ADVANCEDLDDEBATE:CLASHSessionwilldiscussonhowtorefuteargumentsmoreeffectively.
TimCookSaladoHighSchool
WHATISCLASH?
Opposingargumentsonkeyissues,refutation,heartofdebate
Debateswithoutclashareagreements
OVERVIEW
Tobeabletorespondtoyouropponent’sargumentyoumust:
• Understandtheargument
• Flow
• Readtheliterature
• Writeblocks
SAMPLEBLOCKS
SAMPLEBLOCKS
SAMPLEBLOCKS
LINKSINACHAIN
• Resolution
• Value
• CriteriaJustbecauseyourvalueismoreimportant,youdonotwin
• Contention/Offense
PARTSOFRESOLUTION
• EvaluativeTerm• ObjectofEvaluation
Startingpointofthedebate
Resolved:Thedeathpenalty isjust.
Resolved:TheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmenthasamoralobligationtoprovideuniversalhealthcare foritscitizens.
PARTSOFANARGUMENT
• Claim– Conclusion,TruthStatement
• Warrant– Premise,WhyAnalytical,Empirical,Evidentiary
• Impact– Implication,ImportanceImpactsshouldlinktoastandard/criteria
BREADTHANDDEPTH
• Breadth:Havemultiplewarrants• Depth:Havingwarrantsforyourwarrants
Warrantsareinfinitelyregressive
Claim:ObamaisgoodWarrant:B/Che’ssocialist
=Controversial.Noteveryonethinkssocialismisgood.Shouldtaketheargumentalittlefurther.Warrant:B/che’ssocialist.
Warrant:socialismisgoodbecauseittreatsallpeopleequally.Thisargumentislesscontroversial.Notasmanypeoplethinkequalityisbad.
CUEWORDS
Warrants:• “Thisistruebecause…”“Thewarrantis…”• Wordslikebecause,since,insofar,giventhat,etc.
Impacts:• “Thismeans…”“Theimpactis…”“Theimplicationis…“Thisisbadbecause…”• Wordsliketherefore,thus,theresultis,hence,consequently,etc.
FUNCTIONOFARGUMENTS
• TopicalityInterpretationoftheResolution
• FrameworkValue/Criteria=Resolution
• ContentionsOE=XX=Criteria
OFFENSE DEFENSE
WhyIwin Youcan’twinifyoudon’tscore! WhyIdon’tlose
~CaseImpact ~Nolink~CaseTurn ~NoWarrant
~Biasedsource
FRAMEWORK
Thelensthejudgelooksthroughtoevaluateadebateroundanddetermineawinner
• Thevalueandcriteria• Your“world”• V/C=terminalimpacts• Philosophy• Generally,youwillnotbediscussingtheobjectofevaluation
TOPICALITY
Non-Resolutional
SMU- “deathpenalty”Lastyear– “valueabove”FallTopic– Loaded
USFGmoralobligationprovideuniversalhealthcarecitizens
Parts• Interpretation• Violations• Standards/ReasonstopreferyourInterp• Voters
AT:VALUE
• NoLinktoResolution
• NotJustified
• ValueObjection- harmfuleffectofthevalue
• Evenifyouareacceptingthevalue,Iachieveitbetter…
AT:VALUE
• Vague/Ambiguous• Myvalueismoreimportant• Myvalueispre-requisite,comesfirst• Myvalueincludesit,succumbstheirvalue• Notavalue,onlyamechanismtogainsomegood- i.e.democracy• Agent’sobligation
AT:CRITERIA
• Nolinktovalue,doesnotachieveit
• Notjustified
• CriterionObjection- aharmfuleffectofthecriterion
• Evenifyouareacceptingthecriterion,Iachieveitbetter…
AT:CRITERIA
• Begs• NoBrightline,cantweighimpacts• CirculartotheValue• Insufficient• Ambiguous,Vague• NotaCriterion- i.e.CostBenefitAnalysis
AT:CONTENTIONS
1. Nolinktocriteria2. Mycaseanswerstheargument3. Nottrue
~EmpiricallyDeny4.Turn– Provetheoppositeistrue
AT:CONTENTIONS
1. Badauthor/outofdate2. Nowarrant.Why?3. Sowhat!Noimpactgiven/Numbers4. Alternatecausality5. Notconclusive(may/could)6. Brink/Threshold7. Non-unique8. Link/Internallink9. Alternative/CP10. K11. DA12. Eveniftrue,Ioutweigh
ObservationAffnottopical
Interpretation
Violation
ReasonstopreferInterp
Voter
Value
1. NoLinktoResolution
2. NotJustified
3. ValueObjection- harmfuleffectofthevalue
4. Evenifyouareacceptingthevalue,Iachieveitbetter…
Criteria
1. Nolinktovalue,doesnotachieveit
2. Notjustified
3. CriterionObjection- aharmfuleffectofthecriterion
4. Evenifyouareacceptingthecriterion,Iachieveitbetter…
Contention1
1. Nolinktocriteria
2. Mycaseanswerstheargument
3. Nottrue
~EmpiricallyDeny
4. Turn– Provetheoppositeistrue
Contention2
1. Nolinktocriteria
2. Mycaseanswerstheargument
3. Nottrue
~EmpiricallyDeny
4.Turn– Provetheoppositeistrue
IMPACTCALCULUS
• Probability• Magnitude• Timeframe
• Duration• Reversibility
FALLACIES
• Adhominem- attackingthearguerinsteadoftheargument• Glitteringgenerality- emotionallyappealingphrasesocloselyassociatedwithhighlyvaluedconceptsandbeliefsthatitcarriesconvictionwithoutsupportinginformationorreason.• Slipperyslope- assertingthatarelativelysmallfirststepinevitablyleadstoachainofrelatedeventsculminatinginsomesignificantimpact/eventthatshouldnothappen• Is-oughtfallacy- assumptionismadethatbecausethingsareacertainway,theyshouldbethatway.• Either-or – AKAall-or-nothing fallacy,falsedichotomy.Presentafalsedilemma.
FALLACIES
• Appealtoauthority– usinganexpertofdubiouscredentialsorusingonlyoneopiniontosellaproductoridea.• Appealtopopularity– AKAadpopulum (Latinfor"argumenttothepeople")argumentthatconcludesthatapropositionistruebecausemanyormostpeoplebelieveit• Correlation,notcausation– AKAposthocergopropterhoc– afaultyassumptionthatbecausethereisacorrelationbetweentwovariablesthatonecausedtheother• Redherring-argumentgiveninresponsetoanotherargument,whichisirrelevantanddrawsattentionawayfromthesubjectofargument.• Strawman- anargumentbasedonmisrepresentationofanopponent'sposition
STEPSTOREFUTATION
Step1:Understandtheargument
Step2:Findtheweakness
Step3:Buildarguments againsttheargument.
Step4:Executetherefutation
REFUTATIONEXECUTION
• Name SignpostGoto… Theysay….
• Explain ClaimIdisagree… Ihave3responses…
• Support WarrantThistruebecause… Because… Theretwowarrants…
• Conclude ImpactTheimplicationis… Therefore…Theimpactistwofold…
QUESTIONS
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