same exercise was then carried out again with the addition of a
visual representation of the sound (phonopneumogram or
phonocardiogram and spectrograms). In this second phase of the
trial, the rate of correct diagnosis reached 70 to 90%. Table 2
presents the detail of these data. Analysis of this table shows
that the improved performance (rate of correct diagnosis) is
particularly significant for cardiac pathology.
Thus in our experience, addition of visual representation of sounds
has significant implications in terms of medical medical education,
and also in term of decision-making, potential patient safety, and
cost control. In the field of teaching, a recent well designed
study conducted by Sestini et al. supports the results of our work,
concluding that an association between the acoustic signal and the
image is highly useful for learning and understanding the basis of
respiratory sounds [12].
To date, several stethoscopes on the market are already accompanied
by specialized software providing the physician with a "visual
representation of sounds", using various time-frequency
representations, in the form of images. These can then be used
in
4
4
6
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 107
conjunction with the auditory information obtained from a
stethoscope to achieve a diagnosis [6]. This “second channel” of
information allows the practitioner to strengthen his clinical
findings, and is likely to result in a more reliable diagnosis
[14]. Figure 7 illustrates this concept by using the example of
aortic insufficiency (confirmed by cardiac ultrasound scan) which
was not heard with the acoustic stethoscope but was visualized
using our intelligent stethoscope prototype from the ASAP project
[4]. This is a major achievement, using advances in medical
technology to facilitate the work and training of
practitioners.
Figure 7. Aortic insufficiency (indicated by white arrows) not
heard with the acoustic stethoscope but visualized using our
intelligent stethoscope prototype and confirmed by echocardiography
(data collected in the ASAP project) [4].
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 108
All students
(n = 30) Without tools With tools
% of “good” diagnosis (n = 10) 64% (191) 80% (239) % of “good”
diagnosis in respiratory auscultation (n = 5):
normal respiratory auscultation crackles (chronic bronchitis)
crackles (interstitial pneumonia) wheeze sibilants (acute crisis of
asthma) stridor (lung carcinoma)
61% (92) 57% (17) 57% (17) 53% (16) 70% (21) 70% (21)
70% (105) 63% (19) 60% (18) 70% (21) 83% (25) 73% (22)
% of “good” diagnosis in cardiac auscultation (n = 5): normal
cardiac auscultation aortic stenosis aortic regurgitation (minimal
murmur) mitral stenosis arrhythmia (auricular fibrillation)
66% (99) 73% (22) 60% (18) 30% (30) 40% (12) 57% (17)
89% (134) 93% (28) 100% (30) 70% (21) 87% (26) 97% (29)
Table 2. Results of the use of new tools as phono- and spectrogram
for visualizing sounds in 30 medical students [13].
5. Advances and innovations in the field of auscultatory signal
analysis
To date, there has been very little research on the analysis of
auscultatory signals. In terms of signal automation and processing,
research is limited to detection of frequency peaks, sound duration
measurements, etc [15,16].
In cardiology, little work has been conducted to render the
stethoscope "intelligent" by allowing it to provide the clinician
with an advanced diagnostic tool, as, for example, that provided by
ECG systems which offer the practitioner a plot analysis as a
diagnostic aid [14,17].
Of note is the work by Mint and Dillard who developed a stethoscope
capable of diagnosing systolic or diastolic sounds present between
B1 and B2 beats, and which measured the heart rate using a simple
time-frequency analysis of the time periods of interest [14].
We also should acknowledge the work carried out by Murphy, who
worked towards developing an "intelligent" stethoscope for which
the technology is both interesting and innovative. These studies
are reviewed, appended and presented in detail in reference
[2].
In terms of respiratory medicine, the automated analysis of
pulmonary auscultatory signals remains a challenge, especially
compared with the cardiac field. The European Community- funded
CORSA project, conducted between 1990 and 2000, provides an
overview of the technical advances in respiratory sound analysis
using signal processing tools [8,18].
Several studies have also provided an update on the various
techniques used for the capture and digitization of respiratory
sounds as well as giving an overview of analytical methods
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 109
based on more standardized semantics [17-20]. A summary of the
techniques and characteristics of the leading methods used to
assess each type of respiratory sound is provided in references
[2,16,17].
As part of the ASAP project mentioned above [5], the team led by
Professor C. Collet of the Image Sciences, Computer Sciences and
Remote Sensing Laboratory (LSIIT) of the University of Strasbourg
(in Strasbourg, France), developed a novel approach in automated
analysis of pulmonary auscultation signals [20-22]. As a second
step, we then validated this approach on a small number of patients
presenting with either: an auscultation defined as "normal", COPD
with numerous crackles or asthma with wheezing.
The methods developed by C. Collet’s team involve multiresolution
signal analysis through the use of Bayesian tools in the wavelet
packet domain, associated with multimodal Markovian modeling
adapted for the analysis of lung sounds (high intra and
interpatient variability, low signal to noise ratio SNR)
(http://lsiit-miv.u-strasbg.fr/lsiit/perso/collet/) [21,22].
Innovative vagueness (fuzzy) and uncertainty (probability) concepts
on the observed data were developed and implemented successfully
and resulted in the defining of an early statistical marker of
asthma. These studies also focused on the detection of crackles
using a deconvolution method (Bernoulli Gaussian model) allowing
the density of the crackles to be quantified [4].
It should be mentioned that, in collaboration with the team led by
Professor A. Dieterlen (University of Haute Alsace, Mulhouse,
France), our team at the University Hospital of Strasbourg are also
trialing a complementary approach in the field of cardiac signal
analysis (PRI project [see above]).
Ultimately, there is scope for these different innovations to be
combined in the future after refining and re-valuation of the
procedures involved (using strict protocols similar to those used
for drug development), to create new "communicating," "intelligent"
stethoscopes.
6. Advances and innovations in the realm of the stethoscope
Today’s technology, along with developments in modern medicine
means that in the near future a communicating, wireless stethoscope
will soon become available. This stethoscope will enable the
recording, automated analysis and visualization of auscultatory
signals [6,9].
INFRAL, a company (with whom we collaborate) based in Strasbourg,
France, has developed several prototypes, with the aim of creating
an intelligent communicating stethoscope system, which combines a
diagnostic aid with tools for visualization and automated analysis
[4].
This diagnostic aid is not only a helpful tool which assists
physicians in making rapid decisions, but it will also allow
developments in the field of telemedicine, for example; by the
establishment of a database of auscultation sounds, by enabling the
exchange of sounds between physicians and by allowing auscultation
to be performed “from a distance” e.g. when seeking further
expertise, etc. More importantly, it will allow auscultation to
enter the field of fact-based medicine [6,9].
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 110
Figure 8 depicts one of the intelligent stethoscope prototypes,
which uses Bluetooth to communicate with a PC, hand held computer
or smartphone. This prototype was developed initially in the ASAP
project (input of ALCATEL LUCENT), than by INFRAL, combining our
expertise from several research projects as well as in the field of
human sounds analysis, electronic stethoscope, e-health, e-teaching
[4].
Figure 8. Several prototypes of intelligent (automatic signal
analysis) communicating (Bluetooth) stethoscope system developed by
our team in Strasbourg, France in different research projects, in
collaboration mainly with LANNEXT, ALCATEL LUCENT, and currently
with INFRAL [4].
In practical terms, a certain number of modern stethoscope models
already feature functions for recording, storing and transmitting
sounds. Table 3 presents an overview of the major “electronic”
stethoscope models currently available on the market and those,
which we have tested [4,23]. The following section outlines two
examples of new intelligent communicating stethoscope systems that
we tested in clinical practice in our Department.
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 111
Frequency bands and implemented
Wired connection [Andromed 08a] [Andromed 08b]
Jabes Diaphragm mode (lung): 200 to 500 Hz Bell mode (heart) : 20
to 200 Hz Wide mode : 20 to 1000 Hz
Wired connection [Jabes 08] $299- $389
Stethoflux Coupling of acoustic stethoscope and integrated
continuous wave doppler
[Stethoflux 08] $960
Welch-Allyn 20 - 20000 Hertz ; although two modes are present : the
bell mode (heart) 20- 420 Hz, and the diaphragm mode (lungs)
350-1900 Hz
Wired connection Integrated ECG [WelchAllyn 08] $225 - $240
3M Littmann Bell mode (20-200 Hz), diaphragm mode (100-500 Hz) and
extended mode (20-1000 Hz).
Infrared Transfer and display of sounds require additional time and
investment by the physician conducting the auscultation Differed
viewing and not in real time
[Littmann 08] $465 - $674 (4100WS model)
Thinklabs Filter for adjusting sound in bell/diaphragm mode, and
acoustic mode.
Analysis software derived from Audacity
[Thinklabs 08] $400 - $500
Cardionics 8 filters enabling the attenuation or amplification of 8
different frequency bands
Wired (jack) Also has a complement system enabling ECG
capability
[Cardionics O8a][Cardionics
Frequency bands and implemented
Communication mode
Additional Information
Ref Price
Cardionics – Stethographics
8 filters enabling the attenuation or amplification of 8 different
frequency bands
Wire (jack) Multi probes [Stethographics 08] $279 - $489
Table 3. Principal characteristics of electronic stethoscopes
currently available commercially [4].
The JABES Life Sound System is an auscultatory system composed of
the JABES Electronic Stethoscope and JABES Life Sound Analyzer
software. JABES hold the patent to this stethoscope technology,
which consists primarily of an analog amplifier that can amplify
body sounds up to 20 times. Hand tremor and ambient noise is
minimized using information provided by the manufacturer, but in
reality noise from the chest piece is very important.
The stethoscope offers various modes of auscultation: Bell,
Diaphragm or Wide, each with 7 levels of volume control.
Auscultation modes are reported to imitate the behavior of an
acoustic stethoscope. Moreover, the system includes filters that
reject certain frequency ranges in order to focus on lung or heart
signals.
The JABES Life Sound System software allows the physician to record
the body sounds of the patient directly onto his PC in order to
view the phonocardiogram. In addition, heart and lungs sounds as
well as the heartbeat can be visualized in real time.
The connection between the stethoscope and the PC or external
recording equipment comprises a cable connected to the PC or
external recorder jack socket. Sounds can be recorded on the PC in
MP3 format, but are not documented. In particular, the sample
sounds are not accompanied by tags (i.e. basic information such as
the area over which the sample was taken).
It is also significant that sounds cannot be transmitted in
“real-time” – hence simultaneous auscultation from a distance is
not possible: the signal must first be recorded on the PC, before
it can be transferred via email, CD or USB flash drive (for a
second opinion). Thus because of these limitations, in our opinion
it is not suitable for teaching purposes.
The 3MTM LITTMANN stethoscope (LITTMANN 08) is an electronic
stethoscope that allows to 6 different sound recordings during
auscultation. The sounds are stored directly in .wav format in the
internal memory of the stethoscope.
The practitioner can then, through an analog connection to the PC
(i.e. external microphone jack), or via an infrared link, transfer
the sounds onto his PC for viewing using specific software provided
by 3M.
This stethoscope allows sound to be amplified up to 18 times. It
has several features including: ambient mechanical noise reduction
technology, configurable filters with 3 frequency response modes
for listening to the heart, lungs and other human body sounds: bell
mode (20-200 Hz), diaphragm mode (100-500 Hz) and extended mode
(20-1000 Hz).
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 113
The features are very similar to those of the JABES stethoscope;
however this system is much more expensive. The stethoscope allows
the physician to view the auscultatory sounds; although the display
image is delayed and not in real time. Moreover, the transfer of
sounds and their display require both additional cost and time.
During auscultation it is not possible to visualize how the
frequency spectrum of the signal changes with time, making the
examination unsystematic, complicated, and invariably much
longer.
It should be noted that the electronic stethoscopes currently on
the market all have analog amplifiers, providing the option of
connecting to a PC through the analog microphone jack socket [4].
In order to simulate "defects" introduced by acoustic stethoscopes,
these electronic stethoscopes all offer analog filters that
supposedly mimic the behavior of the bell or chest piece of the
acoustic stethoscope. Finally, the wired connection between the
stethoscope and the storage/processing device (PC or hand held
computer or smartphone) is a major handicap in terms of user
ergonomics.
7. Perspectives for the use of the new intelligent communicating
stethoscope system in telemedicine in the field of chronic
pathologies
Moreover, applications, including diagnosis establishment,
monitoring and data exchange through Internet are obviously
complementary tools to objective and automatic auscultation sounds
analysis. Sensors devices will allow long duration monitoring for
patient at home or at hospital. It could also be a useful solution
for less-developed countries and remote communities... In addition,
this type of system has the great advantage to keep the non-
invasive and less expensive characteristics of auscultation.
The European based project, known as E-PERION, aims to develop
telemedicine by using a platform which enables "secure" home
support for fragile patients and/or those with chronic diseases
(LEAD-ERA tender, 2010) (Figure 9). An intelligent communicating
stethoscope system is one the deployed devices, especially in
patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure. This project is
developped by INFRAL company (based in Strasbourg, France), in
association with our team in Strasbourg.
This company is actively involved in the design and manufacture of
modular and portable devices, which enable the transfer of
essential medical data (http://infral-systems.com/). Such devices
use innovative concepts to register and transmit vital parameters
from medical devices.
In clinical practice, the most interesting and immediate advantages
offered by this tool include:
- the ability to strengthen clinical evidence in favor of a
particular diagnosis by visualization of the acoustic “pattern” of
the sound;
- the ability to monitor the evolution of a pathology, by recording
findings in a given individual;
- and the ability to share data, allowing the exchange of data
between health care professionals (using an infrastructure similar
to that of the ASAP project)).
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 114
Figure 9. Prototype of a telemedicine platform enabling the
"secure" home support of frail subjects and patients with chronic
diseases, and integrating a “communicating” and “intelligent”
stethoscope (with the permission of INFRAL Company).
8. Conclusions
Conventional auscultation is subjective and not easily shared.
Modern medical technology allows us to optimize ausculatory
findings and hence achieve a correct diagnosis by physically
characterizing sounds through recordings, visualization and
automated analysis systems. The development and availability of
novel tools based on innovations in science and communications
technology provide the clinician with an invaluable aid in order to
achieve an early objective diagnosis, as well as offering increased
sensitivity and reproducibility of auscultatory findings. Such
advances have not only led to the development and use of new
intelligent communicating stethoscope systems, but they have also
significantly contributed to the revival of telemedicine,
particularly as a diagnostic and teaching aid, e-teachnig and
pedagogy.
3
e-Health
Communicating and intelligent stethoscope
Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a
Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating
Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and
Telemedicine 115
Author details
Emmanuel Andrès Department of Internal Medicine B, University
Hospital of Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France Unit of Human
Sounds Analysis, University of Medicine, University of Strasbourg
(UdS), Strasbourg, France Laboratory of Research in Pedagogy in
Human Health University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
9. References
[1] Morton E. Tavel has given a good review on cardiac auscultation
in the paper of "Cardiac Auscultation: A Glorious Past--And It Does
Have a Future!". Circulation 2006; 113:1255-59.
[2] Reichert S, Gass R, Andrès E. Analyse des sons auscultatoires
pulmonaires. ITBM-RBM 2007; 28: 169-80.
[3] Sovijarvi. A, Dalmasso, F. Vanderschoot J et al. Definition of
terms for applications of respiratory sounds. Eur Respir Rev 2000;
77: 597-610.
[4] Andrès E, Hajjam A. Advances and innovations in the field of
auscultation. Health Technol 2012; 2: 5-16.
[5] Andrès E, Reichert S, Gass R, Brandt C. A French national
research project to the creation of an auscultation’s school: the
ASAP project. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20: 323-7.
[6] Andrès E, Brandt C, Gass R. De l’intérêt de caractériser les
sons de l’auscultation pulmonaire à la création d’une école de
l’auscultation… Presse Med 2008; 37: 925-7.
[7] Sovijarvi AR, Malmberg LP, Charbonneau G, Vandershoot J.
Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory
sounds. Eur Respir Rev 2000; 10: 591–6.
[8] Sovijarvi A, Vanderschoot J, Earis JE. Standardization of
computerised respiratory sound analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2000; 10:
585-91.
[9] Andrès E, Brandt C, Gass R, Reichert S. Nouveaux développements
dans le domaine de l’auscultation. Rev Pneumol Clin 2010; 66:
209-13.
[10] Elphick HE, Ritson S, Rodgers H, Everard ML. When a wheeze is
not a wheeze: acoustic analysis of breath sounds in infants. Eur
Respir J 2000; 16: 593-7.
[11] Kompis M, Pasterkamp H, Wodicka GR. Acoustic imaging of the
human chest. Chest 2001; 120: 1309-21.
[12] Sestini P, Renzoni E, Rossi M, Beltrami V, Vagliasindi M.
Multimedia presentation of lung sounds as learning aid for medical
students. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 783-8.
[13] Andrès E, Brandt C, Mecili M, Meyer N. Intérêt d’une démarche
pédagogique structurée associée à de nouveaux outils de
visualisation des signaux auscultatoires dans le cadre de
l’apprentissage de la sémiologie auscultatoire: Étude prospective
auprès de 30 étudiants du deuxième cycle des études médicales.
Pédagogie Med 2012: in press.
[14] Myint WW, Dillard B. An electronic stethoscope with diagnosis
capability. Southeastern Symposium on System Theory. Proceedings of
the 33rd, pp. 133-137, 2001.
eHealth and Remote Monitoring 116
[15] Charbonneau G, Ademovic E, Cheetham B, Malmberg LP. Basic
techniques for respiratory sound analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2000; 10:
625-35.
[16] Earis JE, Cheetham B. Current method used for computerised
respiratory sound analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2000; 10: 586-90.
[17] Reichert S, Gass R, Kehayoff Y, Brandt C, Andrès E. Analysis
of respiratory sounds: state of the art. Clinical Medicine
Circulatory Respiratory Pulmonary Medicine 2008; 2: 45- 58.
[18] Earis JE, Cheetham BM. Future perspectives for respiratory
sound research. Techniques for respiratory sound analysis. Eur
Respir Rev 2000; 10: 636–640.
[19] Cheetham B, Charbonneau G, Giordano A, Helisto P, Vanderschoot
J. Digitization of data for respiratory sound recordings. Eur
Respir Rev 2000; 10: 621-4.
[20] Vannuccini L, Earis JE, Helistö P et al. Capturing and
preprocessing of respiratory sounds. Eur Respir Rev 2000; 10:
616-20.
[21] Le Cam S, Salzenstein F, Collet C. Fuzzy pairwise Markov chain
to segment correlated noisy data. Signal Processing 2008; 88:
2526–41.
[22] Salzenstein F, Collet C, Le Cam S, Hatt M. Non-stationary
fuzzy Markov chain. Pattern Recognition Letters 2007; 28:
2201–08.
[23] Hung K., Luk BL, Choy WH, Tsa BI, Tso SK. Multifunction
stethoscope for telemedicine. Medical Devices and Biosensors. 2nd
IEEE/EMBS International Summer School on, pp. 87-89, 2004.
<< /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false
/AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left
/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile
(sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true
/ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true
/CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy
/LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true
/EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness
true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true
/PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts false
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue
false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [
true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold
1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1]
/VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256
/Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth
256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >>
/GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples
[1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth
256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict
<< /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true
/MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1
>> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ]
/PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA
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
/BGR
<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>
/CHS
<FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
/CHT
<FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
/CZE
<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>
/DAN
<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>
/DEU
<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>
/ESP
<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>
/ETI
<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>
/FRA
<FEFF005500740069006c006900730065007a00200063006500730020006f007000740069006f006e00730020006100660069006e00200064006500200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020004c0065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200063007200e900e90073002000700065007500760065006e0074002000ea0074007200650020006f007500760065007200740073002000640061006e00730020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000610069006e00730069002000710075002700410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650074002000760065007200730069006f006e007300200075006c007400e90072006900650075007200650073002e>
/GRE
<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>
/HEB
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
/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za
visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.
Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0
i kasnijim verzijama.) /HUN
<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>
/ITA
<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>
/JPN
<FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
/KOR
<FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
/LTH
<FEFF004e006100750064006f006b0069007400650020016100690075006f007300200070006100720061006d006500740072007500730020006e006f0072011700640061006d00690020006b0075007200740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b00750072006900650020006c0061006200690061007500730069006100690020007000720069007400610069006b007900740069002000610075006b01610074006f00730020006b006f006b007900620117007300200070006100720065006e006700740069006e00690061006d00200073007000610075007300640069006e0069006d00750069002e0020002000530075006b0075007200740069002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400610069002000670061006c006900200062016b007400690020006100740069006400610072006f006d00690020004100630072006f006200610074002000690072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610072002000760117006c00650073006e0117006d00690073002000760065007200730069006a006f006d00690073002e>
/LVI
<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>
/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken
die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge
kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met
Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR
<FEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002e>
/POL
<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>
/PTB
<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>
/RUM
<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>
/RUS
<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>
/SKY
<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>
/SLV
<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>
/SUO
<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>
/SVE
<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>
/TUR
<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>
/UKR
<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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited
for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be
opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >>
/Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ <<
/AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl
/WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug
false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps
false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint
/Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /Downsample16BitImages
true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles
false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector
/DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling
/LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams
<< /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice